Enacted discretion: policy implementation, local government reform and education services in Pakistan

References

• Berman, P. 1978. The Study of Macro and Micro Implementation of Social Policy. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P6071.html
   Google Scholar
• “Body Set up to Focus on Education, Health, Poverty Alleviation.” 2002. Dawn Newspaper, January 20. https://www.dawn.com/news/15827/body-set-up-to-focus-on-education-health-poverty-alleviation
   Google Scholar
• Brodkin, E. Z. 2011b. “Policy Work: Street-Level Organizations under New Managerialism.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 21 (2): i253–i277. doi:10.1093/jopart/muq093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodkin, E. Z., and M. Majmundar. 2010. “Administrative Exclusion: Organizations and the Hidden Costs of Welfare Claiming.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 20 (4): 827–848. doi:10.1093/jopart/mup046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheema, A., I. Asim, and A. Qadir. 2006. “Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes.” KSG Working Paper No. RWP05-034. Decentralization and Local Governance in Developing Countries. 257–284. https://ssrn.com/abstract=739712 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.739712
   Google Scholar
• Cloutier, C., J. L. Denis, A. Langley, and L. Lamothe. 2016. “Agency at the Managerial Interface: Public Sector Reform as Institutional Work.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 26 (2): 259–276. doi:10.1093/jopart/muv009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLeon, P., and D. Linda. 2002. “What Ever Happened to Policy Implementation? an Alternative Approach.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory: 467–492. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a003544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, T. 2015. “Street-Level Bureaucracy, Management and the Corrupted World of Service.” European Journal of Social Work 19 (5): 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evetts, J. 2002. “New Directions in State and International Professional Occupations: Discretionary Decision-Making and Acquired Regulation.” Work, Employment and Society 16 (2): 341–353. doi:10.1177/095001702400426875.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel, S. 2014. “Bureaucratic Attitudes’—An Intermediary Variable of Policy Performance.” Vision: the Journal of Business Perspective 18 (4): 299–308. doi:10.1177/0972262914552172.
   Google Scholar
• Goia, D., K. Corley, and A. Hamilton. 2012. “Seeking Rigot in Qualitative Inductive Research: Notes on the Goia Methodology.” Organizational Research Methods 16 (1): 15–31. doi:10.1177/1094428112452151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden-Biddle, K., and K. Locke. 2007. Composing Qualitative Research. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Pakistan. 2000. Local Government Plan 2000. Islamabad: National Reconstruction Bureau (NRB).
   Google Scholar
• Hill, C. J. 2006. “Casework Job Design and Client Outcomes in Welfare-To-Work Offices.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 16 (2): 263–288. doi:10.1093/jopart/mui043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, H. C. 2003. “Understanding Implementation: Street‐Level Bureaucrats’ Resources for Reform.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 13 (3): 265–282. doi:10.1093/jopart/mug024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull, C., and B. Hjem. 1987. Helping Small Firms Grow. London: Croom Helm.
   Google Scholar
• Hupe, P. 2013. “Dimensions of Discretion: Specifying the Object of Street-level Bureaucracy Research.” Zeitschrift Für Public Policy Recht Und Management 6 (2): 425–440.
   Google Scholar
• Hupe, P., and A. Buffat. 2014. “A Public Service Gap: Capturing Contexts in A Comparative Approach of Street-Level Bureaucracy.” Public Management Review 16 (4): 548–569. doi:10.1080/14719037.2013.854401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hupe, P., and M. Hill. 2007. “Street‐Level Bureaucracy and Public Accountability.” Public Administration 85 (2): 279–299. doi:10.1111/padm.2007.85.issue-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalal, A. 1995. Democracy and Authoritarianism in Pakistan: A Comparative and Historical Perspective. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Jamil, B. 2006. “Decentralization and Devolution in Pakistan: Educational Implications of the Praetorian Interpretation.” In Educational Decentralization, 191–209. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kardar, S. 2006. “Local Government Finance in Pakistan Post 2001.” The Lahore Journal of Economics 11: 88–101.
   Google Scholar
• Keefer, P., A. Narayan, and T. Vishwanth. 2003. The Political Economy of Decentralisation in Pakistan. Washington, DC: World Bank, Development Economics, Policy Research Group.
   Google Scholar
• Keiser, L. R. 2010. “Understanding Street‐Level Bureaucrats’ Decision Making: Determining Eligibility in the Social Security Disability Program.” Public Administration Review 70 (2): 247–257. doi:10.1111/puar.2010.70.issue-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keiser, L. R., and J. Soss. 1998. “With Good Cause: Bureaucratic Discretion and the Politics of Child Support Enforcement.” American Journal of Political Science 42 (4): 1133–1156. doi:10.2307/2991852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, M. A., and S. M. Munawar. 2011. “(2011) ‗Implementation of Decentralization in Education in Pakistan: Framework, Status and the Way Forward.” Journal of Research and Reflections in Education, December 5 (2): 146–169.
   Google Scholar
• Kwon, O. 2013. “Fiscal Decentralization: An Effective Tool for Government Reform?” Public Administration 91 (3): 544–560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., and E. G. Guba. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lipsky, M. 1980. Street Level Bureaucracy. New York: Russell Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lipsky, M. 2010. Street-Level Bureaucracy, 30th Ann. Ed.: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Service. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, N., D. Porter, J. Charlton, M. Cyan, and Z. Hasnain. 2003. Devolution in Pakistan Preparing for Service Delivery Improvements. Pakistan: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Matland, R. E. 1995. “Synthesizing the Implementation Literature: The Ambiguity-Conflict Model of Policy Implementation.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 5 (2): 145–174.
   Google Scholar
• May, P. J. 2015. “Implementation Failures Revisited: Policy Regime Perspectives.” Public Policy and Administration 30 (3–4): 277–299. doi:10.1177/0952076714561505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, P. J., and S. C. Winter. 2009. “Politicians, Managers, and Street-Level Bureaucrats: Influences on Policy Implementation.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 19 (3): 453–476. doi:10.1093/jopart/mum030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard-Moody, S., and M. C. Musheno. 2003. Cops, Teachers,Counsellors: Stories from the Front Lines of Public Service. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meier, K. J. 1993. “Latinos and Representative Bureaucracy Testing the Thompson and Henderson Hypotheses.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 3 (4): 393–414.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education. 2002. Education Sector Reforms Action Plan 2001—2005. Islamabad: Government of Pakistan.
   Google Scholar
• Najam, A. 1995. “Learning from the Literature on Policy Implementation: A Synthesis Perspective.” IIASA Working Paper 95–061. Laxenburg, Austria: IIASA.
   Google Scholar
• National Reconstruction Bureau, NRB. 2000. Local Government: Proposed Plan. Pakistan: National Reconstruction Bureau: Islamabad.
   Google Scholar
• O’Toole, L. J. 2000. “Research on Policy Implementation: Assessment and Prospects.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 10 (2): 263–288. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024270.
   Google Scholar
• Paracha, A. 2003. Devolution Plan in Pakistan: Context, Implementation and Issues. Budapest: Open Society Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Piore, M. J. 2011. “Beyond Markets: Sociology, Street‐Level Bureaucracy, and the Management of the Public Sector.” Regulation & Governance 5 (1): 145–164. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5991.2010.01098.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riccucci, N. M., M. K. Meyers, I. Lurie., and J. S. Han. 2004. “The Implementation of Welfare Reform Policy: The Role of Public Managers in Front‐Line Practices.” Public Administration Review 64 (4): 438–448. doi:10.1111/puar.2004.64.issue-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice, D. 2012. “Street-Level Bureaucrats and the Welfare State: Toward A Micro Institutionalist Theory of Policy Implementation.” Administration & Society 45 (9): 1038–1062. doi:10.1177/0095399712451895.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabatier, P. A. 1986. “Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to Implementation Research: A Critical Analysis and Suggested Synthesis.” Journal of Public Policy 6 (1): 21–48. doi:10.1017/S0143814X00003846.
   Google Scholar
• Sabatier, P. A. 1991. “Toward Better Theories of the Policy Process.” PS: Political Science & Politics 24 (2): 147–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandfort, J. R. 2000. “Moving beyond Discretion and Outcomes: Examining Public Management from the Front Lines of the Welfare System.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 10 (4): 729–756. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024289.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, D. 2003. Country Report on Decentralization in the Education System of Pakistan: Policies and Strategies. Islamabad: Academy of Educational Planning and Management, Ministry of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Soss, J., F. Richard, and S. F. Schram. 2011. “The Organization of Discipline: From Performance Management to Perversity and Punishment. Supplement 2.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 21: 203–232. doi:10.1093/jopart/muq095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stensöta, H. O. 2012. “Political Influence on Street-Level Bureaucratic Outcome: Testing the Interaction between Bureaucratic Ideology and Local Community Political Orientation.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 22 (3): 553–571. doi:10.1093/jopart/mur062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, A., and J. Corbin. 1990. Basics of Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Tummers, L. 2012. “Policy Alienation of Public Professionals: The Construct and Its Measurement.” Public Administration Review 72 (4): 516–525. doi:10.1111/puar.2012.72.issue-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tummers, L., B. Vermeeren, B. Steijn, and V. Bekkers. 2012. “Public Professionals and Policy Implementation.” Public Management Review 14 (8): 1041–1059. doi:10.1080/14719037.2012.662443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tummers, L., and V. Bekkers. 2014. “Policy Implementation, Street-Level Bureaucracy, and the Importance of Discretion.” Public Management Review 16 (4): 527–547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Meter, D. S., and C. E. Van Horn. 1975. “The Policy Implementation Process: A Conceptual Framework.” Administration and Society 6 (4): 445–488. doi:10.1177/009539977500600404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellstead, A., and R. Stedman. 2010. “Policy Capacity and Incapacity in Canada’s Federal Government: The Intersection of Policy Analysis and Street-Level Bureaucracy.” Public Management Review 12 (6): 893–910. doi:10.1080/14719037.2010.488863.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilder, A. 1999. The Pakistani Voter: EelectoralPolitics and Voting Behaviour in the Punjab. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2007. “Implementation Completion and Results Report on an Education Sector Development Policy Credit.” Report Number ICR0000434. Washington, DC: World Bank. .
   Google Scholar
• Yin, R. K. 2015. Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York: The Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Zaidi, S. A. 2005. The Political Economy of Decentralisation in Pakistan. Bern, Switzerland: NCCR North-South.
   Google Scholar