Securing sustainable tourism in marine protected areas: lessons from an assessment of scuba divers’ underwater behaviour in non-tropical environments

References

• Badalamenti, F., Ramos, A. A., Voultsiadou, E., Sánchez Lizaso, J. L., D’Anna, G., Pipitone, C., Mas J., Fernandez J. A. R., Whitmarsh D., & Riggio, S. (2000). Cultural and socio-economic impacts of Mediterranean marine protected areas. Environmental Conservation, 27(2), 110–125. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900000163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballesteros, E. (2006). Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages: A synthesis of present knowledge. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 44, 123–145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420006391
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, S. M., Peddemors, V. M., & Williamson, J. E. (2010). Recreational SCUBA diver interactions with the critically endangered grey nurse shark Carcharias taurus. Pacific Conservation Biology, 16(4), 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1071/PC110261
   Google Scholar
• Barker, N. H. L., & Roberts, C. M. (2004). Scuba diver behaviour and the management of diving impacts on coral reefs. Biological Conservation, 120(4), 481–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betti, F., Bavestrello, G., Fravega, L., Bo, M., Coppari, M., Enrichetti, F., Cappanera, V., Venturini, S., & Cattaneo-Vietti, R. (2019). On the effects of recreational SCUBA diving on fragile benthic species: The Portofino MPA (NW Mediterranean Sea) case study. Ocean and Coastal Management, 182, 104926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104926
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branch, G., Griffiths, C., Branch, M., & Beckley, L. (2017). Two oceans: A guide to the marine life of southern Africa (4th ed.). Penguin Random House South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Camp, E., & Fraser, D. (2012). Influence of conservation education dive briefings as a management tool on the timing and nature of recreational SCUBA diving impacts on coral reefs. Ocean and Coastal Management, 61, 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.02.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerrano, C., Milanese, M., & Ponti, M. (2017). Diving for science-science for diving: Volunteer scuba divers support science and conservation in the Mediterranean Sea. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 27(2), 303–323. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2663
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, S. S., Au, A., & Qiu, J. W. (2013). Understanding the underwater behaviour of scuba divers in Hong Kong. Environmental Management, 51(4), 824–837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0023-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Di Franco, A., Milazzo, M., Baiata, P., Tomasello, A., & Chemello, R. (2009). Scuba diver behaviour and its effects on the biota of a Mediterranean marine protected area. Environmental Conservation, 36(1), 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892909005426
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Plessis, E., & Saayman, M. (2017). What makes scuba diving operations successful: The case of Portofino, Italy. European Journal of Tourism Research, 17, 164–176. https://ejtr.vumk.eu/index.php/about/article/view/300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figurella, F. (2018). Progetto MPA_ADAPT sul climate change alle Pelagie e Portofino. https://pros-blog.padi.com/it/2018/06/28/progetto-mpa_adapt-sul-climate-change-alle-pelagie-e-portofino/
   Google Scholar
• Figurella, F. (2019). PADI, SUEX & DAN EUROPE: HYDRA research project. https://pros-blog.padi.com/it/2019/05/12/padi-suex-dan-europe-hydra-research-project/
   Google Scholar
• Garrabou, J., Sala, E., Arcas, A., & Zabala, M. (1998). The impact of diving on rocky sublittoral communities: A case study of a bryozoan population. Conservation Biology, 12(2), 302–312. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96417.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatti, G., Bianchi, C. N., Montefalcone, M., Venturini, S., Diviacco, G., & Morri, C. (2017). Observational information on a temperate reef community helps understanding the marine climate and ecosystem shift of the 1980–90s. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 114(1), 528–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giglio, V. J., Luiz, O. J., Chadwick, N. E., & Ferreira, C. E. (2018). Using an educational video-briefing to mitigate the ecological impacts of scuba diving. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(5), 782–797. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1408636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giglio, V. J., Luiz, O. J., & Schiavetti, A. (2015). Marine life preferences and perceptions among recreational divers in Brazilian coral reefs. Tourism Management, 51, 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves, P. M. B. (2017). Communication N/ref: 0014/RMPPO/2017, 22 May 2017. República de Moçambique: Ministério do Turismo, Administraçao Nacional das Áreas de Conservação, Reserva Marinha Parcial da Ponta Do Ouro.
   Google Scholar
• Guidetti, P., Baiata, P., Ballesteros, E., Di Franco, A., Hereu, B., Macpherson, E., Micheli, F., Pais, A., Panzalis, P., Rosenberg, A. A., Zabala, M., Sala, E., & Sala, E. (2014). Large-scale assessment of Mediterranean marine protected areas effects on fish assemblages. PLoS One, 9(4), e91841. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpenny, E. A. (2002). Tourism in marine protected areas. In P. F. J. Eagles, & S. F. McCool (Eds.), Tourism in national parks and protected areas: Planning and management (pp. 211–234). CABI Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Hammerton, Z. (2017a). Determining the variables that influence SCUBA diving impacts in eastern Australian marine parks. Ocean and Coastal Management, 142, 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.03.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerton, Z. (2017b). Low-impact diver training in management of SCUBA diver impacts. Journal of Ecotourism, 16(1), 69–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2016.1194849
   Google Scholar
• Hammerton, Z., & Bucher, D. (2015). Levels of intervention – Reducing SCUBA-diver impact within subtropical marine protected areas. Journal of Ecotourism, 14(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2015.1073738
   Google Scholar
• Harriott, V. J., Davis, D., & Banks, S. A. (1997). Recreational diving and its impact in marine protected areas in eastern Australia. Ambio, 26(3), 173–179. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, J. P., & Roberts, C. M. (1992). Effects of recreational SCUBA diving on fore-reef slope communities of coral reefs. Biological Conservation, 62(3), 171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(92)91045-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, J. P., Roberts, C. M., Van’t Hof, T., De Meyer, K., Tratalos, J., & Aldam, C. (1999). Effects of recreational scuba diving on Caribbean coral and fish communities. Conservation Biology, 13(4), 888–897. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97447.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jury, M. R. (2015). Coastal climate and beach dynamics at Ponta do Ouro, Mozambique. Scientific Research and Essays, 10(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2014.6061
   Google Scholar
• Krieger, J. R., & Chadwick, N. E. (2013). Recreational diving impacts and the use of pre-dive briefings as a management strategy on Florida coral reefs. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 17(1), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-012-0229-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucrezi, S., Milanese, M., Cerrano, C., Palma, M., & Marchini, A. (2019). The influence of scuba diving experience on divers’ perceptions, and its implications for managing diving destinations. PLoS One, 14(7), e0219306. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucrezi, S., Milanese, M., Markantonatou, V., Cerrano, C., Sarà, A., Palma, M., & Saayman, M. (2017). Scuba diving tourism systems and sustainability: Perceptions by the scuba diving industry in two marine protected areas. Tourism Management, 59, 385–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luna, B., Pérez, C. V., & Sánchez-Lizaso, J. L. (2009). Benthic impacts of recreational divers in a Mediterranean marine protected area. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66(3), 517–523. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medio, D., Ormond, R. F. G., & Pearson, M. (1997). Effect of briefings on rates of damage to corals by scuba divers. Biological Conservation, 79(1), 91–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00074-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milazzo, M., Chemello, R., Badalamenti, F., Camarda, R., & Riggio, S. (2002). The impact of human recreational activities in marine protected areas: What lessons should be learnt in the Mediterranean sea? Marine Ecology, 23(s1), 280–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2002.tb00026.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musa, G., Seng, W. T., Thirumoorthi, T., & Abessi, M. (2011). The influence of scuba divers’ personality, experience, and demographic profile on their underwater behavior. Tourism in Marine Environments, 7(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427310X12826772784757
   Google Scholar
• Ong, T. F., & Musa, G. (2012a). Examining the influences of experience, personality and attitude on SCUBA divers’ underwater behaviour: A structural equation model. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1521–1534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.02.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong, T. F., & Musa, G. (2012b). SCUBA divers’ underwater responsible behaviour: Can environmental concern and divers’ attitude make a difference? Current Issues in Tourism, 15(4), 329–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2011.604407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palma, M., Magliozzi, C., Rivas Casado, M., Pantaleo, U., Fernandes, J., Coro, G., Cerrano, C., & Leinster, P. (2019). Quantifying coral reef composition of recreational diving sites: A structure from motion approach at seascape scale. Remote Sensing, 11(24), 3027. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11243027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palma, M., Rivas Casado, M., Pantaleo, U., & Cerrano, C. (2017). High resolution orthomosaics of African coral reefs: A tool for wide-scale benthic monitoring. Remote Sensing, 9(7), 705. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira, M. A. M. (2003). Recreational SCUBA diving and reef conservation in southern Mozambique [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Natal.
   Google Scholar
• Ramsay, P. J. (1994). Marine geology of the Sodwana Bay shelf, southeast Africa. Marine Geology, 120(3-4), 225–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(94)90060-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsay, P. J. (1996). Quaternary marine geology of the Sodwana Bay continental shelf, northern KwaZulu-Natal. Oceanographic Literature Review, 11(43), 1103.
   Google Scholar
• Roche, R. C., Harvey, C. V., Harvey, J. J., Kavanagh, A. P., McDonald, M., Stein-Rostaing, V. R., & Turner, J. R. (2016). Recreational diving impacts on coral reefs and the adoption of environmentally responsible practices within the SCUBA diving industry. Environmental Management, 58(1), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-016-0696-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouphael, A. B., & Inglis, G. J. (1997). Impacts of recreational scuba diving at sites with different reef topographies. Biological Conservation, 82(3), 329–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00047-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouphael, A. B., & Inglis, G. J. (2001). “Take only photographs and leave only footprints”?: An experimental study of the impacts of underwater photographers on coral reef dive sites. Biological Conservation, 100(3), 281–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00032-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sala, E., Garrabou, J., & Zabala, M. (1996). Effects of diver frequentation on Mediterranean sublittoral populations of the bryozoan Pentapora fascialis. Marine Biology, 126(3), 451–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00354627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmona, P., & Verardi, D. (2001). The marine protected area of Portofino, Italy: A difficult balance. Ocean and Coastal Management, 44(1–2), 39–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-5691(00)00084-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleyer, M. H., & Celliers, L. (2003). Coral dominance at the reef – sediment interface in marginal coral communities at Sodwana Bay, South Africa. Marine and Freshwater Research, 54(8), 967–972. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF02049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleyer, M. H., & Tomalin, B. J. (2000). Damage on South African coral reefs and an assessment of their sustainable diving capacity using a fisheries approach. Bulletin of Marine Science, 67(3), 1025–1042. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/2000/00000067/00000003/art00015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafford-Smith, M. G., & Ormond, R. F. G. (1992). Sediment-rejection mechanisms of 42 species of Australian scleractinian corals. Marine and Freshwater Research, 43(4), 683–705. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF9920683
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyoshima, J., & Nadaoka, K. (2015). Importance of environmental briefing and buoyancy control on reducing negative impacts of SCUBA diving on coral reefs. Ocean and Coastal Management, 116, 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.06.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tratalos, J. A., & Austin, T. J. (2001). Impacts of recreational SCUBA diving on coral communities of the Caribbean island of Grand Cayman. Biological Conservation, 102(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00085-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tundi Agardy, M. (1994). Advances in marine conservation: The role of marine protected areas. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 9(7), 267–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(94)90297-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uyarra, M. C., & Côté, I. M. (2007). The quest for cryptic creatures: Impacts of species-focused recreational diving on corals. Biological Conservation, 136(1), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.11.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uyarra, M. C., Watkinson, A. R., & Côté, I. M. (2009). Managing dive tourism for the sustainable use of coral reefs: Validating diver perceptions of attractive site features. Environmental Management, 43(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9198-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, R. D. M., & Samways, M. J. (2001). Sustainable dive ecotourism on a South African coral reef. Biodiversity and Conservation, 10(12), 2167–2179. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013197926580
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worachananant, S., Carter, R. W., Hockings, M., & Reopanichkul, P. (2008). Managing the impacts of SCUBA divers on Thailand’s coral reefs. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(6), 645–663. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802159677
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakai, D., & Chadwick-Furman, N. E. (2002). Impacts of intensive recreational diving on reef corals at Eilat, northern Red Sea. Biological Conservation, 105(2), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00181-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapata-Ramírez, P. A., Huete-Stauffer, C., Scaradozzi, D., Marconi, M., & Cerrano, C. (2016). Testing methods to support management decisions in coralligenous and cave environments. A case study at Portofino MPA. Marine Environmental Research, 118, 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar