Contracting ‘person-centred’ working by results: street-level managers and frontline experiences in an outcomes-based contract

References

• Baraki, B., and J. Phagoora. 2022. Evaluating the Person-Led, Transitional and Strength Based (PTS) Response. New Economics Foundation and Mayday Trust. https://maydaytrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Evaluating-the-PTS-Model_Final-Report_23Feb2022_final.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Blaikie, N. 2003. Analyzing Quantitative Data: From Description to Explanation. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Bovaird, T. 2007. “Beyond Engagement and Participation: User and Community Coproduction of Public Services.” Public Administration Review 67 (5): 846–860. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00773.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodkin, E. 2012. “Reflections on Street-Level Bureaucracy: Past, Present, and Future.” Public Administration Review 72 (6): 940–949.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodkin, E. Z. 2011. “Policy Work: Street-Level Organizations Under New Managerialism.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 21 (Supp. 2): 253–277. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muq093.
   Google Scholar
• Brodkin, E. Z. 2015. “Street-Level Organizations and the ‘Real World’ of Workfare: Lessons from the US.” Social Work & Society 13 (1): Article 1. https://ejournals.bib.uni-wuppertal.de/index.php/sws/article/view/420.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, E. 2019. “More Than Marketised? Exploring the Governance and Accountability Mechanisms at Play in Social Impact Bonds.” Journal of Economic Policy Reform 24 (1): 78–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2019.1575736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, E. 2020. “Debate: Would a Social Impact Bond by Any Other Name Smell as Sweet? Stretching the Model and Why it Might Matter.” Public Money & Management 40 (3): 183–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2020.1714288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, E., and N. Ball. 2023. “Social Outcomes Contracting: Seeding a More Relational Approach to Contracts Between Government and the Social Economy?” In Social Economy Science: Transforming the Economy & Making Society More Resilient, 408–432. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, E., C. FitzGerald, R. Dixon, C. Economy, T. Hameed, and M. Airoldi. 2018. Building the Tools for Public Services to Secure Better Outcomes: Collaboration, Prevention, Innovation. Government Outcomes Lab, Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. https://golab.bsg.ox.ac.uk/documents/176/BSG-GOLab-EvidenceReport.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, E., and A. Whitworth. 2015. “Creaming and Parking in Quasi-Marketised Welfare-To-Work Schemes: Designed Out of or Designed in to the UK Work Programme?” Journal of Social Policy 44 (2): 277–296. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279414000841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caswell, D., and F. Larsen. 2017. “Frontline Work in the Delivery of Danish Activation Policies.” In Frontline Delivery of Welfare-To-Work Policies in Europe: Activating the Unemployed, edited by Berkel et al., 163–180. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, A., and Gene. A. Brewer. 2022. “Street-Level Bureaucracy in Public Administration: A Systematic Literature Review.” Public Management Review 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2022.2065517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Considine, M. 2001. Enterprising States: The Public Management of Welfare-To-Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Considine, M., and J. M. Lewis. 2003. “Bureaucracy, Network, or Enterprise? Comparing Models of Governance in Australia, Britain, the Netherlands, and New Zealand.” Public Administration Review 63 (2): 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6210.00274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Considine, M., J. M. Lewis, S. O’Sullivan, and E. Sol. 2015. Getting Welfare to Work: Street-Level Governance in Australia, the UK, and the Netherlands. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Considine, M., J. M. Lewis, and S. Sullivan. 2011. “Quasi-Markets and Service Delivery Flexibility Following a Decade of Employment Assistance Reform in Australia.” Journal of Social Policy 40 (4): 811–833. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279411000213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Considine, M., S. O’Sullivan, M. McGann, and P. Nguyen. 2020. “Contracting Personalization by Results: Comparing Marketization Reforms in the UK and Australia.” Public Administration 98 (4): 873–890. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Economy, C., E. Carter, and M. Airoldi. 2022. “Have We ‘Stretched’ Social Impact Bonds Too Far? An Empirical Analysis of SIB Design in Practice.” International Public Management Journal 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2022.2077867.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finn, D. 2012. Sub-Contracting in Public Employment Services: The Design and Delivery of Outcome Based and Black Box Contracts. DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=14110&langId=en.
   Google Scholar
• FitzGerald, C., T. Hameed, F. Rosenbach, J. R. Macdonald, and R. Dixon. 2021. “Resilience in Public Service Partnerships: Evidence from the UK Life Chances Fund.” Public Management Review 25 (4): 787–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2021.2015186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, C., H. Olson, H. Armitage, S. Baines, and G. Painter. 2022. “Can a Focus on Co-Created, Strengths-Based Services Facilitate Early-Stage Innovation within Social Impact Bonds?” International Public Management Journal 26 (3): 396–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2022.2078914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuertes, V., and C. Lindsay. 2016. “Personalization and Street‐Level Practice in Activation: The Case of the UK’s Work Programme.” Public Administration 94 (2): 526–541. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gassner, D., and A. Gofen. 2018. “Street-Level Management: A Clientele-Agent Perspective on Implementation.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 28 (4): 551–568. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muy051.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government Outcomes Lab. n.d. INDIGO Impact Bond Dataset. University of Oxford, Blavatnik School of Government. https://doi.org/10.5287/bodleian:6RxneM0xz.
   Google Scholar
• Koning, P., and C. Heinrich. 2013. “Cream‐Skimming, Parking and Other Intended and Unintended Effects of High‐Powered, Performance‐Based Contracts.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 32 (3): 461–483. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21695.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagarde, M., M. Wright, J. Nossiter, and N. Mays. 2013. Challenges of Payment-For-Performance in Health Care and Other Public Services – Design, Implementation and Evaluation. Policy Innovation Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. https://piru.ac.uk/assets/files/Challenges%20of%20payment%20for%20performance%20in%20healthcare%20and%20other%20public%20services%20final.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Lane, P., R. Foster, L. Gardiner, L. Lanceley, and A. Purvis. 2013. Work Programme Evaluation: Procurement, Supply Chains and Implementation of the Commissioning Model (832). Department for Work and Pensions. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/work-programme-evaluation-procurement-supply-chains-and-implementation-of-the-commissioning-model-rr832.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, F., and S. Wright. 2014. “Interpreting the Marketization of Employment Services in Great Britain and Denmark.” Journal of European Social Policy 24 (5): 455–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928714543903.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzarini, S. G. 2022. The Right Privatization: Why Private Firms in Public Initiatives Need Capable Governments. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009024167.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay, C., S. Pearson, E. Batty, A. M. Cullen, and W. Eadson. 2018. “Co‐Production as a Route to Employability: Lessons from Services with Lone Parents.” Public Administration 96 (2): 318–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsky, M. 1980. Street Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. Russell Sage Foundation; JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610447713.
   Google Scholar
• Mason, P., Y. Fullwood, K. Singh, and F. Battye. 2015. Payment by Results: Learning from the Literature (A Review Prepared for the National Audit Office). ICF. https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Payment-by-Results-Learning-from-the-Literature.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• McGann, M. 2022. “Remodeling Street-Level Workers with Quasi-Markets: Comparing Ireland’s Mixed Economy of Welfare-To-Work.” Administration & Society 54 (5): 939–970. https://doi.org/10.1177/00953997211050924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGann, M. 2023. The Marketisation of Welfare-To-Work in Ireland. Policy Press. https://bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/the-marketisation-of-welfare-to-work-in-ireland.
   Google Scholar
• Meagher, G., and S. Goodwin. 2015. “Introduction: Capturing Marketisation in Australian Social Policy.” In Markets, Rights and Power in Australian Social Policy, edited by G. Meagher and S. Goodwin, 1–27. Sydney: Sydney University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Needham, C. 2011a. Personalising Public Services: Understanding the Personalisation Narrative. Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Needham, C. 2011b. “Personalization: From Story-Line to Practice.” Social Policy & Administration 45 (1): 54–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2010.00753.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan, S., M. McGann, and M. Considine. 2021. Buying and Selling the Poor. Sidney University Press. https://sydneyuniversitypress.com.au/products/174581.
   Google Scholar
• Pett, M. A. 2015. Nonparametric Statistics for Health Care Research: Statistics for Small Samples and Unusual Distributions. London: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Rees, J., A. Whitworth, and E. Carter. 2014. “Support for All in the UK Work Programme? Differential Payments, Same Old Problem.” Social Policy & Administration 48 (2): 221–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice, D. 2017. “How Governance Conditions Affect the Individualization of Active Labour Market Services: An Exploratory Vignette Study.” Public Administration 95 (2): 468–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, T. 2013, October 22. Civil Service Quarterly. The Centre for Social Impact Bonds. https://quarterly.blog.gov.uk/2013/10/22/the-centre-for-social-impact-bonds/.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbach, F., F. van Lier, F. Domingos, and E. Carter. 2023. The Kirklees Better Outcomes Partnership: The Second Report of a Longitudinal Evaluation of a Life Chances Fund Impact Bond. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6501945b8079e00014e95716/GOV_UK_KBOP_Interim_Report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Sainsbury, R. 2017. “Activation in the UK: The Frontline and the ‘Black box’ of Employment Service Provision.” In Frontline Delivery of Welfare-To-Work Policies in Europe, edited by van Berkel, Caswell, Kupka and Larsen, 53–69. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Saldaña, J. 2021. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers, 1–440. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Scarano, G. 2023. “Outcome-Based Contracting and Gaming Practices in Marketised Public Employment Services. Dilemmas from the Italian Case.” Journal of Social Policy 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279422001003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shutes, I., and R. Taylor. 2014. “Conditionality and the Financing of Employment Services—Implications for the Social Divisions of Work and Welfare.” Social Policy & Administration 48 (2): 204–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toerien, M., R. Sainsbury, P. Drew, and A. Irvine. 2013. “Putting Personalisation into Practice: Work-Focused Interviews in Jobcentre Plus.” Journal of Social Policy 42 (2): 309–327. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279412000980.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Berkel, R., and E. Knies. 2016. “Performance Management, Caseloads and the Frontline Provision of Social Services.” Social Policy & Administration 50 (1): 59–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiggan, J. 2015. “Varieties of Marketisation in the UK: Examining Divergence in Activation Markets Between Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2008–2014.” Policy Studies 36 (2): 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2014.996934.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, R., A. Fraser, J. Kimmitt, S. Tan, N. McHugh, T. Lowe, M. Warner, S. Baines, and E. Carter. 2020. Whither Social Impact Bonds (SIBs): The Future of Social Investment? Public Money & Management 40 (3): 179–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2020.1714287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooldridge R., N. Stanworth, and J. Ronicle. 2019. A Study into the Challenges and Benefits of Commissioning Social Impact Bonds in the UK, and the Potential for Replication and Scaling: Final Report. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/60177d3b8fa8f53fbf42bde4/A_study_into_the_challenges_and_benefits_of_the_SIB_commissioning_process._Final_Report_V2.pdf.
   Google Scholar