References
- Raghu G, Remy-Jardin M, Myers JL, et al. Diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis an official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198:e44–e68.
- Ley B, Collard HR, King TE. Clinical course and prediction of survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:431–440. Internet.
- Lederer DJ, Martinez FJ. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med. Internet]. 2018 [cited 2019 Oct 3];378:1811–1823. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29742380
- Maher TM, Wells AU, Laurent GJ. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: multiple causes and multiple mechanisms? Eur Respir J. 2007;30:835.
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research N, Raghu G, KJ A, et al. Prednisone, azathioprine, and N -acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med. Internet]. 2012;366:1968–1977. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMoa1113354
- Richeldi L, Du Bois RM, Raghu G, et al. Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med. Internet]. 2014;370:2071–2082. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1402584
- King TE, Bradford WZ, Castro-Bernardini S, et al. A phase 3 trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med. Internet]. 2014;370:2083–2092. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1402582
- Somogyi V, Chaudhuri N, Torrisi SE, et al. The therapy of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: what is next? Eur Respir Rev. 2019;28:190021.
- Fernandez IE, Eickelberg O. The impact of TGF-β on lung fibrosis: from targeting to biomarkers. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2012;9:111–116.
- Kalderén C, Stadler C, Forsgren M, et al. CCL2 mediates anti-fibrotic effects in human fibroblasts independently of CCR2. Int Immunopharmacol. 2014;20:66–73.
- Fichtner-Feigl S, Strober W, Kawakami K, et al. IL-13 signaling through the IL-13α2 receptor is involved in induction of TGF-β1 production and fibrosis. Nat Med. 2006;12:99–106.
- Raghu G, Martinez FJ, Brown KK, et al. CC-chemokine ligand 2 inhibition in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A phase 2 trial of carlumab. Eur Respir J. 2015;46:1740–1750.
- Ahluwalia N, Shea BS, Tager AM. New therapeutic targets in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Aiming to rein in runaway wound-healing responses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190:867–878.
- Sgalla G, Cocconcelli E, Tonelli R, et al. Novel drug targets for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Rev Respir Med. Internet]. 2016 Feb 09;10:393–405. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/17476348.2016.1152186
- Raghu G, Brown KK, Collard HR, et al. Efficacy of simtuzumab versus placebo in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a randomised, double-blind, controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5:22–32.
- Pan L-H, Yamauchi K, Uzuki M, et al. Type II alveolar epithelial cells and interstitial fibroblasts express connective tissue growth factor in IPF. Eur Respir J. 2001;17:1220.
- Allen JT, Knight RA, Bloor CA, et al. Enhanced insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 2 (connective tissue growth factor) expression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999;21:693–700.
- Wang X, Wu G, Gou L, et al. A novel single-chain-Fv antibody against connective tissue growth factor attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Respirology. 2011;16:500–507.
- Raghu G, Scholand MB, De Andrade J, et al. FG-3019 anti-connective tissue growth factor monoclonal antibody: results of an open-label clinical trial in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J. 2016;47:1481–1491.
- Richeldi L, Fernández Pérez ER, Costabel U, et al. Pamrevlumab, an anti-connective tissue growth factor therapy, for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (PRAISE): a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;8(1):25–33.
- Munger JS, Huang X, Kawakatsu H, et al. The integrin v6 binds and activates latent TGF1: a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Cell. 1999;96:319–328.
- Saini G, Porte J, Weinreb PH, et al. αvβ6 integrin may be a potential prognostic biomarker in interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J. 2015;46:486–494.
- Horan GS, Wood S, Ona V, et al. Partial inhibition of integrin αvβ6 prevents pulmonary fibrosis without exacerbating inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177:56–65.
- Gagnon L, Leduc M, Thibodeau JF, et al. A newly discovered antifibrotic pathway regulated by two fatty acid receptors: GPR40 and GPR84. Am J Pathol. 2018;188:1132–1148.
- Khalil N, Manganas H, Ryerson CJ, et al. Phase 2 clinical trial of PBI-4050 in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J. 2018;53(3).
- Jakubzick C, Choi ES, Joshi BH, et al. Therapeutic attenuation of pulmonary fibrosis via targeting of IL-4- and IL-13-responsive cells. J Immunol. 2003;171:2684–2693.
- O’Reilly S. Role of interleukin-13 in fibrosis, particularly systemic sclerosis. BioFactors. 2013;39:593–596.
- Murray LA, Zhang H, Oak SR, et al. Targeting interleukin-13 with tralokinumab attenuates lung fibrosis and epithelial damage in a humanized SCID idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis model. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2014;50:985–994.
- Parker JM, Glaspole IN, Lancaster LH, et al. A phase 2 randomized controlled study of tralokinumab in subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197:94–103.
- Swigris JJ, Ogura T, Scholand MB, et al. The RIFF study (cohort a): a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of lebrikizumab as monotherapy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. D12. Immunother. Lung Dis. [Internet]. American Thoracic Society; 2018. p. A6167–A6167. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2018.197.1_MeetingAbstracts.A6167
- Maher TM, Kondoh Y, Corte TJ, et al. The RIFF study (cohort B): a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of lebrikizumab in combination with pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. D12. Immunother. Lung Dis. American Thoracic Society. 2018;A6168–A6168.
- Raghu G, Richeldi L, Crestani B, et al. SAR156597 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A phase 2 placebo-controlled study (DRI11772). Eur Respir J. 2013;52(6).
- Xue J, Kass DJ, Bon J, et al. Plasma B lymphocyte stimulator and b cell differentiation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. J Immunol. 2013;191:2089–2095.
- François A, Gombault A, Villeret B, et al. B cell activating factor is central to bleomycin- and IL-17-mediated experimental pulmonary fibrosis. J Autoimmun. 2015;56:1–11.
- Flaherty KR, Wells AU, Cottin V, et al. Nintedanib in progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases. N Engl J Med. Internet]. 2019 [cited 2019 Sep 30];NEJMoa1908681. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1908681
- Distler O, Highland KB, Gahlemann M, et al. Nintedanib for systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:2518–2528.