References
- Andrews, D. L. (2002). Coming to terms with cultural studies. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 26(1), 110–117. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723502261007
- Ash, E., & Cranmer, G. A. (2020). Transcontextual effects of racialized sports media framing: Students’ off the field perceptions of student-athletes. Communication & Sport, 8(3), 389–408. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479519830621
- Azzarito, L., & Harrison, L. (2008). ‘White men can't jump’: Race, gender and natural athleticism. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 43(4), 347–364. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690208099871
- Boeije, H. (2010). Analysis in qualitative research. Sage.
- Bradbury, S. (2013). Institutional racism, whiteness and the underrepresentation of minorities in leadership positions in football in Europe. Soccer & Society, 14(3), 296–314. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2013.801262
- Bradbury, S., Van Sterkenburg, J., & Mignon, P. (2018). The under-representation and experiences of elite level minority coaches in professional football in England, France and the Netherlands. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 53(3), 313–334. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690216656807
- Bruce, T., & Stewart, A. (2015). As Kiwi as? Contestation over the place of men’s football in New Zealand culture. Soccer & Society, 16(5–6), 710–725. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.963308
- Buffington, D. (2017). You’ll never watch alone: Media and community in the sports bar. Soccer & Society, 18(7), 937–952. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2015.1067787
- Buffington, D., & Fraley, T. (2008). Skill in Black and White: Negotiating media images of race in a sporting context. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 32(3), 292–310. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859908316330
- Carrington, B. (2011). ‘What I said was racist – but I’m not a racist’: Anti-racism and the white sports/media complex. In J. Long & K. Spracklen (Eds.), Sport and challenges to racism (pp. 83–99). Palgrave Macmillan.
- Coakley, J., & Pike, E. (2009). Sports in society: Issues and controversies. McGraw-Hill.
- Costera Meijer, I., & De Bruin, J. (2003). The value of entertainment for multicultural society: A comparative approach towards ‘white’ and ‘black’ soap opera talk. Media, Culture & Society, 25(5), 695–703. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437030255007
- Cox, R., Hills, L., & Kennedy, E. (2015). Myths of nation in the champions league. Soccer & Society, 16(5–6), 674–692. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.963309
- Cranmer, A. G., Bowman, N. D., & Goldman, Z. W. (2017). A preliminary study of racialized bawn and brain framing effects. Communication Research Reports, 34(1), 78–83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2016.1224165
- Dubber, J., & Worne, J. (2015). Playing the game: The soft power of sport. British Council. https://www.britishcouncil.org
- EU/Council of Europe. (2019). Youth research: The essentials. Documents and Publications Production Department (SPDP), Council of Europe.
- Finch, H., & Lewis, J. (2003). Focus groups. In J. Ritchie & J. Lewis (Eds.), Qualitative research practice. A guide for social science students and researchers (pp. 170–198). Sage.
- Gaziano, C. (1983). The knowledge gap. An analytical revliew of media effects. Communication Research, 10(4), 447–486. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/009365083010004003
- Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., Signorielli, N., & Shanahan, J. (2002). Growing up with television: Cultivation processes. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects. Advances in theory and research (pp. 43–68). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Global Web Index. (2018). Premier League Fans.
- Green, M. J., Sonn, C. C., & Matsebula, J. (2007). Reviewing whiteness: Theory, research and possibilities. South African Journal of Psychology, 37(3), 389–419. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630703700301
- Hall, S. (1995). The whites of their eyes. Racist ideologies and the media. In G. Dines & J. M. Humez (Eds.), Race and class in media. A text reader (pp. 18–22). Sage.
- Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices. Sage.
- Hall, S. (2000). Conclusion. The multi-cultural question. In B. Hesse (Ed.), Unsettled multiculturalisms, diasporas, enlightments, transruptions (pp. 209–241). Zed Books.
- Happer, C., & Philo, G. (2013). The role of the media in the construction of public belief and social change. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 1 (1), 321–336. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v1i1.96
- Hermes, J. (2005). Burnt orange: Television, football, and the representation of ethnicity. Television & New Media, 6 (1), 49–69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476403255819
- Hylton, K. (2009). ‘Race’ and sport: Critical race theory. Routledge.
- Hylton, K. (2018). Contesting ‘race’ and sport. Shaming the colour line. Routledge.
- Hylton, K., & Lawrence, S. (2015). Reading Ronaldo: Contingent whiteness in the football media. Soccer & Society, 16(5–6), 765–782. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.963310
- Kilvington, D. (2012). The “Asian frame”, football and the sport media. Networking Knowledge, 5(1), 201–218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31165/nk.2012.51.254
- Lange, D. (2021). Gender distribution of adults that watch Premier League football in 2020. Retrieved from statista.com.
- Lawrence, S. (2016). Racializing the “great man”: A Critical race study of idealized male athletic bodies in Men’s Health Magazine. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 5(7), 777–799. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690214555347
- Lines, G. (2000). Media sport audiences – young people and the summer of sport ‘96: Revisiting frameworks for analysis. Media Culture & Society, 22(5), 669–680. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/016344300022005008
- Maguire, J. A. (1988). Race and position assignment in English soccer: A preliminary analysis of ethnicity and sport in Britain. Sociology of Sport Journal, 5(3), 257–269. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.5.3.257
- Makinde T. (2021). Investigation of positional segregation in Dutch football caused by racial bias on black ethnic minorities. Internship report. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam/Mulier Institute
- McCarthy, D., Jones, R. L., & Potrac, P. (2003). Constructing images and interpreting realities: The case of the black soccer player on television. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 38(2), 217–238. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690203038002005
- Millington, B., & Wilson, B. (2010). Context masculinities: Media consumption, physical education, and youth identities. American Behavioral Scientist, 53(11), 1669–1688. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764210368091
- Morning, A. (2009). Toward a sociology of racial conceptualization for the 21st century. Social Forces, 87(3), 1167–1192. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0169
- Müller, F., Van Zoonen, L., & De Roode, L. (2007). Accidental racists: Experiences and contradictions of racism in local Amsterdam soccer fan culture. Soccer and Society, 8(2–3), 335–350. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970701224608
- Ogasawara, H. (2004). The banality of football – ‘Race’, nativity, and how Japanese football critics failed to digest the planetary spectacle. In W. Manzenreiter & J. Horne (Eds.), Football goes east: Business, culture and the people’s game in East Asia (pp. 429–448). Routledge.
- Olushola-Ogunrinde, J., & Carter-Francique, A. R. (2020). Beyond the Xs and Os. The representation of black college coaches. In S. Bradbury, J. Lusted, & J. Van Sterkenburg (Eds.), Race, ethnicity and racisms in sport coaching (pp. 143–159). Routledge.
- Ortega, F. J., & Feagin, J. R. (2017). Framing. The underlying White racial frame. In C. Campbell (Ed.), The Routledge companion to media and race (pp. 19–30). Routledge.
- Park, M. K. (2014). Race, hegemonic masculinity, and the “Linpossible!”: An analysis of media representations of Jeremy Lin. Communication & Sport, 3(4), 367–389. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479513516854
- Peek, L., & Fothergill, A. (2009). Using focus groups: Lessons from studying daycare centers, 9/11, and hurricane Katrina. Qualitative Research, 9(1), 31–59. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794108098029
- ‘Raheem Sterling accuses media of fueling racism after alleged abuse’. (2018, 9 December). The Guardian.
- Repucom. (2014). DNA van de sportfan 2014 [DNA of the 2014 sports fan].
- Repucom. (2016). European football. Repucom.
- Silverman, D. (2011). Interpreting qualitative data. A guide to the principles of qualitative research (4th ed.). Sage.
- Skey, M., Stone, C., Jenzen, O., & Mangan, A. (2018). Mediatization and sport: A bottom-up perspective. Communication & Sport, 6(5), 588–604. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479517734850
- Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage.
- UEFA. (2018). The European club footballing landscape. Club licensing benchmarking report financial year 2017.
- Van Lienden, A., & Van Sterkenburg, J. (2020, July). Prejudice in the people’s game. A content analysis of race/ethnicity in Polish televised football. Communication and Sport, 1–21. Online first. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479520939486
- Van Sterkenburg, J. (2013). National bonding and meanings given to race and ethnicity; watching the football World Cup on TV. Soccer and Society, 14(3), 386–403. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2013.801267
- Van Sterkenburg, J. (2020a). Migration, race/ethnicity and sport media content: An international overview and suggestions for a future research agenda. In K. De Smet, K. Leurs, M. Georgiou, S. Witteborn, & R. Gajjala (Eds.), Sage handbook of media & migration (pp. 387–399). Sage.
- Van Sterkenburg, J. (2020b). Race, ethnicity, whiteness and mediated stereotypes in football coaching. The Dutch context. In S. Bradbury, J. Lusted, & J. Van Sterkenburg (Eds.), Race, ethnicity and racisms in sport coaching (pp. 59–77). Routledge.
- Van Sterkenburg, J., & Knoppers, A. (2004). Dominant discourses about race/ethnicity and gender in sport practice and performance. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 39(3), 301–321. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690204045598
- Van Sterkenburg, J., Peeters, R., & Van Amsterdam, N. (2019). Everyday racism and construction of racial/ethnic difference in and through football talk. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 22(2), 195–212. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549418823057
- Walder, M. (2020). How do audiences (18–26 years) of televised football give meaning to race/ethnicity and how do they reflect on the media representations of race/ethnicity? Trainee ship paper in the MA media studies program. Erasmus University Rotterdam.
- Wensing, E., & Bruce, T. (2003). Bending the rules: Media representations of gender during an international sporting event. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 38(4), 387–396. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690203384001