Internal brand management in the public sector: the effects of internal communication, organizational practices, and PSM on employees’ brand perceptions

References

• Ajzen, I. 2001. “Nature and Operations of Attitudes.” Annual Review of Psychology 52 (1): 27–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvesson, M., and H. Willmott. 2002. “Identity Regulation as Organizational Control: Producing the Appropriate Individual.” Journal of Management Studies 39 (5): 619–644. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. C., and D. W. Gerbing. 1988. “Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-step Approach.” Psychological Bulletin 103 (3): 411–423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, R. 2019. “Employees as Ambassadors: Embracing New Role Expectations and Coping with Identity-tensions.” Corporate Communications: An International Journal 24 (4): 702–716. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-04-2019-0038.
   Google Scholar
• Ashforth, B. E., and F. Mael. 1989. “Social Identity Theory and the Organization.” Academy of Management Review 14 (1): 20–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4278999.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, A. B. 2015. “A Job Demands-Resources Approach to Public Service Motivation.” Public Administration Review 75 (5): 723–732. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgarth, C. 2010. ““Living the Brand”: Brand Orientation in the Business-to-business Sector.” European Journal of Marketing 44 (5): 653–671. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561011032315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettencourt, L. A., K. P. Gwinner, and M. L. Meuter. 2001. “A Comparison of Attitude, Personality, and Knowledge Predictors of Service.” Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (1): 29–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boukis. A., and G. Christodoulides.2020. “Investigating key antecedents and outcomes of employee-based brand equity.“ European Management Review 17 (1): 41-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12327
   Google Scholar
• Brannan, M. J., E. Parsons, and V. Priola. 2015. “Brands at Work: The Search for Meaning in Mundane Work.” Organization Studies 36 (1): 29–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840614553382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burmann, C., and S. Zeplin. 2005. “Building Brand Commitment: A Behavioural Approach to Internal Brand Management.” Journal of Brand Management 12 (4): 279–300. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540223.
   Google Scholar
• Burmann, C., S. Zeplin, and N. Riley. 2009. “Key Determinants of Internal Brand Management Success: An Exploratory Empirical Analysis.” Journal of Brand Management 16 (4): 264–384. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/bm.2008.6.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. 2005. “Factor Analytic Models: Viewing the Structure of an Assessment Instrument from Three Perspectives.” Journal of Personality Assessment 85 (1): 17–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8501_02.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, K., C. Mora, T. Leutscher, and M. Calarco. 2011. “Effects of Positive Practices on Organizational Effectiveness.” The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 47 (3): 266–308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886310395514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Causon, J. 2004. “The Internal Brand: Successful Cultural Change and Employee Empowerment.” Journal of Change Management 4 (4): 297–307. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1469701042000259631.
   Google Scholar
• Celsi, M. W., and M. C. Gilly. 2010. “Employees as Internal Audience: How Advertising Affects Employees’ Customer Focus.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 38 (4): 520–529. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-009-0173-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, A., H.-H. Chiang, and T.-S. Han. 2012. “A Multilevel Investigation of Relationships among Brand-centered HRM, Brand Psychological Ownership, Brand Citizenship Behaviors, and Customer Satisfaction.” European Journal of Marketing 46 (5): 626–662. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561211212458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapleo, C. 2010. “What Defines “Successful” University Brands?” International Journal of Public Sector Management 23 (2): 169–183. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/09513551011022519.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, P., C. Chapleo, and K. Suomi. 2019. “Branding Higher Education: An Exploration of the Role of Internal Branding on Middle Management in a University Rebrand.” Tertiary Education and Management. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11233-019-09054-9.
   Google Scholar
• Collier, J. E., and C. C. Bienstock. 2007. “An Analysis of How Nonresponse Error Is Assessed in Academic Marketing Research.” Marketing Theory 7(2): 163–183. Article information. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593107076865.
   Google Scholar
• Cullinan, J. A., R. Abratt, and M. Mingione. 2020. “Challenges of Corporate Brand Building and Management in a State Owned Enterprise.” Journal of Product & Brand Management ahead-of-print(ahead–of–print). doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-08-2019-2522.
   Google Scholar
• D’Andrade, R. 2008. A Study of Personal and Cultural Values: American, Japanese, and Vietnamese. Culture, Mind, and Society, the Book Series of the Society for Psychological Anthropology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Dahle, D. Y., and A. Wæraas. 2020. “Silence from the Brands: Message Control, Brand Ambassadorship, and the Public Interest.” International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior 23 (3): 259–280. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOTB-05-2019-0060.
   Google Scholar
• de Chernatony, L., S. Cottam, and S. Segal-Horn. 2006. “Communicating Services Brands’ Values Internally and Externally.” The Service Industries Journal 26 (8): 819–836. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060601011616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Chernatony, L., S. Drury, and S. Segal-Horn. 2003. “Building a Services Brand: Stages, People and Orientations.” The Service Industries Journal 23 (3): 1–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/714005116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean, D., R. E. Arroyo-Gamez, K. Punjaisri, and C. Pich. 2016. “Internal Brand Co-creation: The Experiential Brand Meaning Cycle in Higher Education.” Journal of Business Research 69 (8): 3041–3048. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.01.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan, D. T., S. Janda, and J. Suh. 2006. “Environmental Influences in Corporate Brand Identification and Outcomes.” Journal of Brand Management 14 (1/2): 125–136. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2550057.
   Google Scholar
• Eid, R., A. Al Zaabi, R. Alzahmi, and Y. Elsantil. 2019. “Integrating Internal Branding Antecedents, Customer and Job Satisfaction in the Public Sector.” International Journal of Organizational Analysis 27 (5): 1480–1503. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-09-2018-1548.
   Google Scholar
• Esteve, M., D. Urbig, A. Van Witteloostuijn, and G. Boyne. 2016. “Prosocial Behavior and Public Service Motivation.” Public Administration Review 76 (1): 177–187. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, C. D., and N. M. Ashkanasy. 2000. “The Emerging Role of Emotions in Work Life: An Introduction.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 21 (2): 123–129. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200003)21:2<123::AID-JOB33><123::AID-JOB33>3.0.CO;2-8|.
   Google Scholar
• Fullerton, G. 2005. “How Commitment Both Enables and Undermines Marketing Relationships.” European Journal of Marketing 39 (11/12): 1372–1388. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560510623307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gapp, R., and B. Merrilees. 2006. “Important Factors to Consider When Using Internal Branding as A Management Strategy: A Healthcare Case Study.” Journal of Brand Management 14 (1–2): 162–176. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2550058.
   Google Scholar
• Gold, K. A. 1982. “Managing for Success: A Comparison of the Private and Public Sectors.” Public Administration Review 42 (6): 568–575. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/976127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotsi, M., and A. Wilson. 2001. “Corporate Reputation Management: Living the Brand.” Management Decision 39 (2): 99–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005415.
   Google Scholar
• Gouthier, M. H. J., and M. Rhein. 2011. “Organizational Pride and Its Positive Effects on Employee Behavior.” Journal of Service Management 22 (5): 633–649. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/09564231111174988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, R. E. Anderson, and R. L. Tatham. 2006. Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hatch, M. J., and M. Schultz. 2009. “Of Bricks and Brands: From Corporate to Enterprise Branding.” Organizational Dynamics 38 (2): 117–130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2009.02.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helm, S. V. 2011. “Employees’ Awareness of Their Impact on Corporate Reputation.” Journal of Business Research 64 (7): 657–663. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2010.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helm, S. V., U. Renk, and A. Mishra. 2016. “Exploring the Impact of Employees’ Self-concept, Brand Identification and Brand Pride on Brand Citizenship Behaviors.” European Journal of Marketing 50 (1/2): 58–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-03-2014-0162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hytti, U., P. Kuoppakangas, K. Suomi, C. Chapleo, and M. Giovanardi. 2015. “Challenges in Delivering Brand Promise–focusing on Municipal Healthcare Organisations.” International Journal of Public Sector Management 28 (3): 254–272. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-10-2014-0127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ind, N. 2004. Living the Brand: How to Transform Every Member of Your Organization into a Brand Champion. 2 ed. London: Kogan Page.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. D., F. P. Morgeson, and D. R. Hekman. 2012. “Cognitive and Affective Identification: Exploring the Links between Different Forms of Social Identification and Personality with Work Attitudes and Behavior.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 34 (3): 1142–1167. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1787.
   Google Scholar
• Judson, K. M., T. W. Aurand, L. Gorchels, and G. L. Gordon. 2008. “Building a University Brand from Within: University Administrators’ Perspectives of Internal Branding.” Services Marketing Quarterly 30 (1): 54–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15332960802467722.
   Google Scholar
• Katrinli, A., G. Atabay, G. Gunay, and B. Guneri. 2008. “Leader–member Exchange, Organizational Identification and the Mediating Role of Job Involvement for Nurses.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 64 (4): 354–362. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04809.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King, C., and D. Grace. 2006. “Exploring Managers’ Perspectives of the Impact of Brand Management Strategies on Employee Roles within a Service Firm.” Journal of Services Marketing 20 (6): 369–380. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/08876040610691266.
   Google Scholar
• King, C., and D. Grace. 2010. “Building and Measuring Employee-based Brand Equity.” European Journal of Marketing 44 (7/8): 938–971. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561011047472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, C., and D. Grace. 2012. “Examining the Antecedents of Positive Employee Brand-related Attitudes and Behaviours.” European Journal of Marketing 46 (3/4): 469–488. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561211202567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuoppakangas, P., K. Suomi, P. Clark, C. Chapleo, and J. Stenvall. 2020. “Dilemmas in Re-branding a University - “Maybe People Just Don’t like Change”: Linking Meaningfulness and Mutuality into the Reconciliation.” Corporate Reputation Review 23 (2): 92–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/s41299-019-00080-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, L. W., Y. Liu, and R. Loi. 2016. “Looking Intra-organizationally for Identity Cues: Whether Perceived Organizational Support Shapes Employees’ Organizational Identification.” Human Relations 69 (2): 345–367. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726715584689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leijerholt, U., G. Biedenbach, and P. Hultén. 2019. “Branding in the Public Sector: A Systematic Literature Review and Directions for Future Research.” Journal of Brand Management 26 (2): 126–140. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-018-0116-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löhndorf, B., and A. Diamantopoulos. 2014. “Internal Branding: Social Identity and Social Exchange Perspectives on Turning Employees into Brand Champions.” Journal of Service Research 17 (3): 310–325. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670514522098.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthans, F. 2002. “The Need for and Meaning of Positive Organizational Behavior.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 23 (6): 695–706. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/job.165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthans, F., and C. M. Youssef. 2007. “Emerging Positive Organizational Behavior.” Journal of Management 33 (3): 321–349. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307300814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mael, F., and B. E. Ashforth. 1992. “Alumni and Their Alma Mater: A Partial Test of the Reformulated Model of Organizational Identification.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 13 (2): 103–123. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, R., and S. Knox. 2009. “Motivating Employees to “Live the Brand”: A Comparative Case Study of Employer Brand Attractiveness within the Firm.” Journal of Marketing Management 25 (9): 893–907. doi:https://doi.org/10.1362/026725709X479282.
   Google Scholar
• Melewar, T. C., M. Gotsi, and C. Andriopoulos. 2012. “Shaping the Research Agenda for Corporate Branding: Avenues for Future Research.” European Journal of Marketing 46 (5): 600–608. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561211235138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, A. 2004. “Stepford Wife Branding.” Brand Strategy July/ August (184): 9.
   Google Scholar
• Morhart, F. M., W. Herzog, and T. Tomczak. 2009. “Brand-Specific Leadership: Turning Employees into Brand Champions.” Journal of Marketing 73 (5): 122–142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.5.122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mostafa, A. M. S., J. S. Gould-Williams, and P. Bottomley. 2015. “High-Performance Human Resource Practices and Employee Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Public Service Motivation.” Public Administration Review 75 (5): 747–757. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, M. 2017. ““Brand-centred Control”: A Study of Internal Branding and Normative Control.” Organization Studies 38 (7): 895–915. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840616663238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, M. 2018. “Brandspeak’: Metaphors and the Rhetorical Construction of Internal Branding.” Organization 25 (1): 42–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508417710831.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paarlberg, L. E., and B. Lavigna. 2010. “Transformational Leadership and Public Service Motivation: Driving Individual and Organizational Performance.” Public Administration Review 70 (5): 710–718. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02199.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltier, J. W., J. A. Schibrowsky, and A. Nill. 2013. “A Hierarchical Model of the Internal Relationship Marketing Approach to Nurse Satisfaction and Loyalty.” European Journal of Marketing 47 (5/6): 899–916. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561311306967.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, J. L., and A. Hondeghem. 2008a. Motivation in Public Management: The Call of Public Service. Oxford: OUP Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, J. L., and A. Hondeghem. 2008b. “Building Theory and Empirical Evidence about Public Service Motivation.” International Public Management Journal 11 (1): 3–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490801887673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, J. L., and L. R. Wise. 1990. “The Motivational Bases of Public Service.” Public Administration Review 50 (3): 367–373. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/976618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, J. L., and W. Vandenabeele. 2015. “Public Service Motivation Research: Achievements, Challenges, and Future Directions.” Public Administration Review 75 (5): 692–699. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piatak, J. S., and S. B. Holt. 2020. “Disentangling Altruism and Public Service Motivation: Who Exhibits Organizational Citizenship Behaviour?” Public Management Review 22 (7): 949–973. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2020.1740302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piehler, R., C. King, C. Burmann, and L. Xiong. 2016. “The Importance of Employee Brand Understanding, Brand Identification, and Brand Commitment in Realizing Brand Citizenship Behaviour.” European Journal of Marketing 50 (9/10): 1575–1601. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-11-2014-0725.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piehler, R., D. Grace, and C. Burmann. 2018. “Internal Brand Management: Introduction to the Special Issue and Directions for Future Research.” Journal of Brand Management Special issue: 1–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-018-0096-2.
   Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., S. B. MacKenzie, J.-Y. Lee, and N. P. Podsakoff. 2003. “Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies.” Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (5): 870–903. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879.
   Google Scholar
• Punjaisri, K., and A. Wilson. 2007. “The Role of Internal Branding in the Delivery of Employee Brand Promise.” Journal of Brand Management 15 (1): 57–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2550110.
   Google Scholar
• Punjaisri, K., A. Wilson, and H. Evanschitzky. 2008. “Exploring the Influences of Internal Branding on Employees’ Brand Promise Delivery: Implications for StrengtheningCustomer-Brand Relationships.” Journal of Relationship Marketing 7 (4): 407–424. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15332660802508430.
   Google Scholar
• Punjaisri, K., and A. Wilson. 2011. “Internal Branding Process: Key Mechanisms, Outcomes and Moderating Factors.” European Journal of Marketing 45 (9/10): 1521–1537. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561111151871.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punjaisri, K., H. Evanschitzky, and A. Wilson. 2009. “Internal Branding: An Enabler of Employees’ Brand‐supporting Behaviours.” Journal of Service Management 20 (2): 209–226. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/09564230910952780.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainey, H. G., and P. Steinbauer. 1999. “Galloping Elephants: Developing Elements of a Theory of Effective Government Organizations.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 9 (1): 1–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024401.
   Google Scholar
• Saleem, F. Z., and O. Iglesias. 2016. “Mapping the Domain of the Fragmented Field of Internal Branding.” Journal of Product & Brand Management 25 (1): 43–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-11-2014-0751.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sataøen, H. L., and A. Wæraas. 2015. “Branding without Unique Brands: Managing Similarity and Difference in a Public Sector Context.” Public Management Review 17 (3): 443–461. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2013.841976.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, H. J., and C. Baumgarth. 2018. “Strengthening Internal Brand Equity with Brand Ambassador Programs: Development and Testing of a Success Factor Model.” Journal of Brand Management 23 (3): 250–265. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-018-0101-9.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, S. G., and V. R. Lane. 2000. “A Stakehodler Approach to Organizational Identity.” Academy of Management Review 25 (1): 43–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.2791602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, N., and T. J. Kamalanabhan. 2012. “Internal Corporate Communication and Its Impact on Internal Branding: Perception of Indian Public Sector Employees.” Corporate Communications: An International Journal 17 (3): 300–322. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/13563281211253548.
   Google Scholar
• Sirianni, N. J., M. J. Bitner, S. W. Brown, and N. Mandel. 2013. “Branded Service Encounters: Strategically Aligning Employee Behavior with the Brand Positioning.” Journal of Marketing 77 (6): 108–123. doi:https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.11.0485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SKL (2018) “Landstingsanställd Personal 2018ʹ, Antal Anställda Efter Ålder, Kön Och Personalgrupp” Accessed 6 June 2019. Available at https://skl.se/ekonomijuridikstatistik/statistik/personalstatistik/personalenisiffror/tabellerlandstingsanstalldpersonal2018.27838.html
   Google Scholar
• Streiner, D. L. 2006. “Building a Better Model: An Introduction to Structural Equation Modelling.” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 51 (5): 317–324. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370605100507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H. 1978. “Social Categorization, Social Identity and Social Comparison.” In Differentiation between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by H. Tajfel, 61–76. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tarnovskaya, V. V. 2011. “The Brand I Call Home? Employee-brand Appropriation at IKEA.” In Branded Lives: The Production and Consumption of Meaning at Work, edited by M. J. Brannan, E. Parsons, and P. Vincenza, 128–147. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Trybou, J., P. Gemmel, Y. Pauwels, C. Henninck, and E. Clays. 2014. “The Impact of Organizational Support and Leader–member Exchange on the Work‐related Behaviour of Nursing Professionals: The Moderating Effect of Professional and Organizational Identification.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 70 (2): 373–382. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallaster, C., and L. de Chernatony. 2005. “Internationalisation of Services Brands: The Role of Leadership during the Internal Brand Building Process.” Journal of Marketing Management 21 (1–2): 181–203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1362/0267257053166839.
   Google Scholar
• Vandenabeele, W. 2007. “Toward a Public Administration Theory of Public Service Motivation.” Public Management Review 9 (4): 545–556. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030701726697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wæraas, A., and D. Y. Dahle. 2020. “When Reputation Management Is People Management: Implications for Employee Voice.” European Management Journal 38 (2): 277–287. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2019.08.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wæraas, A., H. Bjørnå, and T. Moldenæs. 2015. “Place, Organization, Democracy: Three Strategies For Municipal Branding.” Public Management Review 17 (9): 1282–1304. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2014.906965.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wæraas, A., and H. Byrkjeflot. 2012. “Public Sector Organizations and Reputation Management: Five Problems.” International Public Management Journal 15 (2): 186–206. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2012.702590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wæraas, A., and M. N. Solbakk. 2009. “Defining the Essence of a University: Lessons from Higher Education Branding.” Higher Education 57 (4): 449–462. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-008-9155-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, E., and L. de Chernatony. 2007. “Exploring Managers’ Views About Brand Saboteurs.” Journal of Marketing Management 23 (1–2): 91–106. doi:https://doi.org/10.1362/026725707X178576.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, E., and L. de Chernatony. 2008. “Classifying, Identifying and Managing the Service Brand Saboteur.” The Service Industries Journal 28 (2): 151–165. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060701842159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, E., and L. de Chernatony. 2009. “Exploring Brand Sabotage in Retail Banking.” Journal of Product & Brand Management 18 (3): 198–211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420910957825.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, E., L. de Chernatony, and I. Buil. 2011. “How Leadership and Commitment Influence Bank Employees’ Adoption of Their Bank’s Values.” Journal of Business Ethics 101 (3): 397–414. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0728-2.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, E., L. de Chernatony, and I. Buil. 2013. “Building Bank Brands: How Leadership Behavior Influences Employee Commitment.” Journal of Business Research 66 (2): 165–171. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.07.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelan, S., G. Davies, M. Walsh, and R. Bourke. 2010. “Public Sector Corporate Branding and Customer Orientation.” Journal of Business Research 63 (11): 1164–1171. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.10.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whisman, R. 2009. “Internal Branding: A University’s Most Valuable Intangible Asset.” Journal of Product & Brand Management 18 (5): 367–370. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420910981846.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, B. E., R. K. Christensen, and S. K. Pandey. 2013. “Measuring Public Service Motivation: Exploring the Equivalence of Existing Global Measures.” International Public Management Journal 16 (2): 197–223. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2013.817242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong, L., C. King, and R. Piehler. 2013. ““That’s Not My Job”: Exploring the Employee Perspective in the Development of Brand Ambassadors.” International Journal of Hospitality Management 35: 348–359. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.07.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar