86
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Antibody-based therapeutics for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 491-502 | Received 19 Oct 2023, Accepted 17 Jun 2024, Published online: 20 Jun 2024

References

  • Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Mullol J, et al. European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. Rhinol Suppl. 2012;23(3): preceding table of contents. 1–298.
  • Maspero JF, Khan AH, Philpott C, et al. Health-related quality of life impairment among patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in the SINUS-24 trial. J Asthma Allergy. 2023;16:323–332. doi: 10.2147/JAA.S372598
  • Hopkins C, Solomon CG. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(1):55–63. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1800215
  • Ottaviano G, Rimmer J, Cypers L, et al. Patients unmet needs in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps care: a patient advisory board statement of EUFOREA. Frontiers in Allergy [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Dec 10];2:761388. Available from: www.frontiersin.org
  • Hopkins C, Lee S, Fokkens W, et al. Dupilumab achieves a durable reduction in severity of symptoms rated most important by patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Dec 10];149(2):AB142. Available from: http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091674921023058/fulltext
  • Hopkins C, Browne JP, Slack R, et al. The national comparative audit of surgery for nasal polyposis and chronic rhinosinusitis. Clin Otolaryngol. 2006;31(5):390–398. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2006.01275.x
  • Oykhman P, Paramo FA, Bousquet J, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibodies and aspirin desensitization for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;149(4):1286–1295. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.09.009
  • Johansson L, Akerlund A, Holmberg K, et al. Prevalence of nasal polyps in adults: the Skövde population-based study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2003;112(7):625–629. doi: 10.1177/000348940311200709
  • Larsen K, Tos M. The estimated incidence of symptomatic nasal polyps. Acta Otolaryngol. 2002;122(2):179–182. doi: 10.1080/00016480252814199
  • James Campion N, Kohler R, Ristl R, et al. Prevalence and symptom burden of nasal polyps in a large Austrian population. [cited 2023 Dec 10]. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.06.037
  • Benson VS, Fu Q, Yang S, et al. Real-world characterisation of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps with and without surgery in England. Clin Otolaryngol. 2023;48(4):680–688. doi: 10.1111/coa.14070
  • Orlandi RR, Kingdom TT, Hwang PH, et al. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016;6(Suppl 1):S22–209. doi: 10.1002/alr.21695
  • Langdon C, Mullol J. Nasal polyps in patients with asthma: prevalence, impact, and management challenges. J Asthma Allergy. 2016;9:45–53.
  • Laidlaw TM, Mullol J, Woessner KM, et al. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(3):1133–1141. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.09.063
  • Hopkins C, Conlon S, Chavda S, et al. Investigating the secondary care system burden of CRSwNP in sinus surgery patients with clinically relevant comorbidities using the HES database. Rhinology. 2022;60(4):252–260. doi: 10.4193/Rhin21.264
  • Delemarre T, Holtappels G, De Ruyck N, et al. Type 2 inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps: another relevant endotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(2):337–343.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.040
  • C Morse J, Miller C, Senior B. Management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis in the era of biologics. J Asthma Allergy. 2021;14:873–882. doi: 10.2147/JAA.S258438
  • Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Hopkins C, et al. European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2020. Dieudonné Nyenbue Tshipukane. 103.
  • Head K, Chong LY, Hopkins C, et al. Short-course oral steroids as an adjunct therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;4:CD011992.
  • Head K, Chong LY, Hopkins C, et al. Short-course oral steroids alone for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 26;4(4): CD011991. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011991.pub2
  • Matsumoto H, Ishihara K, Hasegawa T, et al. Effects of inhaled corticosteroid and short courses of oral corticosteroids on bone mineral density in asthmatic patients: a 4-year longitudinal study. Chest [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2023 Dec 13];120(5):1468–1473. Available from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11713121
  • Price D, Castro M, Bourdin A, et al. Short-course systemic corticosteroids in asthma: striking the balance between efficacy and safety. Eur Respir Rev [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Dec 13];29(155):190151. Available from: https://err.ersjournals.com/content/29/155/190151
  • Hopkins C, Slack R, Lund V, et al. Long-term outcomes from the English national comparative audit of surgery for nasal polyposis and chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2009;119(12):2459–2465. doi: 10.1002/lary.20653
  • Ramakrishnan VR, Kingdom TT, Nayak JV, et al. Nationwide incidence of major complications in endoscopic sinus surgery. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2012;2:34–39. doi: 10.1002/alr.20101
  • Platt MP, Shaye D, Parnes SM. Management of unexpected cerebrospinal fluid fistulae during endoscopic sinus surgery. Am J Rhinol. 2007;21(5):611–614. doi: 10.2500/ajr.2007.21.3073
  • Hopkins C, Browne JP, Slack R, et al. Complications of surgery for nasal polyposis and chronic rhinosinusitis: the results of a national audit in England and Wales. Laryngoscope. 2006;116(8):1494–1499. doi: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000230399.24306.50
  • DeConde AS, Mace JC, Levy JM, et al. Prevalence of polyp recurrence after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. Laryngoscope [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Dec 13];127(3):550–555. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27859303
  • Hox V, Lourijsen E, Jordens A, et al. Benefits and harm of systemic steroids for short- and long-term use in rhinitis and rhinosinusitis: an EAACI position paper. Clin Transl Allergy. 2020;10(1):1. doi: 10.1186/s13601-019-0303-6
  • Kato A. Immunopathology of chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergol Int. 2015;64(2):121–130. doi: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.12.006
  • Stevens WW, Ocampo CJ, Berdnikovs S, et al. Cytokines in chronic rhinosinusitis. Role in Eosinophilia and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192(6):682–694. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201412-2278OC
  • Van Zele T, Claeys S, Gevaert P, et al. Differentiation of chronic sinus diseases by measurement of inflammatory mediators. Allergy. 2006;61(11):1280–1289. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01225.x
  • Feldman S, Kasjanski R, Poposki J, et al. Chronic airway inflammation provides a unique environment for B cell activation and antibody production. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;47(4):457–466. doi: 10.1111/cea.12878
  • Chong L-Y, Piromchai P, Sharp S, et al. Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;3(3):CD013513. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013513.pub3
  • Gevaert P, Omachi TA, Corren J, et al. Efficacy and safety of omalizumab in nasal polyposis: 2 randomized phase 3 trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(3):595–605. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.032
  • Han JK, Bachert C, Fokkens W, et al. Mepolizumab for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (SYNAPSE): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(10):1141–1153. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00097-7
  • Bachert C, Han JK, Desrosiers M, et al. Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (Liberty np sinus-24 and liberty np sinus-52): results from two multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2019;394(10209):1638–1650. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31881-1
  • Dupilumab for treating chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (terminated appraisal) [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 3]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta648/resources/dupilumab-for-treating-chronic-rhinosinusitis-with-nasal-polyps-terminated-appraisal-pdf-82609144907461
  • Omalizumab for treating chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (terminated appraisal) [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 3]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta678/resources/omalizumab-for-treating-chronic-rhinosinusitis-with-nasal-polyps-terminated-appraisal-pdf-82609326305989
  • Macdonald LE, Karow M, Stevens S, et al. Precise and in situ genetic humanization of 6 mb of mouse immunoglobulin genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(14):5147–5152. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1323896111
  • Gandhi NA, Pirozzi G, Graham NMH. Commonality of the IL-4/IL-13 pathway in atopic diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2017;13(5):425–437. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2017.1298443
  • Ricciardolo FLM, Bertolini F, Carriero V. The role of dupilumab in severe asthma. Biomedicines [Internet] 2021 [cited 2023 Dec 13];9:1096. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/9/1096/htm
  • Rothenberg ME. Scientific journey to the first FDA-approved drug for eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Dec 13];150(6):1325–1332. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36209816
  • Galletti C, Barbieri MA, Ciodaro F, et al. Effectiveness and safety profile of dupilumab in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: real-life data in tertiary care. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(4):630. doi: 10.3390/ph16040630
  • Chowdhury NI, Mace JC, Bodner TE, et al. Investigating the minimal clinically important difference for SNOT-22 symptom domains in surgically managed chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2017;7(12):1149–1155. doi: 10.1002/alr.22028
  • Le PT, Soler ZM, Jones R, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of SNOT-22 outcomes after surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;159(3):414–423. doi: 10.1177/0194599818773065
  • Walter S, Ho J, Alvarado R, et al. Mepolizumab decreases tissue eosinophils while increasing type-2 cytokines in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2022;52(12):1403–1413. doi: 10.1111/cea.14152
  • Bachert C, Han JK, Desrosiers MY, et al. Efficacy and safety of benralizumab in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;149(4):1309–1317.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.08.030
  • FDA declines approval for AstraZeneca’s chronic rhinosinusitis antibody [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Oct 2]. Available from: https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/fda-astrazeneca-rhinosinusitis-antibody/?cf-view&cf-closed
  • NCT04157335. [Internet] https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04157335
  • Weinstein SF, Katial RK, Bardin P, et al. Effects of reslizumab on asthma outcomes in a subgroup of eosinophilic asthma patients with self-reported chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(2):589–596.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.08.021
  • Randomised A. Double-blind, parallel group phase III study to assess the efficacy and safety of 100 mg SC depemokimab in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) – ANCHOR-1 (depemokimAb in CHrOnic rhinosinusitis) [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 2]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05274750
  • Randomised A. Double-blind, parallel group phase iii study to assess the efficacy and safety of 100 mg SC depemokimab in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) - ANCHOR-2 (depemokimAb iN CHronic rhinosinusitis) [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 2]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05281523
  • Wechsler ME, Colice G, Griffiths JM, et al. SOURCE: a phase 3, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tezepelumab in reducing oral corticosteroid use in adults with oral corticosteroid dependent asthma. Respir Res. 2020;21(1):264. doi: 10.1186/s12931-020-01503-z
  • Laidlaw TM, Menzies-Gow A, Caveney S, et al. Tezepelumab efficacy in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma with comorbid nasal polyps in NAVIGATOR. J Asthma Allergy. 2023;16:915–932. doi: 10.2147/JAA.S413064
  • Jacobs J, Hoyte F, Spahn J, et al. Tezepelumab efficacy by SNOT-22 score in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma and comorbid nasal polyps in NAVIGATOR. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023;151(2):AB17. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.12.058
  • Haloob N, Karamali K, Hopkins C. The role of biologics in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. BioDrugs. 2023;37:477–487. doi: 10.1007/s40259-023-00602-9
  • Chen Y-L, Gutowska-Owsiak D, Hardman CS, et al. Proof-of-concept clinical trial of etokimab shows a key role for IL-33 in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis [Internet]. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11(515). Available from: https://www.science.org
  • A phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, multiple dose study to investigate etokimab (ANB020) in adult subjects with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 2]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03614923?cond=nasal%20polyps%20&term=etokimab&rank=1&tab=results
  • Wu Q, Zhang Y, Kong W, et al. Which is the best biologic for nasal polyps: dupilumab, omalizumab, or mepolizumab? A network meta-analysis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2022;183(3):279–288. doi: 10.1159/000519228
  • Wechsler ME, Klion AD, Paggiaro P, et al. Effect of dupilumab on blood eosinophil counts in patients with asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, atopic dermatitis, or eosinophilic esophagitis. The J Allergy Cli Immunol In Practice. 2022;10:2695–2709. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.05.019
  • Shen Y, Ke X, Hong S, et al. Adverse events for biologics in patients with CRSwNP: a meta-analysis. Clin Transl Allergy. 2022;12(6):e12169. doi: 10.1002/clt2.12169
  • Beck LA, Deleuran M, Bissonnette R, et al. Dupilumab provides acceptable safety and sustained efficacy for up to 4 years in an open-label study of adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2022;23(3):393–408. doi: 10.1007/s40257-022-00685-0
  • Israel E, Canonica GW, Brusselle G, et al. Real-life effectiveness of mepolizumab in severe asthma: a systematic literature review. J Asthma. 2022;59(11):2201–2217. doi: 10.1080/02770903.2021.2008431
  • Aldajani A, Alroqi A, Alromaih S, et al. Adverse events of biological therapy in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a systematic review. Am J Otolaryngol. 2022;43(6):103615. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103615
  • Balbino B, Herviou P, Godon O, et al. The anti-IgE mAb omalizumab induces adverse reactions by engaging Fcγ receptors. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(3):1330–1335. doi: 10.1172/JCI129697
  • Abdelgalil MS, Elrashedy AA, Awad AK, et al. Safety and efficacy of tezepelumab vs. placebo in adult patients with severe uncontrolled asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. [cited 2024 Jun 5];12(1):20905. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24763-9
  • Drug safety update latest advice for medicines users. Contents [Internet]. 2022 Nov;16(4). Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/organis
  • Iribarren C, Rahmaoui A, Long AA, et al. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events among patients receiving omalizumab: results from EXCELS, a prospective cohort study in moderate to severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(5):1489–1495.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.038
  • Tattersall MC, Guo M, Korcarz CE, et al. Asthma predicts cardiovascular disease events: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015;35(6):1520–1525. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.305452
  • Aviña-Zubieta JA, Abrahamowicz M, De Vera MA, et al. Immediate and past cumulative effects of oral glucocorticoids on the risk of acute myocardial infarction in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Rheumatol (Oxford). 2013;52(1):68–75. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes353
  • Lourijsen ES, Reitsma S, Vleming M, et al. Endoscopic sinus surgery with medical therapy versus medical therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a multicentre, randomized, controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(4):337–346. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00457-4
  • Fokkens WJ, Lund V, Bachert C, et al. EUFOREA consensus on biologics for CRSwNP with or without asthma. Allergy. 2019;74(12):2312–2319. doi: 10.1111/all.13875
  • Hopkins C, McKenzie J-L, Anari S, et al. British rhinological society consensus guidance on the use of biological therapies for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Clin Otolaryngol. 2021;46(5):1037–1043. doi: 10.1111/coa.13779
  • Fokkens WJ, Viskens A-S, Backer V, et al. EPOS/EUFOREA update on indication and evaluation oF biologics in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps 2023. Rhinology. 2023;61(3):194–202. doi: 10.4193/Rhin22.489
  • Bachert C, Khan AH, Lee SE, et al. Prevalence of type 2 inflammatory signatures and efficacy of dupilumab in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps from two phase 3 clinical trials: SINUS-24 and SINUS-52. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2024 Mar;14(3): 668–678. doi: 10.1002/alr.23249
  • Han JK, Bosso JV, Cho SH, et al. Multidisciplinary consensus on a stepwise treatment algorithm for management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2021;11:1407–1416. doi: 10.1002/alr.22851
  • Agache I, Song Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals for severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a systematic review for the EAACI guidelines. Allergy. 2021;76(8):2337–2353. doi: 10.1111/all.14809
  • Prieto L, Sacristán JA. Problems and solutions in calculating quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1(1):80. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-1-80
  • Parasher AK, Gliksman M, Segarra D, et al. Economic evaluation of dupilumab versus endoscopic sinus surgery for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2022;12(6):813–820. doi: 10.1002/alr.22936
  • Scangas GA, Wu AW, Ting JY, et al. Cost utility analysis of dupilumab versus endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Laryngoscope. 2021;131(1):E26–E33. doi: 10.1002/lary.28648
  • Yong M, Wu YQ, Howlett J, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis comparing dupilumab and aspirin desensitization therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2021;11(12):1626–1636. doi: 10.1002/alr.22865
  • Philpott C, Hopkins C, Erskine S, et al. The burden of revision sinonasal surgery in the UK—data from the chronic rhinosinusitis epidemiology study (CRES): a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2015;5(4):e006680. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006680
  • Chuang C-C, Guillemin I, Bachert C, et al. Dupilumab in CRSwNP: responder analysis using clinically meaningful efficacy outcome thresholds. Laryngoscope. 2022;132(2):259–264. doi: 10.1002/lary.29911
  • van der Lans RJL, Fokkens WJ, Adriaensen GFJPM, et al. Real-life observational cohort verifies high efficacy of dupilumab for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Allergy. 2022;77:670–674. doi: 10.1111/all.15134
  • Oka SI, Kanai K, Oka A, et al. A case of intractable chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps leading remission after treatment switching from anti-IL-5 to anti-IL-4Rα monoclonal antibody. Otolaryngol Case Rep. 2023:27.
  • Stevens WW, Peters AT, Tan BK, et al. Associations between inflammatory endotypes and clinical presentations in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(8):2812–2820.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.05.009
  • Seah JJ, Thong M, Wang DY. The diagnostic and prognostic role of biomarkers in chronic rhinosinusitis. Diagnostics (Basel) [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Dec 19];13. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36832203/
  • Delemarre T, Holtappels G, De Ruyck N, et al. A substantial neutrophilic inflammation as a regular part of severe type 2 chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(1):179–188.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.036
  • Roy A. Biologic medicines: the biggest driver of rising drug prices [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 2]. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/theapothecary/people/aroy/?sh=4c2d5da52496
  • Hopkins C, Wagenmann M, Bachert C, et al. Efficacy of dupilumab in patients with a history of prior sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2021;11(7):1087–1101. doi: 10.1002/alr.22780
  • Garvey E, Naimi B, Duffy A, et al. Optimizing the timing of biologic and surgical therapy for patients with refractory chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). Int Forum Allergy Rhinol [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Dec 19];14(3):651–659. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37506043/
  • Tindemans I, Serafini N, Di Santo JP, et al. GATA-3 function in innate and adaptive immunity. Immunity. 2014;41(2):191–206. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.006
  • Tantilipikorn P, Sookrung N, Muangsomboon S, et al. Endotyping of chronic rhinosinusitis with and without polyp using transcription factor analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018;8:82. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00082
  • Krug N, Hohlfeld JM, Kirsten A-M, et al. Allergen-induced asthmatic responses modified by a GATA3-specific DNAzyme. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(21):1987–1995. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411776
  • A phase 3, double-blind, randomized, 8-week, vehicle-controlled efficacy and safety study of ruxolitinib cream followed by a long-term safety extension period in adolescents and adults with atopic dermatitis [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 5]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03745638
  • An Open-label. Clinical study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of treprostinil inhalation powder (TreT) in subjects with pulmonary arterial hypertension currently using tyvaso [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 5]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03950739
  • Joo YH, Cho HJ, Jeon YJ, et al. Therapeutic effects of intranasal tofacitinib on chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in mice. Laryngoscope [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Dec 19];131(5):E1400–E1407. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32990335
  • Tai J, Han M, Kim T. Therapeutic strategies of biologics in chronic rhinosinusitis: current options and future targets. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Dec 19];23(10):5523. doi: 10.3390/ijms23105523
  • A Two-part Phase IIa Randomised. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, multi-centre study to assess efficacy and safety of inhaled AZD1402 administered as a dry powder for four weeks in adults with asthma on medium-to-high dose inhaled corticosteroid [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 2]. Available from: https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04643158
  • Kristjansson RP, Benonisdottir S, Davidsson OB, et al. A loss-of-function variant in ALOX15 protects against nasal polyps and chronic rhinosinusitis. Nat Genet. 2019;51(2):267–276. doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0314-6
  • Takabayashi T, Tanaka Y, Susuki D, et al. Increased expression of L-plastin in nasal polyp of patients with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-exacerbated respiratory disease. Allergy. 2019;74(7):1307–1316. doi: 10.1111/all.13677
  • Takabayashi T, Imoto Y, Sakashita M, et al. Nattokinase, a profibrinolytic enzyme, effectively shrinks the nasal polyp tissue and decreases the viscosity of mucus. Allergol Int. 2017;66(4):594–602. doi: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.03.00

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.