Tour guides’ interpretation and tourists’ pro-environmental behavior: differences across cultural and natural world heritage sites

References

• Ababneh, A. (2018). Tour guides and heritage interpretation: Guides’ interpretation of the past at the archaeological site of Jarash, Jordan. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 13(3), 257–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2017.1321003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhshik, A., Ozturen, A., & Rezapouraghdam, H. (2021). A passionate travel to mind green turtles-Unpacking the complexity of visitors' green behaviour. International Journal of Tourism Research, 23(3), 301–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alazaizeh, M. M., Ababneh, A., & Jamaliah, M. M. (2020). Preservation vs. use: understanding tourism stakeholders’ value perceptions toward Petra Archaeological Park. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 18(3), 252–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alazaizeh, M. M., Hallo, J. C., Backman, S. J., Norman, W. C., & Vogel, M. A. (2016). Value orientations and heritage tourism management at Petra Archaeological Park, Jordan. Tourism Management, 57, 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.05.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alazaizeh, M. M., Jamaliah, M. M., Mgonja, J. T., & Ababneh, A. (2019). Tour guide performance and sustainable visitor behavior at cultural heritage sites. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(11), 1708–1724. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1658766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberti, S., Ferretti, A., Leoni, G., Margottini, C., & Spizzichino, D. (2017). Surface deformation data in the archaeological site of Petra from medium-resolution satellite radar images and SqueeSAR™ algorithm. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 25, 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2017.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ap, J., & Wong, K. K. (2001). Case study on tour guiding: Professionalism, issues and problems. Tourism Management, 22(5), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00013-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., & Falk, J. (2011). Visitors’ learning for environmental sustainability: Testing short- and long-term impacts of wildlife tourism experiences using structural equation modelling. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1243–1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., & Hughes, K. (2008). Environmental awareness, interests and motives of botanic gardens visitors: Implications for interpretive practice. Tourism Management, 29(3), 439–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baral, N., Hazen, H., & Thapa, B. (2017). Visitor perceptions of world heritage value at Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(10), 1494–1512. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1291647
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beattie, J. M., & Schneider, I. E. (2018). Does service type influence satisfaction? A case study of Edinburgh Castle. Tourism Management, 67, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaumont, N. (2001). Ecotourism and the conservation ethic : Recruiting the uninitiated or preaching to the converted? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9(4), 317–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580108667405
   Google Scholar
• Black, R., & Ham, S. (2005). Improving the quality of tour guiding: Towards a model for tour guides certification. Journal of Ecotourism, 4(3), 178–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724040608668442
   Google Scholar
• Bourdeau, L., & Gravari-Barbas, M. (2016). World heritage, tourism and identity: Inscription and co-production. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd, S. W., & Timothy, D. J. (2001). Developing partnerships: Tools for interpretation and management of world heritage sites. Tourism Recreation Research, 26(1), 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2001.11081176
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. J., Ham, S. H., & Hughes, M. (2010). Picking up litter: An application of theory-based communication to influence tourist behaviour in protected areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(7), 879–900. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669581003721281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley, R. (2004). The effects of world heritage listing on tourism to Australian national parks. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 12(1), 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580408667225
   Google Scholar
• Buckley, R. (2018). Tourism and natural world heritage: A complicated relationship. Journal of Travel Research, 57(5), 563–578. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517713723
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullock, S. D., & Lawson, S. R. (2007). Examining the potential effects of management actions on visitor experiences on the summit of Cadillac Mountain, Acadia National Park. Human Ecology Review, 14(2), 140–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buonincontri, P., Marasco, A., & Ramkissoon, H. (2017). Visitors’ expereience, place attachment and sustainable behavior at cultural heritage sites: A conceptual framework. Sustainability, 9(7), 1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. (2004). Testing for multigroup invariance using AMOS graphics: A road less traveled. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(2), 272–300. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1102_8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassel, C., Hackl, P., & Westlund, A. H. (1999). Robustness of partial least-squares method for estimating latent variable quality structures. Journal of Applied Statistics, 26(4), 435–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664769922322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cellini, R. (2011). Is UNESCO recognition effective in fostering tourism? A comment on Yang, Lin and Han. Tourism Management, 32(2), 452–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.01.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, K. C. (2014). Examining the effect of tour guides performance, tourist, trust, tourist satisfaction, and flow experience on tourist’s shopping behavior. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(2), 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2012.739189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao, Y.-L., & Lam, S.-P. (2011). Measuring responsible environmental behavior: Self-reported and other-reported measures and their differences in testing a behavioral model. Environment and Behavior, 43(1), 53–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916509350849
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheah, J. H., Amaro, S., & Roldán, J. L. (2023). Multigroup analysis of more than two groups in PLS-SEM: A review, illustration, and recommendations. Journal of Business Research, 156, 113539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113539
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C. F., & Chen, F. S. (2010). Experience quality, perceived value, satisfaction and behavioral intentions for heritage tourists. Tourism Management, 31(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, T. M., & Wu, H. C. (2015). How do environmental knowledge, environmental sensitivity, and place attachment affect environmentally responsible behavior? An integrated approach for sustainable island tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(4), 557–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.965177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin, W. W. (1998). Commentary: Issues and opinion on structural equation modeling. MIS Quarterly, 22(1), vii–xvi.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, Y. T. H., Lee, W. I., & Chen, T. H. (2014). Environmentally responsible behavior in ecotourism: Antecedents and implications. Tourism Management, 40, 321–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Colquhoun, F. (2005). Interpretation handbook and standard: Distilling the essence. Department of Conservation.
   Google Scholar
• Conservation Serengeti. (2020). Wildlife protection and community support in Tanzania's Serengeti National Park. Retrieved on 27th January 2021 from www.serengeti.com
   Google Scholar
• Cottrell, S. P. (2003). Influence of sociodemographics and environmentl attitudes on general responsible envrionmental behavior among recreational boaters. Environment and Behavior, 35(3), 347–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916503035003003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crespi-Vallbona, M. (2021). Satisfying experiences: Guided tours at cultural heritage sites. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 16(2), 201–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2020.1771345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ascaniis, S., Gravari-Barbas, M., & Cantoni, L. (2018). Tourism management at UNESCO world heritage sites. Universit_a Della SvizzeraItaliana.
   Google Scholar
• Eagles, P. F., McCool, S. F., & Haynes, C. D. (2002). Sustainable tourism in protected areas: Guidelines for planning and management (No. 8). IUCN.
   Google Scholar
• Eagles, P. F., & Wade, D. (2006). Tourism in Tanzania: Serengeti National Park. Bois et forêts des tropiques, 290(4), 73–80.
   Google Scholar
• Ertan, T., & Egercioglu, Y. (2016). The impact of UNESCO world heritage list on historic urban city centers and its place in urban regeneration: The case of Melaka, Malaysia and Tire, Turkey. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, 591–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.031
   Google Scholar
• Frías-Jamilena, D. M., Fernández-Ruano, M. L., & Polo-Peña, A. I. (2022). Gamified environmental interpretation as a strategy for improving tourist behavior in support of sustainable tourism: The moderating role of psychological distance. Tourism Management, 91, 104–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fyall, A., & Rakic, T. (2006). The future market for world heritage sites. In A. Leask & A. Fyall (Eds.), Managing world heritage sites (pp. 159–175). Butterworth-Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, Y., Ma, Y., Bai, K., Li, Y., & Liu, X. (2021). Which factors influence individual pro-environmental behavior in the tourism context: Rationality, affect, or morality? Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(5), 516–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2021.1876117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrod, B., & Fyall, A. (2000). Managing heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3), 682–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00094-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gohary, A., Pourazizi, L., Madani, F., & Chan, E. Y. (2020). Examining Iranian tourists’ memorable experiences on destination satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(2), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1560397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guagnano, G. A., Stern, P. C., & Dietz, T. (1995). Influences on attitude-behavior relationships: A natural experiment with curbside recycling. Environment and Behavior, 27(5), 699–718. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916595275005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haanpää, R., Puolamäki, L., & Karhunen, E. (2019). Local conservation and perceptions of heritage in Old Rauma world heritage site. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 25(8), 837–855. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2018.1552611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed, a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2023). Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C. M., & Page, S. (2017). Developing tourism in South and Central Asia. In C. M. Hall & S. Page (Eds.), Routledge handbook of tourism in Asia (pp. 243–260). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ham, S. H. (1992). Environmental interpretation: A practical guide for people with big ideas and small budgets. North American Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ham, S. H., & Weiler, B. (2003). Interpretation is persuasive when themes are compelling. Interpret Scotland, 8(3), 3–8.
   Google Scholar
• Han, H., & Kim, Y. (2010). An investigation of green hotel customers’ decision formation: Developing an extended model of the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 659–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, L., & Filimonau, V. (2020). The effect of national culture on pro-environmental behavioural intentions of tourists in the UK and China. Tourism management perspectives, 35, 100716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Testing measurement invariance of composites using partial least squares. International Marketing Review, 33(3), 405–431. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-09-2014-0304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, M. R., Dodds, R., & Frochot, I. (2021). At home or abroad, does our behavior change? Examining how everyday behavior influences sustainable travel behavior and tourist clusters. Journal of Travel Research, 60(1), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519894070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosany, S., & Witham, M. (2010). Dimensions of cruisers’ experiences, satisfaction, and intention to recommend. Journal of Travel Research, 49(3), 351–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509346859
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C.-H., Tsaur, J.-R., & Yang, C.-H. (2012). Does world heritage list really induce more tourists? Evidence from Macau. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1450–1457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.01.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, S., Hsu, C. H. (2010). Tour guide performance and tourist satisfaction: A study of the package tours in Shanghai. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 34(1), 3–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Z., Weng, L., & Bao, J. (2022). How do visitors respond to sustainable tourism interpretations? A further investigation into content and media format. Tourism Management, 92, 104–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104535
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, M., & Morrison-Saunders, A. (2002). Impact of trail-side interpretive signs on visitor knowledge. Journal of Ecotourism, 1(2_3), 122–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724040208668119
   Google Scholar
• Io, M. U., & Hallo, L. (2011). Tour guides’ interpretation of the historic center of Macao as a world cultural heritage site. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 9(2), 140–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2011.568621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamaliah, M. M., Mgonja, J. T., Alazaizeh, M. M., & Powell, R. B. (2021). How does interpretive tour guiding promote tourists’ pro-environmental behaviour? Evidence from Tanzania. Tourism Recreation Research, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2021.1992953
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juvan, E., & Dolnicar, S. (2014). The attitude–behaviour gap in sustainable tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 48, 76–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.05.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juvan, E., & Dolnicar, S. (2016). Measuring environmentally sustainable tourist behaviour. Annals of Tourism Research, 59, 30–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaltenborn, B. P., Nyahongo, J. W., & Tingstad, K. M. (2005). The nature of hunting around the western corridor of Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 51(4), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-005-0109-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, M., & Gretzel, U. (2012). Effects of podcast tours on tourist experiences in a national park. Tourism Management, 33(2), 440–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastenholz, E., Carneiro, M. J., Marques, C. P., & Loureiro, S. M. C. (2018). The dimensions of rural tourism experience: Impacts on arousal, memory, and satisfaction. Journal of Travel &Tourism Marketing, 35(2), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1350617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, E. S., & Yoon, M. (2011). Testing measurement invariance: A comparison of multiple-group categorical CFA and IRT. Structural Equation Modeling, 18(2), 212–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2011.557337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. Y. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 38(1), 52–54. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, M. S., & Stepchenkova, S. (2020). Altruistic values and environmental knowledge as triggers of pro-environmental behavior among tourists. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(13), 1575–1580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. (2016). World heritage site designation impacts on a historic village: A case study on residents’ perceptions of Hahoe village (Korea). Sustainability, 8(3), 258. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8030258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, L. M., & Halpenny, E. A. (2014). Communicating the world heritage brand: Visitor awareness of UNESCO's world heritage symbol and the implications for sites, stakeholders and sustainable management. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(5), 768–786. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.864660
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knezevic Cvelbar, L., Grün, B., & Dolnicar, S. (2021). "To clean or not to clean?” Reducing daily routine hotel room cleaning by letting tourists answer this question for themselves. Journal of Travel Research, 60(1), 220–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 239–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620220145401
   Google Scholar
• Kormos, C., & Gifford, R. (2014). The validity of self-report measures of pro-environmental behavior: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 359–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotler, P., & Gertner, D. (2002). Country as brand, product, and beyond: A place marketing and brand management perspective. Journal of Brand Management, 9(4), 249–261. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540076
   Google Scholar
• Kuo, H. M., Su, J. Y., Wang, C. H., Kiatsakared, P., & Chen, K. Y. (2021). Place attachment and environmentally responsible behavior: The mediating role of destination psychological ownership. Sustainability, 13(12), 6809. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126809
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, R. B. (2019). Controlling social desirability bias. International Journal of Market Research, 61(5), 534–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470785318805305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latkin, C. A., Edwards, C., Davey-Rothwell, M. A., & Tobin, K. E. (2017). The relationship between social desirability bias and self-reports of health, substance use, and social network factors among urban substance users in Baltimore, Maryland. Addictive Behaviors, 73, 133–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. H. (2011). How recreation involvement, place attachment and conservation commitment affect environmentally responsible behavior. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(7), 895–891. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.570345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. H., & Jan, F. H. (2015). The influence of recreation experience and environmental attitude on the environmentally responsible behavior of community-based tourists in Taiwan. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(7), 1063–1094. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1032298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. H., Jan, F. H., & Chen, J. C. (2021). Influence analysis of interpretation services on ecotourism behavior for wildlife tourists. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31, 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. H., Jan, F. H., & Huang, G. W. (2015). The influence of recreation experiences on environmentally responsible behavior: The case of Liuqiu Island, Taiwan. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(6), 947–967. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1024257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, W. S., Kim, J., Graefe, A. R., & Chi, S. H. (2013). Valuation of an eco-friendly hiking trail using the contingent valuation method: An application of psychological ownership theory. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 13(1), 55–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2013.771902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. K., Pei, F., Ryu, K. S., & Choi, S. (2019). Why the tripartite relationship of place attachment, loyalty, and pro-environmental behaviour matter?. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(3), 250–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y. (2003). Heritage tourism: The contradictions between conservation and change. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(3), 247–261.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, H., Tian, J., Kong, Y., & Gao, J. (2022). Impact of tour guide humor on tourist pro-environmental behavior: Utilizing the conservation of resources theory. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 25, 1007–1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2022.100728
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Y., Chen, M., Lin, B., & Su, C. J. (2019). Asymmetric effects of cultural and natural world heritage sites on tourism receipts. Current Issues in Tourism, 3134–3147. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1697649
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mabulla, A. Z., & Bower, J. F. (2010). Cultural heritage management in Tanzania's protected areas: Challenge and future prospects. CRM: The Journal of Heritage Stewardship, 7(1), 27–37.
   Google Scholar
• Mancini, M. (2001). Conducting tours (3rd ed.). Delmar Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, R. E. (2011). Studies in outdoor recreation: Search and research for satisfaction (3rd ed.). Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Markham, A., Osipova, E., Samuels, K., & Caldas, A. (2016). World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, France.
   Google Scholar
• Miao, L., & Wei, W. (2013). Consumers’ pro-environmental behavior and the underlying motivations: A comparison between household and hotel settings. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32, 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. (2020). Visitors to main tourist sites by nationality. Tourism Statistical Newsletter 2019. https://www.mota.gov.jo/contents/stat2019.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Mustafa, M. (2011). Potential of sustaining handicrafts as a tourism product in Jordan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(2), 145–152.
   Google Scholar
• Newbold, J. M. (2021). The Nabataean Façade monuments of Petra, Jordan: An assessment of the Façade monuments and their geological environment [Doctoral dissertation]. Brigham Young University.
   Google Scholar
• Newsome, D., Moore, S. A., & Dowling, R. K. (2007). Natural area tourism: Ecology, impacts and management. Channel View.
   Google Scholar
• Olya, H. G., & Akhshik, A. (2019). Tackling the complexity of the pro-environmental behavior intentions of visitors to turtle sites. Journal of Travel Research, 58(2), 313–332. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517751676
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orams, M. B. (1997). The effectiveness of environmental education: Can we turn tourists into ‘greenies’? Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(4), 295–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1603(199712)3:4<295::AID-PTH85>3.0.CO;2-D
   Google Scholar
• Otto, J. E., & Ritchie, J. B. (1996). The service experience in tourism. Tourism Management, 17(3), 165–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)00003-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, A. (2002). Managing tourism at world heritage sites: A practical manual for world heritage site managers. UNESCO World Heritage Center.
   Google Scholar
• Pizam, A., Shapoval, V., & Ellis, T. (2016). Customer satisfaction and its measurement in hospitality enterprises: A revisit and update. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 11(7), 326–339.
   Google Scholar
• Poria, Y., Reichel, A., & Cohen, R. (2011). World heritage site—Is it an effective brand name? A case study of a religious heritage site. Journal of Travel Research, 50(5), 482–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510379158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poudel, S., & Nyaupane, G. P. (2013). The role of interpretative tour guiding in sustainable destination management: A comparison between guided and nonguided tourists. Journal of Travel Research, 52(5), 659–672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513478496
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, R. B., & Ham, S. H. (2008). Can ecotourism interpretation really lead to pro-conservation knowledge, attitudes and behavior? Evidence from the Galapagos Islands. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(4), 467–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802154223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, R. B., Ramshaw, G. P., Ogletree, S. S., & Krafte, K. E. (2016). Can heritage resources highlight changes to the natural environment caused by climate change? Evidence from the Antarctic tourism experience. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 11(1), 71–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2015.1082571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash, M., & Chowdhary, N. (2010). Tour guides: Roles, challenges and desired competences A review of literature. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Systems, 3(1), 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Ramkissoon, H., Smith, L. D. G., & Weiler, B. (2013). Relationhsips between place attachment, place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviour in an Australian national park. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(3), 434–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.708042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall, C., & Rollins, R. B. (2009). Visitor perceptions of the role of tour guides in natural areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(3), 357–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802159727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riungu, G. K., Backman, K. F., & Kiama, F. (2018). An analysis of event-related research across allied fields. Event Management, 22(4), 571–582. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599518X15300559276949
   Google Scholar
• Rust, R. T., & Oliver, R. L. (1994). Service quality: Insights and managerial implication from the frontier. In T. Roland Rust & R. L. Oliver (Eds.), Service quality: New directions in theory and practice (pp. 1–19). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Rutherford, J., Newsome, D., & Kobryn, H. (2015). Interpretation as a vital ingredient of geotourism in coastal environments: The geology of sea level change, Rottnest Island, Western Australia. . Tourism in Marine Environments, 11(1), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427315X14398263718475
   Google Scholar
• Saipradist, A., & Staiff, R. (2008). Crossing the cultural divide: Western visitors and interpretation at Ayutthaya World Heritage Site, Thailand. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 2(3), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.2167/jht061.0
   Google Scholar
• Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., Thiele, K. O., & Gudergan, S. P. (2016). Estimation issues with PLS and CBSEM: Where the bias lies! Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 3998–4010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherrer, P., Smith, A. J., & Dowling, R. K. (2011). Visitor management practices and operational sustainability: Expedition cruising in the Kimberley, Australia. Tourism Management, 32(5), 1218–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt, B. (1999). Experiential marketing. Journal of Marketing Management, 15(1-3), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1362/026725799784870496
   Google Scholar
• Shackley, M. (2006). Visitor management at world heritage sites. In A. Leask & A. Fyall (Eds.), Managing world heritage sites (pp. 109–120). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Simone, E. D., Canale, R. R., & Maio, A. D. (2019). Do UNESCO world heritage sites influence international tourist arrivals? Evidence from Italian provincial data. Social Indicators Research, 146(1–2), 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1939-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda. Journal of environmental psychology, 29(3), 309–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, E. J., Glen, M. H., Daly, K., & O’Sullivan, D. (2001). To centralize or disperse – a question for interpretation: A case study of interpretive planning in the Brecks. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9(4), 342–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580108667406
   Google Scholar
• Stoleriu, O. M., Brochado, A., Rusu, A., & Lupu, C. (2019). Analyses of visitors’ experiences in a natural world heritage site based on TripAdvisor reviews. Visitor Studies, 22(2), 192–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/10645578.2019.1665390
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, L., & Swanson, S. R. (2017). The effect of destination social responsibility on tourist environmentally responsible behavior: Compared analysis of first-time and repeat tourist. Tourism Management, 60, 308–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.12.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, Y. W., & Lin, H. L. (2014). Analysis of international tourist arrivals worldwide: The role of world heritage sites. Tourism Management, 40, 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.04.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TANAPA. (2020). Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA). Retrieved January 27, 2021, from https://www.tanzaniaparks.go.tz/
   Google Scholar
• Teo, C. B. C., Khan, N. R. M., Abd Rahim, F. H. (2014). Understanding cultural heritage visitor behavior: the case of Melaka as world heritage city. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130, 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Tilden, F. (2007). Interpreting our heritage (4th ed.). The University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Timothy, D. J. (2011). Cultural heritage and tourism: An introduction. Channel View Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Timothy, D. J., & Boyd, S. W. (2003). Heritage tourism. Pearson Education Limited.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2010). Convention du patrimoinemondial et de´veloppement durable. WHC-10/34.COM/5D. Retrieved June 6, 2011, from www.whc.unesco.org
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (n.d.). Petra. Petra. Retrieved January 11, 2021, from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/326/
   Google Scholar
• Untaru, E. N., Ispas, A., & Han, H. (2020). Exploring the synergy between customer home-based and hotel-based water consumption and conservation behaviors: An empirical approach. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 19(6), 542–555. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1826
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, K., & Moscardo, G. (2016). Moving beyond sense of place to care of place: The role of indigenous values and interpretation in promoting transformative change in tourists’ place images and personal values. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(8-9), 1243–1261. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1177064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walls, A., Okumus, F., Wang, Y., & Kwun, D. J. W. (2011). Understanding the consumer experience: An exploratory study of luxury hotels. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 20(2), 166–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2011.536074
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X., & Zhang, C. (2020). Contingent effects of social norms on tourists’ pro-environmental behaviours: The role of Chinese traditionality. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(10), 1646–1664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wearing, B. S. (2008). Best practice interpretation research for sustainable tourism. Australasian Parks and Leisure Journal, 11(3), 39–41.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, D. (2000). Tourism and national parks in ecologically venerable areas. In R. W. Butler & S. W. Boyd (Eds.), Tourism and national parks (pp. 107–124). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, D. B., & Jin, X. (2016). Compassion as a neglected motivator for sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(5), 657–672. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1101130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng, L., Liang, Z., & Bao, J. (2020). The effect of tour interpretation on perceived heritage values: A comparison of tourists with and without tour guiding interpretation at a heritage destination. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 16, 100431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, C. U. I. (2013). The sanitization of colonial history: Authenticity, heritage interpretation and the case of Macau’s tour guides. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), 915–931. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.790390
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, J. S., Font, X., & Liu, J. (2021). The elusive impact of pro-environmental intention on holiday on pro-environmental behaviour at home. Tourism Management, 85, 104–283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, F., Huang, L., & Whitmarsh, L. (2020). Home and away: Cross-contextual consistency in tourists’ pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(10), 1443–1459. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1741596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, S., Kim, H. J., Liang, M., & Ryu, K. (2018). Interrelationships between tourist involvement, tourist experience, and environmentally responsible behavior: A case study of Nansha Wetland Park, China. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35(7), 856–868. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2018.1439429
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Z., Yang, G., Wang, L., Guo, L., & Shi, Z. (2023). How does destination psychological ownership affect tourists’ pro-environmental behaviors? A moderated mediation analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(6), 1394–1412. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2049282
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, R., Balaji, M. S., & Jebarajakirthy, C. (2019). How psychological and contextual factors contribute to travelers’ propensity to choose green hotels? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 77, 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, C. H., & Lin, H. L. (2011). Is UNESCO recognition effective in fostering tourism? A comment on Yang, Lin and Han: Reply. Tourism Management, 32(2), 455–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, C. H., Lin, H. L., & Han, C. C. (2010). Analysis of international tourist arrivals in China: The role of world heritage sites. Tourism Management, 31(6), 827–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, C. H., & Lin, H. Y. (2014). Revisiting the relationship between world heritage sites and tourism. Tourism Economics, 20(1), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2013.0359
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., Xue, L., & Jones, T. E. (2019). Tourism-enhancing effect of world heritage sites: Panacea or placebo? A meta-analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, 75(November 2018), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.12.007
   Google Scholar
• Yen, C., Tsaur, S., & Tsai, C. (2018). Tour leaders’ job crafting: Scale development. Tourism Management, 69, 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.05.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, Y. S., Lee, J. S., & Lee, C. K. (2010). Measuring festival quality and value affecting visitors’ satisfaction and loyality using a structural approach. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(2), 335–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabkar, V., Brencic, M. M., & Dmitrovic, T. (2010). Modelling perceived quality, visitor satisfaction and behavioral intentions at the destination level. Tourism Management, 31(4), 537–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar