Fiscal slack, budget shocks, and performance in public organizations: evidence from public schools

References

• Bourgeois, L. J. 1981. “On the Measurement of Organizational Slack.” The Academy of Management Review 6 (1): 29–39.
   Google Scholar
• Boyne, G. A., and R. M. Walker. 2004. “Strategy Content and Public Service Organizations.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 14 (2): 231–252. doi:10.1093/jopart/muh015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, D. J. 1996. “Does More School District Administration Lower Educational Productivity? Some Evidence on the “Administrative Blob” in New York Public Schools.” Economics of Education Review 15 (2): 111–124. doi:10.1016/0272-7757(95)00032-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busch, T. 2002. “Slack in Public Administration: Conceptual and Methodological Issues.” Managerial Auditing Journal 17 (3): 153–159. doi:10.1108/02686900210419949.
   Google Scholar
• Busch, T., and O. Gustafsson. 2002. “Slack in the Public Sector: A Comparative Analysis of a Private and a Public Enterprise for Refuse Collection.” Public Management Review 4 (2): 167–186. doi:10.1080/14616670210130525.
   Google Scholar
• Butters, R., C. Asarta, and E. C. Thompson. 2013. “The Production of Economic Knowledge in Urban and Rural Areas: The Role of Student, Teacher, and School Characteristics.” Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 45 (01): 1–15. doi:10.1017/S1074070800004545.
   Google Scholar
• Casu, B., and C. Girardone. 2009. “Testing the Relationship between Competition and Efficiency in Banking: A Panel Data Analysis.” Economics Letters 105 (1): 134–137. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2009.06.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyert, R. M., and J. G. March. 1963. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, M. R. 2008. “Financial Crisis Now Striking Home for School Districts: Project Delays, Worries about Cash Flow Result of Tight Credit Markets.” Education Week 28 (8): 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Drukker, D. M. 2003. “Testing for Serial Correlation in Linear Panel-Data Models.” Stata Journal 3 (2): 168–177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falch, T., and B. Strøm. 2005. “Teacher Turnover and Non-Pecuniary Factors.” Economics of Education Review 24 (6): 611–631. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2004.09.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer, L. 2015. “Do Credit Ratings Matter Anymore?” Accessed March 15 2015. http://www.governing.com/topics/finance/gov-credit-ratings-still-matter.html
   Google Scholar
• Gianakis, G. J., and D. Snow. 2007. “The Implementation and Utilization of Stabilization Funds by Local Governments in Massachusetts.” Public Budgeting & Finance 27 (1): 86–103. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5850.2007.00870.x.
   Google Scholar
• Goff, S., and R. Sanborn. 2012. Doing More with Less? Public Education in a New Fiscal Reality. Texas Public Education Cuts: Impact Assessment. Houston, TX: Children at Risk.
   Google Scholar
• Gore, A. K. 2009. “Why Do Cities Hoard Cash? Determinants and Implications of Municipal Cash Holdings.” The Accounting Review 84 (1): 183–207. doi:10.2308/accr.2009.84.1.183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald, J. 2010. “Bond Insurer Exits Put Municipalities in a Bind.” Business Insurance 44 (8): 14.
   Google Scholar
• Gritz, R. M., and N. D. Theobald. 1996. “The Effects of School District Spending Priorities on Length of Stay in Teaching.” The Journal of Human Resources 31: 477–512. doi:10.2307/146262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronberg, T. J., D. W. Jansen, and L. L. Taylor. 2011. “The Adequacy of Educational Cost Functions: Lessons from Texas.” Peabody Journal of Education 86 (1): 3–27. doi:10.1080/0161956X.2011.539953.
   Google Scholar
• Gronberg, T. J., D. W. Jansen, and L. L. Taylor. 2012. “The Relative Efficiency of Charter Schools: A Cost Frontier Approach.” Economics of Education Review 31 (2): 302–317. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.07.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosskopf, S., K. J. Hayes, L. L. Taylor, and W. L. Weber. 2001. “On the Determinants of School District Efficiency: Competition and Monitoring.” Journal of Urban Economics 49 (3): 453–478. doi:10.1006/juec.2000.2201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrick, R. 2006. “The Role of Slack in Local Government Finances.” Public Budgeting & Finance 26 (1): 14–46. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5850.2006.00837.x.
   Google Scholar
• Johnes, J. 2006. “Data Envelopment Analysis and Its Application to the Measurement of Efficiency in Higher Education.” Economics of Education Review 25 (3): 273–288. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.02.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlowe, J. 2005. “Fiscal Slack and Counter‐Cyclical Expenditure Stabilization: A First Look at the Local Level.” Public Budgeting & Finance 25 (3): 48–72. doi:10.1111/pbaf.2005.25.issue-3.
   Google Scholar
• Marlowe, J. 2011. “Beyond 5 Percent: Optimal Municipal Slack Resources and Credit Ratings.” Public Budgeting & Finance 31 (4): 93–108. doi:10.1111/pbaf.2011.31.issue-4.
   Google Scholar
• Meier, K. J., and L. J. O’Toole. 2009. “The Dog that Didn’t Bark: How Public Managers Handle Environmental Shocks.” Public Administration 87 (3): 485–502. doi:10.1111/padm.2009.87.issue-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migué, J.-L., G. Bélanger, and W. A. Niskanen. 1974. “Toward a General Theory of Managerial Discretion.” Public Choice 17 (1): 27–47. doi:10.1007/BF01718995.
   Google Scholar
• Milgrom, P. R., and J. Roberts. 1992. Economics, Organization and Management. Vol. 7. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Moe, T. 1997. “The Positive Theory of Public Bureaucracy.” In Perspectives on Public Choice, edited by D. C. Mueller, 455–480. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nanda, V., and R. Singh. 2004. “Bond Insurance: What is Special about Munis?” The Journal of Finance 59 (5): 2253–2280. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2004.00698.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niskanen, W. A. 1971. Bureaucracy and Representative Government. Chicago, IL: Aldine-Atherton Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Toole Jr, L. J., and K. J. Meier. 2010. “In Defense of Bureaucracy: Public Managerial Capacity, Slack and the Dampening of Environmental Shocks.” Public Management Review 12 (3): 341–361. doi:10.1080/14719030903286599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffel, J. A. 2007. “Why Has Public Administration Ignored Public Education, and Does it Matter?” Public Administration Review 67 (1): 135–151. doi:10.1111/puar.2007.67.issue-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rattso, J. 1999. “Aggregate Local Public Sector Investment and Shocks: Norway 1946-1990.” Applied Economics 31 (5): 577–584. doi:10.1080/000368499324020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, S., and D. L. Smith. 2012. “Budget Slack, Institutions, and Transparency.” Public Administration Review 72 (2): 187–195. doi:10.1111/puar.2012.72.issue-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salge, T. O. 2011. “A Behavioral Model of Innovative Search: Evidence from Public Hospital Services.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 21 (1): 181–210. doi:10.1093/jopart/muq017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharfman, M. P., G. Wolf, R. B. Chase, and D. A. Tansik. 1988. “Antecedents of Organizational Slack.” Academy of Management Review 13 (4): 601–614.
   Google Scholar
• Stanbury, W. T., and F. Thompson. 1995. “Toward a Political Economy of Government Waste: First Step, Definitions.” Public Administration Review 55 (5): 418–427. doi:10.2307/976766.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, L. S. M. 2009. “Examining Factors that Impact Mississippi Counties’ Unreserved Fund Balance during Relative Resource Abundance and Relative Resource Scarcity.” Public Budgeting & Finance 29 (4): 45–73. doi:10.1111/pbaf.2009.29.issue-4.
   Google Scholar
• Su, Z. F., E. Xie, and Y. Li. 2009. “Organizational Slack and Firm Performance during Institutional Transitions.” Asia Pacific Journal of Management 26 (1): 75–91. doi:10.1007/s10490-008-9101-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, J., and M. W. Peng. 2003. “Organizational Slack and Firm Performance during Economic Transitions: Two Studies from an Emerging Economy.” Strategic Management Journal 24 (13): 1249–1263. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. D. 2003. Organizations in Action: Social Science Bases of Administrative. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Todd, P. E., and K. I. Wolpin. 2003. “On the Specification and Estimation of the Production Function for Cognitive Achievement*.” The Economic Journal 113 (485): F3–F33. doi:10.1111/ecoj.2003.113.issue-485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trussel, J. M., and P. A. Patrick. 2012. “Predicting Significant Reductions in Instructional Expenditures by School Districts.” Journal of Education Finance 37 (3): 205–233.
   Google Scholar
• Tyer, C. B. 1993. “Local Government Reserve Funds: Policy Alternatives and Political Strategies.” Public Budgeting & Finance 13 (2): 75–85. doi:10.1111/1540-5850.00976.
   Google Scholar
• Vitaliano, D. F., and M. Toren. 1994. “Cost and Efficiency in Nursing Homes: A Stochastic Frontier Approach.” Journal of Health Economics 13 (3): 281–300. doi:10.1016/0167-6296(94)90028-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, K. C. 2011. “Political Understanding of Economic Crises: The Shape of Resentment toward Public Employees.” Paper presented at conference on Popular Reactions to the Economic Crisis, Oxford, June 24–26.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, K. C. 2012. “Putting Inequality in its Place: Rural Consciousness and the Power of Perspective.” American Political Science Review 106 (3): 517–532. doi:10.1017/S0003055412000305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar