2,939
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Relationships matter: how workplace social capital affects absenteeism of public sector employees

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon

References

  • Addae, Helena M., Gary Johns, and Kathleen Boies. 2013. “The Legitimacy of Absenteeism from Work: A Nine Nation Exploratory Study.” Cross Cultural Management 20 (3): 402–428.
  • Adler, P., and S. Kwon. 2002. “Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept.” Academy of Management Review 27: 17–40.
  • Ancarani, Alessandro, Carmela Di Mauro, and Maria D. Giammanco. 2019. “Linking Organizational Climate to Work Engagement: A Study in the Healthcare Sector.” International Journal of Public Administration 42 (7): 547–557. doi:10.1080/01900692.2018.1491595.
  • Ancarani, Alessandro, Carmela Di Mauro, Maria D. Giammanco, and Giuseppe Giammanco. 2018. “Work Engagement in Public Hospitals: A Social Exchange Approach.” International Review of Public Administration 23 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1080/12294659.2017.1412046.
  • Azen, Razia, and David V. Budescu. 2003. “The Dominance Analysis Approach for Comparing Predictors in Multiple Regression.” Psychological Methods 8 (2): 129–148. doi:10.1037/1082-989x.8.2.129.
  • Baker-McClearn, Denise, Kay Greasley, Jeremy Dale, and Frances Griffith. 2010. “Absence Management and Presenteeism: The Pressures on Employees to Attend Work and the Impact of Attendance on Performance.” Human Resource Management Journal 20 (3): 311–328. doi:10.1111/j.1748-8583.2009.00118.x.
  • Bakker, Arnold B., and Evangelia Demerouti. 2017. “Job Demands-Resources Theory: Taking Stock and Looking Forward.” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 22 (3): 273–285. doi:10.1037/ocp0000056.
  • Becker, Boris W., and Patrick E. Connor. 2005. “Self-Selection or Socialization of Public- and Private-Sector Managers?” Journal of Business Research 58 (1): 111–113. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(02)00481-2.
  • Biron, Michal, and Peter Bamberger. 2012. “Aversive Workplace Conditions and Absenteeism: Taking Referent Group Norms and Supervisor Support into Account.” The Journal of Applied Psychology 97 (4): 901–912. doi:10.1037/a0027437.
  • Blau, P. M. 1964. Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: Wiley.
  • Boer, Noortje de. 2020. “How Do Citizens Assess Street‐level Bureaucrats’ Warmth and Competence? A Typology and Test.” Public Administration Review 80 (4): 532–542. doi:10.1111/puar.13217.
  • Bolton, Rendelle, Caroline Logan, and Jody H. Gittell. 2021. “Revisiting Relational Coordination: A Systematic Review.” The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 002188632199159. doi:10.1177/0021886321991597.
  • Borg, Vilhelm, Nuri C. Mateu, and Thomas Clausen. 2014. Udvikling af en ny metode til undersøgelse af social kapital på arbejdspladsen – Dokumentationsrapport. [Development of a new method for studying social capital in the workplace]. Copenhagen: Det Nationale Forskningscenter for Arbejdsmiljø (NFA).
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by G. Richardson John, 241–258. New York: Greenwood.
  • Boyas, Javier, and Leslie H. Wind. 2010. “Employment-Based Social Capital, Job Stress, and Employee Burnout: A Public Child Welfare Employee Structural Model.” Children and Youth Services Review 32 (3): 380–388. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.10.009.
  • Brimhall, Kim C., Erica L. Lizano, and Michàlle E. M. Barak. 2014. “The Mediating Role of Inclusion: A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Leader–Member Exchange and Diversity Climate on Job Satisfaction and Intention to Leave Among Child Welfare Workers.” Children and Youth Services Review 40: 79–88. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.003.
  • Caillier, James G. 2017. “The Impact of High-Quality Workplace Relationships in Public Organizations.” Public Administration 95 (3): 638–653. doi:10.1111/padm.12328.
  • Caverley, Natasha, J. B. Cunningham, and N. MacGregor James. 2007. “Sickness Presenteeism, Sickness Absenteeism, and Health Following Restructuring in a Public Service Organization//Sickness Presenteeism, Sickness Absenteeism, and Health Following Restructuring in a Public Service Organization.” Journal of Management Studies 44 (2): 304–319. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00690.x.
  • Chordiya, Rashmi, Meghna Sabharwal, and R. P. Battaglio. 2019. “Dispositional and Organizational Sources of Job Satisfaction: A Cross-National Study.” Public Management Review 21 (8): 1101–1124. doi:10.1080/14719037.2018.1544274.
  • Coleman, James S. 1988. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” The American Journal of Sociology 94: 95–210. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7506-7222-1.50005-2.
  • Cooman, Rein de, Sara de Gieter, Roland Pepermans, and Marc Jegers. 2011. “A Cross-Sector Comparison of Motivation-Related Concepts in For-Profit and Not-For-Profit Service Organizations.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 40 (2): 296–317. doi:10.1177/0899764009342897.
  • Cunningham, Ian, Phil James, and Pauline Dibben. 2006. “Tensions in Local Government Employment Relationships.” Public Management Review 8 (2): 207–225. doi:10.1080/14719030600587430.
  • De Boer, Elpine M., Arnold B. Bakker, Jef E. Syroit, and Wilmar B. Schaufeli. 2002. “Unfairness at Work as a Predictor of Absenteeism.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 23 (2): 181–197. doi:10.1002/job.135.
  • De Clercq, Bart, Els Clays, Heidi Janssens, Dirk de Bacquer, Annalisa Casini, France Kittel, and Lutgart Braeckman. 2015. “Health Behaviours as a Mechanism in the Prospective Relation Between Workplace Reciprocity and Absenteeism: A Bridge Too Far?” PloS One 10: 11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141608.
  • Dirks, Kurt T., and Donald L. Ferrin. 2002. “Trust in Leadership: Meta-Analytic Findings and Implications for Research and Practice.” The Journal of Applied Psychology 87 (4): 611–628. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.611.
  • Duijts, Saskia F. A., Ijmert Kant, Gerard M. H. Swaen, Piet A. van den Brandt, and Maurice P. A. Zeegers. 2007. “A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies Identifies Predictors of Sickness Absence.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 60 (11): 1105–1115. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.04.008.
  • Elovainio, Marko, Kees van den Bos, Anne Linna, Mika Kivimäki, Leena Ala-Mursula, Jaana Pentti, and Jussi Vahtera. 2005. “Combined Effects of Uncertainty and Organizational Justice on Employee Health: Testing the Uncertainty Management Model of Fairness Judgments Among Finnish Public Sector Employees.” Social Science & Medicine 61 (12): 2501–2512. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.046.
  • Feeney, Mary K., and Barry Bozeman. 2009. “Staying Late: Comparing Work Hours in Public and Nonprofit Sectora.” The American Review of Public Administration 39 (5): 459–477. doi:10.1177/0275074008327293.
  • Festinger, Leon. 1954. “A Theory of Social Comparison Processes.” Human Relations (New York) 7 (2): 117–140. doi:10.1177/001872675400700202.
  • Framke, Elisabeth, Ole H. Sørensen, Jacob Pedersen, Thomas Clausen, Vilhelm Borg, and Reiner Rugulies. 2019. “The Association of Vertical and Horizontal Workplace Social Capital with Employees’ Job Satisfaction, Exhaustion and Sleep Disturbances: A Prospective Study.” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 92 (6): 883–890. doi:10.1007/s00420-019-01432-5.
  • Fujita, Sumiko, Norito Kawakami, Emiko Ando, Akiomi Inoue, Kanami Tsuno, Sumiko Kurioka, and Ichiro Kawachi. 2016. “The Association of Workplace Social Capital with Work Engagement of Employees in Health Care Settings: A Multilevel Cross-Sectional Analysis.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 58 (3): 265–271. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000605.
  • Fukuyama, Francis. 1995. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York, NY: Free Press.
  • Gächter, Martin, A. Savage Davd, and Benno Torgler. 2011. “The Relationship Between Stress, Strain and Social Capital.” Policing: An International Journal 34 (3): 515–540.
  • Gaziel, Haim H. 2004. “Predictors of Absenteeism Among Primary School Teachers.” Social Psychology of Education : An International Journal 7 (4): 421–434. doi:10.1007/s11218-004-5232-z.
  • Gouldner, Alvin W. 1960. “The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement.” American Sociological Review 25 (2): 161–178. doi:10.2307/2092623.
  • Goulet, Laurel R., and Margaret L. Frank. 2002. “Organizational Commitment Across Three Sectors: Public, Non-Profit, and For-Profit.” Public Personnel Management 31 (2): 201–210. doi:10.1177/009102600203100206.
  • Grandey, Alicia A., David N. Dickter, and Hock-Peng Sin. 2004. “The Customer is Not Always Right: Customer Aggression and Emotion Regulation of Service Employees.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 25 (3): 397–418. doi:10.1002/job.252.
  • Grant, Adam M., and Sharon K. Parker. 2009. “Redesigning Work Design Theories: The Rise of Relational and Proactive Perspectives.” The Academy of Management Annals 3 (1): 317–375. doi:10.1080/19416520903047327.
  • Gross, Hellen P., Julia Thaler, and Vera Winter. 2019. “Integrating Public Service Motivation in the Job-Demands-Resources Model: An Empirical Analysis to Explain Employees’ Performance, Absenteeism, and Presenteeism.” International Public Management Journal 22 (1): 176–206. doi:10.1080/10967494.2018.1541829.
  • Hackett, Rick D. 1990. “Age, Tenure, and Employee Absenteeism.” Human Relations 43 (7): 601–619. doi:10.1177/001872679004300701.
  • Halbesleben, Jonathon R. B., Jean-Pierre Neveu, Samantha C. Paustian-Underdahl, and Mina Westman. 2014. “Getting to the “COR”: Understanding the Role of Resources in Conservation of Resources Theory.” Journal of Management 40 (5): 1334–1364. doi:10.1177/0149206314527130.
  • Hansen, Jesper R., Ann-Kristina Løkke, and Kenneth L. Sørensen. 2019. “Long-Term Absenteeism from Work: Disentangling the Impact of Sector, Occupational Groups and Gender.” International Journal of Public Administration 42 (8): 628–641. doi:10.1080/01900692.2018.1498104.
  • Hansen, Anne-Sophie K., Ida E. H. Madsen, Sannie V. Thorsen, Ole Melkevik, Jakob B. Bjørner, Ingelise Andersen, and Reiner Rugulies. 2018. “Does Workplace Social Capital Protect Against Long-Term Sickness Absence? Linking Workplace Aggregated Social Capital to Sickness Absence Registry Data.” Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46 (3): 290–296. doi:10.1177/1403494817721672.
  • Hargis, Michael B., Lindsey M. Kotrba, Ludmila Zhdanova, and Boris B. Baltes. 2011. “What’s Really Important? Examining the Relative Importance of Antecedents to Work-Family Conflict.” Journal of Managerial Issues 23 (4): 386–408. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23209106.
  • Hobfoll, S. E., and J. A. Ford . 2007. Conservation of Resources Thory in Fink, George. Encyclopedia of Stress, 2nd., 562–567. Amsterdam: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-012373947-6.00093-3.
  • Hogg, Michael A., and Dominic Abrams. 1988. Social Identifications - a Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes. New York: Routledge.
  • Jana, Lait, and Jean E. Wallace. 2002. “Stress at Work: A Study of Organizational-Professional Conflict and Unmet Expectations.” Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations 57 (3): 463–490. doi:10.7202/006886ar.
  • Jensen, Ulrich T., Lotte B. Andersen, and Ann-Louise Holten. 2019. “Explaining a Dark Side: Public Service Motivation, Presenteeism, and Absenteeism.” Review of Public Personnel Administration 39 (4): 487–510. doi:10.1177/0734371X17744865.
  • Johns, Gary. 1997. “Contemporary Research on Absence from Work: Correlates, Causes and Consequences.” International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 12 (1997): 115.
  • Johns, Gary. 2008. Absenteeism and Presenteeism: Not at Work or Not Working Well. In: The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Behavior: Volume I - Micro Approaches, 160–177. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi:10.4135/9781849200448.n10 .
  • Jourdain, Geneviève, and Denis Chênevert. 2015. “The Moderating Influence of Perceived Organizational Values on the Burnout-Absenteeism Relationship.” Journal of Business and Psychology 30 (1): 177–191. doi:10.1007/s10869-014-9346-9.
  • Karasek, Robert A. 1979. “Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign.” Administrative Science Quarterly 24 (2): 285–308. doi:10.2307/2392498.
  • Kawachi, I., B. P. Kennedy, K. Lochner, and D. Prothrow-Stith. 1997. “Social Capital, Income Inequality, and Mortality.” American Journal of Public Health 87 (9): 1491–1498. doi:10.2105/AJPH.87.9.1491.
  • Kenneth, Jay, and Lars L. Andersen. 2018. “Can High Social Capital at the Workplace Buffer Against Stress and Musculoskeletal Pain? Cross-Sectional Study.” Medicine 97: 12. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000010124.
  • Kiss, Philippe, Marc de Meester, Tage S. Kristensen, and Lutgart Braeckman. 2014. “Relationships of Organizational Social Capital with the Presence of “Gossip and Slander,” “Quarrels and Conflicts,” Sick Leave, and Poor Work Ability in Nursing Homes.” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 87 (8): 929–936. doi:10.1007/s00420-014-0937-6.
  • Kivimäki, M., R. Sutinen, M. Elovainio, J. Vahtera, K. Räsänen, S. Töyry, J. E. Ferrie, and J. Firth-Cozens. 2001. “Sickness Absence in Hospital Physicians: 2 Year Follow Up Study on Determinants.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 58 (6): 361–366. doi:10.1136/oem.58.6.361.
  • Ko, Myeong C. 2021. “An Examination of the Links Between Organizational Social Capital and Employee Well-Being: Focusing on the Mediating Role of Quality of Work Life.” Review of Public Personnel Administration 41 (1): 163–193. doi:10.1177/0734371X19865996.
  • Kouvonen, Anne, Tuula Oksanen, Jussi Vahtera, Mai Stafford, Richard Wilkinson, Justine Schneider, Ari Väänänen, et al. 2008. ”Low Workplace Social Capital as a Predictor of Depression: The Finnish Public Sector Study.” American Journal of Epidemiology 167 (10): 1143–1151. doi:10.1093/aje/kwn067.
  • Krane, Line, Eva L. Larsen, Claus V. Nielsen, Christina M. Stapelfeldt, Roar Johnsen, and Mette B. Risør. 2014. “Attitudes Towards Sickness Absence and Sickness Presenteeism in Health and Care Sectors in Norway and Denmark: A Qualitative Study.” BMC Public Health 14 (1): 880. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-880.
  • Kroll, Alexander, Leisha DeHart-Davis, and Dominik Vogel. 2019. “Mechanisms of Social Capital in Organizations: How Team Cognition Influences Employee Commitment and Engagement.” The American Review of Public Administration 49 (7): 777–791. doi:10.1177/0275074019851894.
  • Kurtessis, James N., Robert Eisenberger, Michael T. Ford, Louis C. Buffardi, Kathleen A. Stewart, and Cory S. Adis. 2017. “Perceived Organizational Support: A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of Organizational Support Theory.” Journal of Management 43 (6): 1854–1884. doi:10.1177/0149206315575554.
  • Labriola, Merete, Karl B. Christensen, Thomas Lund, Martin L. Nielsen, and Finn Diderichsen. 2006. “Multilevel Analysis of Workplace and Individual Risk Factors for Long-Term Sickness Absence.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 48 (9): 923–929. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000229783.04721.d2.
  • Leana, Carrie R., and Harry J. van Buren. 1999. “Organizational Social Capital and Employment Practices.” Academy of Management Review 24 (3): 538–555. doi:10.5465/amr.1999.2202136.
  • LeRoux, Kelly, and Mary K. Feeney. 2013. “Factors Attracting Individuals to Nonprofit Management Over Public and Private Sector Management.” Nonprofit Management & Leadership 24 (1): 43–62. doi:10.1002/nml.21079.
  • Liukkonen, Virpi, Pekka Virtanen, Mika Kivimäki, Jaana Pentti, and Jussi Vahtera. 2004. “Social Capital in Working Life and the Health of Employees.” Social Science & Medicine 59 (12): 2447–2458. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.04.013.
  • Lohaus, Daniela, and Wolfgang Habermann. 2019. “Presenteeism: A Review and Research Directions.” Human Resource Management Review 29 (1): 43–58. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.02.010.
  • Løkke, Ann-Kristina. 2016. “Social Capital and Health and Job Related Outcomes: The Case of a Large Municipality.” International Journal of Workplace Health Management 9 (1): 17–31. doi:10.1108/IJWHM-12-2014-0055.
  • Løkke, Ann-Kristina, and Sarah M. L. Krøtel. 2020. “Performance Evaluations of Leadership Quality and Public Sector Leaders’ Absenteeism.” Public Management Review 22 (1): 96–117. doi:10.1080/14719037.2019.1638441.
  • Luchman, Joseph N. 2013. “DOMIN: Stata Module to Conduct Dominance Analysis.” https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:boc:bocode:s457629.
  • Luo, Wen, and Razia Azen. 2013. “Determining Predictor Importance in Hierarchical Linear Models Using Dominance Analysis.” Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 38 (1): 3–31. doi:10.3102/1076998612458319.
  • Mastekaasa, Arne. 2020. “Absenteeism in the Public and the Private Sector: Does the Public Sector Attract High Absence Employees?” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 30 (1): 60–76. doi:10.1093/jopart/muz003.
  • McKevitt, Christopher, Myfanwy Morgan, Ruth Dundas, and W. W. Holland. 1997. “Sickness Absence and ‘Working Through’ Illness: A Comparison of Two Professional Groups.” Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England) 19 (3): 295–300. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a024633.
  • Meng, Annette, Thomas Clausen, and Vilhelm Borg. 2018. “The Association Between Team-Level Social Capital and Individual-Level Work Engagement: Differences Between Subtypes of Social Capital and the Impact of Intra-Team Agreement.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 59 (2): 198–205. doi:10.1111/sjop.12435.
  • Meng, Fanrong, and Jiannan Wu. 2015. “Merit Pay Fairness, Leader-Member Exchange, and Job Engagement.” Review of Public Personnel Administration 35 (1): 47–69. doi:10.1177/0734371X12453057.
  • Miraglia, Mariella, and Gary Johns. 2016. “Going to Work Ill: A Meta-Analysis of the Correlates of Presenteeism and a Dual-Path Model.” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 21 (3): 261–283. doi:10.1037/ocp0000015.
  • Miraglia, Mariella, and Gary Johns. 2021. “The Social and Relational Dynamics of Absenteeism from Work: A Multilevel Review and Integration.” The Academy of Management Annals 15 (1): 37–67. doi:10.5465/annals.2019.0036.
  • Montano, Diego, Anna Reeske, Franziska Franke, and Joachim Hüffmeier. 2017. “Leadership, Followers’ Mental Health and Job Performance in Organizations: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis from an Occupational Health Perspective.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 38 (3): 327–350. doi:10.1002/job.2124.
  • Moynihan, Donald P., and Sanjay K. Pandey. 2007. “Finding Workable Levers Over Work Motivation: Comparing Job Satisfaction, Job Involvement, and Organizational Commitment.” Administration & Society 39: 7. doi:10.1177/0095399707305546.
  • Moynihan, Donald P., and Sanjay K. Pandey. 2008. “The Ties That Bind: Social Networks, Person-Organization Value Fit, and Turnover Intention.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18 (2): 205–227. doi:10.1093/jopart/mum013.
  • Murayama, Hiroshi, Yoshinori Fujiwara, and Ichiro Kawachi. 2012. “Social Capital and Health: A Review of Prospective Multilevel Studies.” Journal of Epidemiology 22 (3): 179–187. doi:10.2188/jea.je20110128.
  • Nahapiet, Janine, and Sumantra Ghoshal. 1998. “Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage.” AMR 23 (2): 242–266. doi:10.5465/amr.1998.533225.
  • Nicholson, Nigel, and Gary Johns. 1985. “The Absence Culture and the Psychological Contract-Who’s in Control of Absence?” AMR 10 (3): 397–407. doi:10.2307/258123.
  • Nielsen, Martin L., Reiner Rugulies, Karl B. Christensen, Lars Smith-Hansen, and Tage S. Kristensen. 2006. “Psychosocial Work Environment Predictors of Short and Long Spells of Registered Sickness Absence During a 2-Year Follow Up.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 48 (6): 591–598. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000201567.70084.3a.
  • Nyberg, Anna, Hugo Westerlund, Linda L. M. Hanson, and Töres Theorell. 2008. “Managerial Leadership is Associated with Self-Reported Sickness Absence and Sickness Presenteeism Among Swedish Men and Women.” Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 36 (8): 803–811.
  • Oksanen, Tuula, Ichiro Kawachi, Anne Kouvonen, Soshi Takao, Etsuji Suzuki, Marianna Virtanen, Jaana Pentti, Mika Kivimäki, and Jussi Vahtera. 2013. “Workplace Determinants of Social Capital: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Evidence from a Finnish Cohort Study.” PloS One 8 (6): e65846. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065846.
  • Oksanen, Tuula, Anne Kouvonen, Mika Kivimäki, Jaana Pentti, Marianna Virtanen, Anne Linna, and Jussi Vahtera. 2008. “Social Capital at Work as a Predictor of Employee Health: Multilevel Evidence from Work Units in Finland.” Social Science & Medicine 66 (3): 637–649. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.10.013.
  • Oksanen, Tuula, Anne Kouvonen, Jussi Vahtera, Marianna Virtanen, and Mika Kivimäki. 2010. “Prospective Study of Workplace Social Capital and Depression: Are Vertical and Horizontal Components Equally Important?” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 64 (8): 684–689. doi:10.1136/jech.2008.086074.
  • Oppel, Eva-Maria, Vera Winter, and Jonas Schreyögg. 2019. “Examining the Relationship Between Strategic HRM and Hospital Employees’ Work Attitudes: An Analysis Across Occupational Groups in Public and Private Hospitals.” The International Journal of Human Resource Management 30 (5): 794–814. doi:10.1080/09585192.2016.1254104.
  • Paola, Maria de, Vincenzo Scoppa, and Valeria Pupo. 2014. “Absenteeism in the Italian Public Sector: The Effects of Changes in Sick Leave Policy.” Journal of Labor Economics 32 (2): 337–360. doi:10.1086/674986.
  • Pihl-Thingvad, Signe, Sune W. Hansen, Vera Winter, Michelle S. Hansen, and Jurgen Willems. 2020. “Public Managers’ Role in Creating Workplace Social Capital (WSC) and Its Effect on Employees’ Well-Being and Health: A Protocol of a Longitudinal Cohort Study (PUMA-WSC).” BMJ Open 10 (10): e039027. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039027.
  • Putnam, Robert D. 1993a. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  • Putnam, Robert D. 1993b. “The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life.” The American Prospect 13 (4):1–11 .
  • Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Read, Emily A., and Heather K. S. Laschinger. 2015. “The Influence of Authentic Leadership and Empowerment on Nurses’ Relational Social Capital, Mental Health and Job Satisfaction Over the First Year of Practice.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 71 (7): 1611–1623. doi:10.1111/jan.12625.
  • Rho, Eunju, Taesik Yun, and Kangbok Lee. 2015. “Does Organizational Image Matter? Image, Identification, and Employee Behaviors in Public and Nonprofit Organizations.” Public Administration Review 75 (3): 421–431. doi:10.1111/puar.12338.
  • Rugulies, Reiner, Peter Hasle, Jan H. Pejtersen, Birgit Aust, and Jakob B. Bjorner. 2016. “Workplace Social Capital and Risk of Long-Term Sickness Absence. Are Associations Modified by Occupational Grade?” European Journal of Public Health 26 (2): 328–333. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckv244.
  • Russo, Silvia Dello, Mariella Miraglia, Laura Borgogni, and Gary Johns. 2013. “How Time and Perceptions of Social Context Shape Employee Absenteeism Trajectories.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 83 (2): 209–217. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2013.03.005.
  • Salancik, G. R., and J. Pfeffer. 1978. “A Social Information Processing Approach to Job Attitudes and Task Design.” Administrative Science Quarterly 23 (2): 224–253. doi:10.2307/2392563.
  • Schermuly, Carsten C., and Bertolt Meyer. 2016. “Good Relationships at Work: The Effects of Leader–Member Exchange and Team–Member Exchange on Psychological Empowerment, Emotional Exhaustion, and Depression.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 37 (5): 673–691. doi:10.1002/job.2060.
  • Schneider, Daniel, Vera Winter, and Jonas Schreyögg. 2018. “Job Demands, Job Resources, and Behavior in Times of Sickness: An Analysis Across German Nursing Homes.” Health Care Management Review 43 (4): 338–347. doi:10.1097/HMR.0000000000000157.
  • Shahidul, Hassan, Bradley E. Wright, and Gary Yukl. 2014. “Does Ethical Leadership Matter in Government? Effects on Organizational Commitment, Absenteeism, and Willingness to Report Ethical Problems.” Public Administration Review 74 (3): 333–343. doi:10.1111/puar.12216.
  • Snijders, Tom A. B., and Roel Bosker. 1994. “Modeled Variance in Two-Level Models.” Sociological Methods & Research 22 (3): 342–363. doi:10.1177/0049124194022003004.
  • Steers, Richard M., and Susan R. Rhodes. 1978. “Major Influences on Employee Attendance: A Process Model.” The Journal of Applied Psychology 63 (4): 391–407. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.63.4.391.
  • Szreter, Simon, and Michael Woolcock. 2004. “Health by Association? Social Capital, Social Theory, and the Political Economy of Public Health.” International Journal of Epidemiology 33 (4): 650–667. doi:10.1093/ije/dyh013.
  • Tajfel, Henri, and John C. Turner. 1986. “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior.” In Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by S. Worchel and W. G. Austin, 7–24. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
  • Török, Eszter, Alice J. Clark, Johan H. Jensen, Theis Lange, Jens P. Bonde, Jakob B. Bjorner, Reiner Rugulies, et al. 2018. ”Work-Unit Social Capital and Long-Term Sickness Absence: A Prospective Cohort Study of 32 053 Hospital Employees.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 75 (9): 623–629. doi:10.1136/oemed-2017-104954.
  • Väänänen, Ari, Anne Kouvonen, Minna Kivimäki, Tuula Oksanen, Marko Elovainio, Marianna Virtanen, Jaana Pentti, and Jussi Vahtera. 2009. “Workplace Social Capital and Co-Occurrence of Lifestyle Risk Factors: The Finnish Public Sector Study.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 66 (7): 432–437. doi:10.1136/oem.2008.042044.
  • van Loon, M. Nina, Wouter Vandenabeele, and Peter Leisink. 2015. “On the Bright and Dark Side of Public Service Motivation: The Relationship Between PSM and Employee Wellbeing.” Public Money & Management 35 (5): 349–356. doi:10.1080/09540962.2015.1061171.
  • Willems, Jurgen. 2020. “Public Servant Stereotypes: It is Not (At) All About Being Lazy, Greedy and Corrupt.” Public Administration 98 (4): 807–823. doi:10.1111/padm.12686.
  • Wright, Bradley E., Shahidul Hassan, and Robert K. Christensen. 2017. “Job Choice and Performance: Revisiting Core Assumptions About Public Service Motivation.” International Public Management Journal 20 (1): 108–131. doi:10.1080/10967494.2015.1088493.