Determinants of visitor length of stay at three coastal national parks in South Africa

References

• Alegre, J., & Cladera, M. (2009). Analysing the effect of satisfaction and previous visits on tourist intentions to return. European Journal of Marketing, 43(5/6), 670–685. doi:10.1108/03090560910946990
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alegre, J., Mateo, S., & Pou, L. (2011). A latent class approach to tourists' length of stay. Tourism Management, 32(3), 555–563. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alegre, J., & Pou, L. (2006). The length of stay in the demand for tourism. Tourism Management, 27(1), 1343–1355. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2005.06.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros, C. P., Butler, R., & Correia, A. (2010). The length of stay of golf tourism: A survival analysis. Tourism Management, 31(1), 13–21. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros, C. P., & Machado, L. P. (2010). The length of stay in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 1(1), 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2009.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, A., Jooste, C., & Strydom, L. (2004). Managing tourism services: A southern African perspective (3rd ed.). Pretoria: Van Schaik.
   Google Scholar
• Cannon, T. F., & Ford, J. (2002). Relationship of demographic and trip characteristics to visitor spending: An analysis of sports travel visitors over time. Tourism Economics, 8(3), 263–271. doi:10.5367/000000002101298106
   Google Scholar
• Chi, C., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism Management, 29(4), 624–636. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309–319. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel, C., & Berinyuy, L. P. (2010). Using the SERVQUAL Model to assess Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction. An Empirical study of grocery stores in Umea. Retrieved April 14, 2014, from http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:327600/FULLTEXT01.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Davies, B., & Mangan, J. (1992). Family expenditure on hotels and holidays. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), 691–699. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(92)90061-S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decrop, A. (2006). Vacation decision-making. Wallingford, CT: CABI.
   Google Scholar
• Decrop, A., & Snelders, D. (2004). Planning the summer vacation: An adaptable process. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4), 1008–1030. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2004.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downward, P., & Lumsdon, L. (2004). Tourism transport and visitor spending: A study in the New York Moors National Park, UK. Journal of Travel Research, 42(4), 415–420. doi:10.1177/0047287504263038
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, S. M., & Steyn, H. S. (2003). Practical significance (effect sizes) versus or in combination with statistical significance (p-values). Management Dynamics, 12(4), 51–53. doi:10.1177/0047287504263038
   Google Scholar
• Fennel, D. A. (2014). Ecotourism. 4th ed. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fesenmaier, D., & Jeng, J. (2000). Assessing structure in the pleasure trip planning process. Tourism Management, 5(1), 13–17.
   Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2003). Designing a questionnaire. Retrieved November 18, 2013, from http://www.statisticshell.com/docs/designing_questionnaires.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Gokovali, U., Bahar, O., & Kozak, M. (2007). Determinants of length of stay: A practical use of survival analysis. Tourism Management, 28(1), 736–746. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2006.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoogleMaps. (2013). Tsitsikamma National Park. Retrieved from http://goo.gl/NE0soi
   Google Scholar
• Holden, A. (2008). Environment and tourism (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Iso-Ahola, S. (1980). The social psychology of leisure and recreation. Dubuque, IA: Brown.
   Google Scholar
• Iso-Ahola, S. (1983). Towards a social psychology of recreational travel. Leisure Studies, 2(1), 45–57. doi: 10.1080/02614368300390041
   Google Scholar
• Jang, S., Bai, B., Hong, G., & O'Leary, J. T. (2004). Understanding travel expenditure patterns: A study of Japanese pleasure travelers to the United States by income level. Tourism Management, 25(3), 331–341. doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00141-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. S., Lee, C. K., & Klenosky, D. B. (2003). The influence of push and pull factors at Korean national parks. Tourism Management, 24(2), 169–180. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517702000596. doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00059-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak, M. (2004). Destination benchmarking: Concepts, practices and operations. Oxon: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Kozak, M., Gokovali, U., & Bahar, O. (2008). Estimating the determinants of tourist spending: A comparison of four models. Tourism Analysis, 13(2), 143–155. doi:10.3727/108354208785664283
   Google Scholar
• Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Physchological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger, M. (2010). A critical evaluation of market segmentation at national arts festivals in South Africa (Doctoral dissertation). Potchefstroom: North-West University.
   Google Scholar
• Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (2010). Travel motives to Kruger and Tsitsikamma National Parks: A comparative study. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 40(1), 93–102. doi:10.3957/056.040.0106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (2012). Creating a memorable spectator experience at the Two Oceans. Journal of Sports Tourism, 17(1), 63–77. doi:10.1080/14775085.2012.662391
   Google Scholar
• Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (in press). What makes a natural event experience memorable? Evidence from wildflower viewing in South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (2014). The determinants of visitor length of stay at the Kruger National Park. Koedoe, 56(2), 1–11. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v56i2.1114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger, M., Saayman, M., & Manners, B. (2012). Determinants of visitor expenditure at the Tsitsikamma National Park. Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences, 5(1), 11–30. Retrieved from http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/jefs/jefs_v5_n1_a2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kruger, M., Saayman, M., & Saayman, A. (2010). Expenditure-based segmentation of visitors to Tsitsikamma National Park. Acta Commercii, 10(1), 137–149. doi:10.4102/ac.v10i1.123
   Google Scholar
• Kruger, M., Saayman, M., & Slabbert, E. (in press). Managing visitors' dining and retail experiences in South African National Parks. South African journal of business management.
   Google Scholar
• Kruger, M., Scholtz, M., & Saayman, M. (2012). Executive summary of research profiles of selected National Parks in South Africa over 10 years. Potchefstroom: Tourism Research in Economic Environs and Society.
   Google Scholar
• Kruger, M., Viljoen, A., & Saayman, M. (2014). Who pays to view wildflowers in South Africa? Journal of Ecotourism, 12(3), 146–164. doi:10.1080/14724049.2013.871286
   Google Scholar
• Krugerpark.com. (2000–2013a). Tsitsikamma National Park-Most popular camps. Retrieved from http://www.krugerpark.com/tsitsikamma-national-park.htm?gclid=CPe3oLnJmrcCFa7KtAodLj4A7g
   Google Scholar
• Krugerpark.com. (2000–2013b). Wilderness National Park-Most popular camps. Retrieved from http://www.krugerpark.com/wilderness-national-park.htm?gclid=CIib89DKmrcCFUzHtAodPkEAHg
   Google Scholar
• Legohérel, P. (1998). Toward a market segmentation of the tourism trade, expenditure levels and consumer behaviour instability. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 7(3), 19–39. doi:10.1300/J073v07n03_02
   Google Scholar
• Leones, J., Colby, B., & Crandall, K. (1998). Tracking expenditures of the elusive nature tourists to south-eastern Arizona. Journal of Travel Research, 36, 56–64. doi:10.1177/004728759803600306
   Google Scholar
• Machado, L. P. (2010). Does destination image influence the length of stay in a tourism destination. Tourism Economics, 16(2), 443–456. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/attachments/7895754/download_file. doi:10.5367/000000010791305554
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Garcia, E., & Raya, J. M. (2008). Length of stay for low-cost tourism. Tourism Management, 29(1), 1064–1075. Retrieved from http://www.econ.upf.edu/~raya/ARTICULOS_CIENTIFICOS/raya_TM.pdf. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2008.02.011
   Google Scholar
• Mehmetoglu, M. (2011). Nature-based tourists: The relationship between their trip expenditures and activities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(2), 200–215. doi:10.2167/jost642.0
   Google Scholar
• Menezes, A. G., & Moniz, A. (2006). Determinants of length of stay: A parametric survival analysis' (Working Paper No. 19/2006). Centro de Estudos de Economia Aplica do Atlântico. Retrieved from https://repositorio.uac.pt/bitstream/10400.3/1152/1/WPaper%2019–2006%20%28MenezesMoniz%29.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Menezes, A. G., Moniz, A., & Vieira, J. C. (2008). The determinants of length of stay of tourists in the Azores. Tourism Economics, 14, 205–222. Retrieved from doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000008783554866
   Google Scholar
• Mok, C., & Iverson, T. J. (2000). Expenditure-based segmentation: Taiwanese tourists to Gaum. Journal of Travel Research, 16(1), 1–4. doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00060-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moutinho, L. (1987). Consumer behaviour in tourism. European Journal of Marketing, 21(10), 3–44. doi:10.1108/EUM0000000004718
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OpenAfrica. (2013). Tsitsikamma Adventure Route. Retrieved from http://www. openafrica.org/route/Tsitsikamma-Adventure-Route
   Google Scholar
• Oppermann, M. (1995). Travel life cycle. Annals of tourism research, 22(3), 535–552. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(95)00004-P
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step-by-step guide to data analysis using SPSS version 15 (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Peypoch, N., Randriamboarison, R., Rasoamananjara, F., & Solonandrasana, B. (2011). The length of stay of tourists in Madagascar. Tourism Management, 1(1), 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2011.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, G. (2002). Tourism attraction systems: Exploring cultural behaviour. Annals of tourism research, 29(4), 1048–1064. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00026-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie, J. R. B., & Crouch, G. I. (2003). The competitive destination. Cambridge: CABI Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Saayman, A., & Saayman, M. (1997). Die ekonomiese impak van toerisme op die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie. South African Journal of Economic Management Sciences, 21, 162–74.
   Google Scholar
• Saayman, M., & Saayman, A. (2008). Estimating the economic contribution of visitor spending in the Kruger National Park to the regional economy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(1), 67–81. doi:10.1080/09669580608668592
   Google Scholar
• Saayman, M., & Van Der Merwe, P. (2004). Managing game farms from a tourism perspective (2nd ed.). Potchefstroom: Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies.
   Google Scholar
• SANParks. (2008–2009). National Parks report. Retrieved from www.sanparks.org/about/annual/2009.pdf
   Google Scholar
• SANparks. (2012). South African National Parks annual report, 2011–2012. Pretoria: South African National Parks. Retrieved from: http://www.sanparks.co.za/assets/docs/general/annual-report-2013.pdf
   Google Scholar
• SANParks. (2004–2013a). Garden Route (Tsitsikamma, Knysna, Wilderness) National Park. Retrieved from www.sanparks.co.za/parks/garden_route/
   Google Scholar
• SANParks. (2004–2013b). Addo Elephant National Park. Retrieved from www.sanparks.co.za/parks/addo/
   Google Scholar
• Saravanan, R., & Rao, K. S. P. (2007). Measurement of service quality from the customer's perspective – An empirical study. Total Quality Management, 18(4), 435–449. doi:10.1080/14783360701231872
   Google Scholar
• Schoeman, T. (2010). The relationship between travel motives, service levels and satisfaction of nature-based tourist (Dissertation). Potchefstroom.
   Google Scholar
• Scholtz, M., Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (2013). Understanding the reasons why tourists visit the Kruger National Park. Acta Commercii, 13(1), 1–9. Retrieved from http://www.actacommercii.co.za/index.php/acta/article/view/168. doi:10.4102/ac.v13i1.168
   Google Scholar
• Scholtz, M., & Saayman, M. (2012). A marketing analysis of overnight visitors to Addo Elephant National Park 2012. Potchefstroom: Tourism Research in Economic Environs and Society.
   Google Scholar
• Scholtz, M., & Saayman, M. (2013a). A marketing analysis of overnight visitors to Wilderness National Park 2012. Potchefstroom: Tourism Research in Economic Environs and Society.
   Google Scholar
• Scholtz, M., & Saayman, M. (2013b). A marketing analysis of overnight visitors to Tsitsikamma National Park 2012. Potchefstroom: Tourism Research in Economic Environs and Society.
   Google Scholar
• Scholtz, M., Saayman, M., & Kruger, M. (2012). The influence of the economic recession on visitors to the Kruger National Park. Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences, 5(1), 247–270. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC137457
   Google Scholar
• Seaton, A. V., & Palmer, C. (1997). Understanding VFR tourism behaviour: The first five years of the United Kingdom tourism survey. Tourism Management, 1(6), 345–355. doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(97)00033-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steyn, H. S. (2000). Practical significance of the difference in means. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 26(3), 1–3. doi:10.4102/sajip.v26i3.711
   Google Scholar
• Sung, H. H., Morrison, A. M., Hong, G. S., & O'Leary, J. T. (2001). The effects of household and trip characteristics on trip types: A consumer behavioural approach for segmenting the US domestic leisure travel market. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 25(1), 46–68. doi:10.1177/109634800102500105
   Google Scholar
• Thrane, C. (2012). Analyzing tourists' length of stay at destinations with survival models: A constructive critique based on a case study. Tourism Management, 33(1), 126–132. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrane, C., & Farstad, E. (2009). Domestic tourism expenditures: The non-linear effects of length of stay and travel party size. Tourism Management, 1(1), 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2009.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonge, J., & Moore, S. A. (2007). Importance-satisfaction of marine park hinterlands: A Western Australia case study. Tourism Management, 28(3), 768–776. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2006.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tustin, D. H., Ligthelm, A. A., Martins, J. H., & Van Wyk, H. de J. (2005). Marketing research in practice. Pretoria: Unisa Press.
   Google Scholar
• Uysal, Y., McDonald, C. D., & Martin, B. S. (1994). Australian visitors to US National Parks and natural areas. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 6(3), 18–24. doi:10.1108/09596119410059209
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Merwe, P., & Saayman, M. (2008). Travel motivations of tourists visiting Kruger National Park. African Protected Area Conservation and Science, 50(1), 154–159. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v50i1.140
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Merwe, P., Saayman, M., & Krugell, W. (2007). The determinants of spending by biltong hunters. South African Journal of Economics and Management Science, 10(2), 184–194. Retrieved from http://www.sajems.org/index.php/sajems/article/view/578/222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, D. J., & Eagles, P. F. J. (2003). The use of importance-performance analysis and marketing segmentation for tourism management in parks and protected areas: An application to Tanzania's National Parks. Journal of Ecotourism, 2(3), 196–212. Retrieved from http://www.ahs.uwaterloo.ca/~eagles/documents/Wade%20and%20Eagles%20in%20J%20of%20Ecotourism.pdf. doi:10.1080/14724040308668144
   Google Scholar
• Wang, E., Little, B. B., & DelHomme-Little, B. A. (2012). Factors contribution to tourists' length of stay in Dalian northeastern China – A survival model analysis. Tourism Management Perspectives, 4, 67–72. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2012.03.005
   Google Scholar
• Yoon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: A structural model. Tourism Management, 26(1), 45–56. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar