1,093
Views
28
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Factors that influence support for community-based ecotourism in the rural communities adjacent to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Botswana

&
Pages 243-263 | Received 10 Feb 2015, Accepted 23 Apr 2015, Published online: 08 Jun 2015

References

  • Allendorf, T. D. (2007). Residents’ attitudes toward three protected areas in southwestern Nepal. Biodiversity Conservation, 16(7), 2087–2102. doi: 10.1007/s10531-006-9092-z
  • Allison, P. D. (1999). Multiple regressions: A primer. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
  • Andereck, K. L., Valentine, K. M., Knopf, R. C., & Vogt, C. A. (2005). Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4), 1056–1076. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2005.03.001
  • Andereck, K., & Vogt, C. (2000). The relationship between residents’ attitudes towards tourism and tourism development options. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 27–36. doi: 10.1177/004728750003900104
  • Arntzen, J. W., Molokomme, D. L., Terry, E. M., Moleele, N., Tshosa, O., & Mazambani, D. (2003). Main findings of the review of community-based natural resources management in Botswana. Occasional Paper No. 14. Gaborone: IUCN/SNV CBNRM Support Programme.
  • Ashley, C. (2000). The impacts of tourism on rural livelihoods: Namibia's experience. ODI Working Paper 128. London: Chameleon Press.
  • Avila Foucat, V. S. (2002). Community-based ecotourism management moving towards sustainability in Ventanilla, Oaxaca, Mexico. Ocean and Coastal Management, 45(8), 511–529. doi: 10.1016/S0964-5691(02)00083-2
  • Botswana Review. (2013). Botswana review: Commerce and industry (33rd ed.). Gaborone: Botswana Export Development and Investment Authority.
  • Botswana Tourism Development Program. (2003). Botswana national ecotourism strategy. Gaborone: Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Department of Tourism.
  • Botswana Tourism Organisation. (2008). Botswana eco-tourism best practice manual. Gaborone: Discover Ltd and Ecoplanet Ltd.
  • Brandon, A. (2007). The dual nature of parks: Attitudes of neighboring communities towards Kruger National Park, South Africa. Environmental Conservation, 34(3), 236–245.
  • Bruyere, B. L., Beh, A. W., & Lelengula, W. (2009). Differences in perceptions of communication, tourism benefits, and management issues in a protected area of rural Kenya. Environmental Management, 43(1), 49–59. doi: 10.1007/s00267-008-9190-7
  • Burns, G. L., & Howard, T. (2003). When wildlife tourism goes wrong: A case study of stakeholder and management issues regarding Dingoes on Fraser Island, Australia. Tourism Management, 24(6), 699–712. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00146-8
  • Byrd, E. (2007). Stakeholders in sustainable tourism development and their roles: Applying stakeholder theory to sustainable tourism development. Tourism Review, 62(2), 6–13. doi: 10.1108/16605370780000309
  • Callaghan, K., & Chen, J. (2008). Revisiting the collinear data problem. An assessment of estimator ‘ill-conditioning’ in linear regression. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 13(5), 1–6.
  • Central Statistics Office. (2001). Botswana population and housing census. Gaborone: Ministry of Local Government and Housing.
  • Central Statistics Office. (2011). Botswana population and housing census. Gaborone: Ministry of Local Government and Housing.
  • Chanda, R., Totolo, O., Moleele, N., Setshogo, M., & Mosweu, S. (2003). Prospects for subsistence livelihood and environmental sustainability along the Kalahari rangelands transect: The case of Matsheng in Botswana's Kalahari. Journal of Arid Environments, 54(2), 425–445. doi: 10.1006/jare.2002.1100
  • Child, G. (2009). The growth of park conservation in Botswana. In H. Suich, B. Child, & A. Spenceley (Eds.), Evolution and innovation in wildlife conservation: Parks and game ranches to Transfrontier conservation areas (pp. 187–200). London: Earthscan.
  • De Boer, W. F., & Baquete, D. S. (1998). Natural resource use, crop damage and attitudes of rural people in the vicinity of the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique. Environmental Conservation, 25(3), 208–218. doi: 10.1017/S0376892998000265
  • De Lopez, T. T. (2001). Stakeholder management for conservation projects: A case study of Realm National Park, Cambodia. Environmental Management, 28(1), 47–60. doi: 10.1007/s002670010206
  • Dwyer, P., Gursoy, D., Sharma, B., & Cater, J. (2007). Structural modeling of resident perceptions of tourism and associated development on the sunshine coast, Australia. Tourism Management, 28(2), 409–422. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.002
  • Elijah, B. (2014). Assessment of benefits and challenges of community-based tourism: A case study of the Moremi-Mannonnye Conservation Trust (Unpublished undergraduate thesis). University of Botswana, Gaborone.
  • Fennell, D. (2003). Ecotourism: An introduction (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
  • Geoflux. (2009). Environmental impact assessment for goo-moremi mannonnye conservation area. Scoping Report. Gaborone, Botswana, Gaborone Geoflux.
  • Government of Botswana. (2001). Botswana national atlas. Gaborone: Government Printers, Department of Surveys and Mapping.
  • Government of Botswana. (2002). Game ranching policy for Botswana No. 5 of 2002. Gaborone: Ministry of Trade, Industry, Wildlife and Tourism, Government Printers.
  • Government of Botswana. (2007). Community based natural resources management policy. Government Paper No. 2, Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism. Gaborone, Government Printers.
  • Gursoy, D., Jurowski, C., & Uysal, M. (2002). Resident attitudes: A structural modeling approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 79–105. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00028-7
  • Gursoy, D., & Rutherford, D. G. (2004). Host attitudes toward tourism: An improved structural model. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 495–516. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2003.08.008
  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tathan, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Hancock, P., & Potts, F. (2002). A guide to starting a tourism enterprise in Botswana. Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) Support Programme. Occasional Paper No. 9. Botswana SNV. Gaborone, Botswana.
  • Honey, M. (1999). Ecotourism and sustainable development: Who owns paradise? Washington, DC: Island Press.
  • Huh, C., & Vogt, C. A. (2008). Changes in residents’ attitudes toward tourism over time: A cohort analytical approach. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4), 446–455. doi: 10.1177/0047287507308327
  • van der Jagt, C., & Rozemeijer, N. (2002). Practical guide for facilitating CBNRM in Botswana. Community Based National Resource Management Support Programme. Occasional Paper No. 8. SNV, IUCN, Botswana.
  • Jones, J. L. (2005). Transboundary conservation: Development implications for communities in Kwa Zulu-Natal, South Africa. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 12(3), 266–278. doi: 10.1080/13504500509469637
  • Jurowski, C., & Gursoy, D. (2004). Distance effects on residents’ attitudes toward tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 296–312. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2003.12.005
  • Kelson, A. E., & Lilieholm, R. J. (1999). Transboundary issues in wilderness management. Environmental Management, 23(3), 297–305. doi: 10.1007/s002679900187
  • Kibicho, W. (2004). Community tourism: A lesson from Kenya's coastal region. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(1), 33–42. doi: 10.1177/135676670301000104
  • Ko, W., & Stewart, P. (2002). A structural equation model of residents’ attitudes for tourism development. Tourism Management, 23(5), 521–530. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00006-7
  • Kuvan, Y., & Akan, P. (2005). Residents’ attitudes toward general and forest-related impacts of tourism: The case of Belek, Antalya. Tourism Management, 26(5), 691–706. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2004.02.019
  • Lai, P., & Nepal, S. K. (2006). Local perspectives of ecotourism development in Tawushan nature reserve, Taiwan. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1117–1129. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2005.11.010
  • Lepp, A. (2004). Tourism in a rural Ugadan village: Impacts, local meaning and implications for development (Unpublished PhD dissertation). University of Florida, USA.
  • Lepp, A. (2008). Attitudes toward initial tourism development in a community with no prior tourism experience: The case of Bigodi, Uganda. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(1), 5–22. doi: 10.2167/jost630.0
  • Lindberg, K. (2001). Economic impacts. In D. B. Weaver (Ed.), The encyclopedia of ecotourism (pp. 363–376). Cambridge: CABI.
  • Manwa, H. (2003). Wildlife-based tourism, ecology and sustainability: A tug of war among competing interest in Zimbabwe. Journal of Tourism Studies, 14(2), 45–55.
  • Mbaiwa, J. E. (2008). Tourism development, rural livelihoods, and conservation in the Okavango Delta, Botswana (Unpublished PhD dissertation). Texas A&M University, USA.
  • Mbaiwa, J. E. (2013). Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) in Botswana: CBNRM status report of 2011–2012. Prepared for Botswana CBNRM National Forum Secretariat – Kalahari Conservation Society. Gaborone, Botswana.
  • Mbaiwa, J. E., & Sakuze, L. K. (2009). Cultural tourism and livelihood diversification: The case of Gcwihaba Caves and XaiXai Village in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 7(1), 61–75. doi: 10.1080/14766820902829551
  • McCool, S. F., & Martin, S. R. (1994). Community attachment and attitudes toward tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 32(3), 29–34. doi: 10.1177/004728759403200305
  • McGehee, N. G., & Andereck, K. L. (2004). Factors predicting rural residents’ support of tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 43(2), 131–140. doi: 10.1177/0047287504268234
  • Mehta, J. N., & Heinen, J. T. (2001). Does community-based conservation shape favorable attitudes among locals? An empirical study from Nepal. Environmental Management, 28(2), 165–177. doi: 10.1007/s002670010215
  • Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2006). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Ministry of Finance & Development Planning. (2002). Revised national policy for rural development. Government Paper No. 3. Gaborone, Botswana.
  • Ministry of Local Government. (2005). Kgalagadi communal areas land management plan for the period 2005–2008. Final draft. Department of Lands. Gaborone, Botswana.
  • Moswete, N. (2009). Stakeholder perspectives on the potential for community-based ecotourism development and support for the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in Botswana (Unpublished PhD dissertation). University of Florida, USA.
  • Moswete, N., Thapa, B., & Child, B. (2012). Attitudes and opinions of local and national public sector stakeholders towards Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Botswana. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 19(1), 67–80. doi: 10.1080/13504509.2011.592551
  • Moswete, N., Thapa, B., & Lacey, G. (2009). Village-based tourism and community participation: A case study of the Matsheng villages in southwest Botswana. In J. Saarinen, F. Becker, H. Manwa, & D. Wilson (Eds.), Sustainable tourism in Southern Africa: Local communities and natural resources in transition (pp. 189–209). Clevedon: Channelview.
  • Mugisha, A. R. (2002). Evaluation of community-based conservation approaches: Management of protected areas in Uganda (Unpublished PhD dissertation). University of Florida, USA.
  • Mulale, K. (2005). The structural organization of CBNRM in Botswana (Unpublished PhD dissertation). Iowa State University, USA.
  • Murphree, M. (2001). A case study of ecotourism development in Mahenye, Zimbabwe. In D. Hulme & M. Murphree (Eds.), African wildlife and livelihoods: The promise and performance of community conservation (pp. 177–194). Oxford: James Currey Press.
  • Nelson, F. (2004). The evolution and impacts of community-based ecotourism in northern Tanzania. International Institute for Environment and Development, Paper No. 131, 1–35. London, UK.
  • Nicholas, L. N., Thapa, B., & Ko, Y. J. (2009). Residents’ perspectives of a World Heritage Site: The pitons management area, St. Lucia. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(3), 390–412. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2009.03.005
  • Nyaupane, G. P., & Thapa, B. (2004). Evaluation of ecotourism: A comparative assessment in the Annapurna conservation area project, Nepal. Journal of Ecotourism, 3(1), 20–45. doi: 10.1080/14724040408668148
  • Ormsby, A., & Mannie, K. (2006). Ecotourism benefits and the role of local guides at masoala national park, Madagascar. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(3), 271–287. doi: 10.1080/09669580608669059
  • Osborne, J. W., & Waters, E. (2002). Assumptions of multiple regression that researchers should always test. Practical Assessment and Evaluation, 8(2), 1–5.
  • Pallant, J. (2013). SPSS survival manual. Berkshire: Open University Press.
  • Parker, S., & Khare, A. (2005). Understanding success factors for ensuring sustainability in ecotourism development in Southern Africa. Journal of Ecotourism, 4(1), 32–46. doi: 10.1080/14724040508668436
  • Peace Parks Foundation. (2009). What progress has been made? Retrieved March 14, 2009, from http://www.peaceparks.org
  • Reid, D. G. (Ed.). (1999). Ecotourism development in eastern and southern Africa. Harare: University of Guelph, Weaver Press.
  • Saarinen, J. (2011). Tourism development and local communities: The direct benefits of tourism to Ovahimba communities in the Kaokoland, northwest Namibia. Tourism Review International, 15(1–2), 149–157. doi: 10.3727/154427211X13139345020534
  • Saarinen, J., Becker, F., Manwa, H., & Wilson, D. (Eds.). (2009). Sustainable tourism in Southern Africa: Local communities and natural resources in transition. Clevedon: Channelview.
  • Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management, 20(2), 245–249. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7
  • Schoon, M. (2008). Building robustness to disturbances: Governance in southern African peace parks (Unpublished PhD dissertation). Indiana University, USA.
  • Sebele, L. S. (2010). Community-based tourism ventures, benefits and challenges: Khama rhino sanctuary trust, central district, Botswana. Tourism Management, 31(1), 136–146. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.01.005
  • Sidinga, I. (1999). Tourism in sub-Saharan Africa. In D. G. Reid (Ed.), Ecotourism development in eastern and southern Africa (pp. 1–28). Harare: University of Guelph, Weaver Press.
  • Sikaraya, E., Teye, V., & Sonmez, S. (2002). Understanding residents’ support for tourism development in the central region of Ghana. Journal of Travel Research, 41(1), 57–67.
  • Snyman, S. (2012). Ecotourism joint ventures between the private sector and communities: An updated analysis of the Torra Conservancy and Damaraland Camp partnership, Namibia. Tourism Management Perspectives, 4, 127–135. doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2012.07.004
  • Snyman, S. (2013). Household spending patterns and flow ecotourism income into communities around Liwonde National Park, Malawi. Development Southern Africa, 30(4–5), 640–658. doi: 10.1080/0376835X.2013.832149
  • Snyman, S. (2014). Partnership between a private sector ecotourism operator and a local community in the Okavango Delta, Botswana: The case of the Okavango Community Trust and Wilderness Safaris. Journal of Ecotourism, 13(2–3), 110–127. doi: 10.1080/14724049.2014.980744
  • South African Park Board & Department of Wildlife & National Parks. (1999, April 12). South Africa and Botswana sign historic agreement to formalize establishment of Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Botswana. Joint Press Release.
  • Spenceley, A. (2008). Local impacts of community-based tourism in Southern Africa. In A. Spenceley (Ed.), Responsible tourism: Critical issues for conservation and development (pp. 287–301). London: Earthscan.
  • Stem, C. J., Lassoie, J. P., Lee, D. R., Deshler, D. D., & Schelhas, J. W. (2003). Community participation in ecotourism benefits: The link to conservation practices and perspectives. Society and Natural Resources, 16(5), 387–413. doi: 10.1080/08941920309177
  • Stronza, A. (2007). The economic promise of ecotourism for conservation. Journal of Ecotourism, 6(3), 210–230. doi: 10.2167/joe177.0
  • Suich, H. (2010). The livelihood impacts of the Namibian community-based natural resource management programme: A meta-synthesis. Environmental Conservation, 37(1), 45–53. doi: 10.1017/S0376892910000202
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2011). Tourism highlights: 2011 edition. Madrid: UNWTO.
  • Walpole, M. J., & Goodwin, H. J. (2001). Local attitudes towards conservation and tourism around Komodo National Park, Indonesia. Environmental Conservation, 28(2), 160–166. doi: 10.1017/S0376892901000169
  • Weaver, D. (2002). Hard-core ecotourists in Lamington National Park, Australia. Journal of Ecotourism, 1(1), 19–35. doi: 10.1080/14724040208668110
  • Weladji, R. B., Moe, S. R., & Vedeld, P. (2003). Stakeholder attitudes towards wildlife policy and Bénoué wildlife conservation area, north Cameroon. Environmental Conservation, 30(4), 334–343. doi: 10.1017/S0376892903000353
  • White, R. (2000). Development and management plan for the Moremi Gorge. Draft Final Report, Gaborone, Botswana.
  • Wilson, S., Fesenmaier, D. R., Fesenmaier, J., & Van Es, J. C. (2001). Factors for success in rural tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 40(2), 132–138. doi: 10.1177/004728750104000203
  • Wood, M. E. (2002). Ecotourism: Principles, practices and policies for sustainability. Paris: United Nations Environment Programme.
  • World Bank. (1996). Transfrontier conservation areas pilot and institutional strengthening project. Washington, DC: World Bank, Global Environment Coordination Division.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.