Through city students' eyes: urban students' beliefs about school's purposes, supports and impediments

REFERENCES

• Alexander , K. L. , Entwisle , D. R. and Horsey , C. S. 1997 . From first grade forward: Early foundations of high school dropout. . Sociology of Education , 70 : 87 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander , K. L. , Entwisle , D. R. and Kabbani , N. 2001 . The dropout process in life course perspective: Early risk factors at home and school. . Teachers College Record , 103 (5) : 760 – 822 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvermann , D. E. 2001 . Reading adolescents' reading identities: Looking back to see ahead. . Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy , 44 : 676 – 690 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvermann , D. E. 2004 . Adolescents and literacies in a digital world , New York : Peter Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Alvermann , D. E. and Hagood , M. 2000 . “ Critical media literacy: Research, theory, and practice in “new times”. ” . In Journal of Educational Research Vol. 93(3) , 193 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Anyon , Jean . 1997 . Ghetto schooling: A political economy of urban education reform , New York : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Anyon , Jean . 2005 . Public policy, urban education, and a new social movement , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Au , K. 1993 . “ An expanded definition of literacy. ” . In Literacy instruction in multicultural settings , Edited by: Au , K . New York : Harcourt Brace College Publishers . edited by
   Google Scholar
• Ball , M. and Smith , G. 1992 . Analyzing visual data qualitative research series 24 , Newbury Park, CA. Sage
   Google Scholar
• Becker , Howard S. 2001 . Visual sociology, documentary photography, and photojournalism: It's (almost) all a matter of context. . Visual Sociology , 10 (1–2) : 4 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Begoray , D. 2002 . Not just reading anymore: Literacy, community and the pre‐service teacher. . English Quarterly , 34 (3–4) : 39 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Bracey , Gerald W. 2001 . The war against America's public schools: Privatizing schools, commercializing education , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Burbules , N. and Berk , R. 1999 . “ Critical thinking and critical pedagogy: Relations, differences and limits. ” . In Critical theories in education: Changing terrains of knowledge and politics , Edited by: Popkewitz , T and Fendler , L . New York : Routledge . edited by
   Google Scholar
• Cavin , Erica . 2000 . In search of the viewfinder: A study of a child's perspective [Photo essay]. . Visual Sociology , 9 (1) : 27 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Children's Defense Fund. 2005. The state of America's children yearbook. America's children: Key national indicators of well being. Available from www.childrensdefense.org/ac2001/Acol.ASP ; INTERNET
   Google Scholar
• Collier , J. and Collier , M. 1986 . Visual anthropology: Photography as a research method , Albuquerque, NM : University of New Mexico Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cope , B. and Kalantzis , M. 2000 . “ Multiliteracies: The beginning of an idea. ” . In Multiliteracies: Literacy learning and the design of social futures , Edited by: Cope , B and Kalantzis , M . London : Routledge . edited by
   Google Scholar
• Cornett , Jeffrey W. and Gaudelli , William . 2003 . “ Fostering democratic discussions in the classroom: An examination of tensions in civic education, contemporary schools, and teacher education. ” . Paper presented at the 2003 Conference of the Education in Democracy for Social Studies Teachers: An Institute for Florida Teacher Educators
   Google Scholar
• Creswell , John W. 1998 . Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Croninger , R. and Lee , V. E. 2001 . Social capital and dropping out of high school: Benefits to at‐risk students of teachers' support and guidance. . Teachers College Record , 103 (4) : 548 – 581 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewey , John . 1980 . Art as experience , New York : Perigree .
   Google Scholar
• Dorn , Sherman . 1996 . Creating the dropout: An institutional and social history of school failure , Westport, CT : Praeger Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Education Trust, Inc. 2003. Achievement in America. US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Education Progress. Available from http://www2.edtrust.org/NR/rdonlyres/14FB5D33‐B55F‐33184998BDD8/0/8 (http://www2.edtrust.org/NR/rdonlyres/14FB5D33-B55F-33184998BDD8/0/8) ; INTERNET
   Google Scholar
• Egan , K. 1992 . Imagination in teaching and learning: The middle school years , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eisner , E. W. 1991 . The enlightened eye: Qualitative inquiry and the enhancement of educational practice , New York, NY : Macmillan Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Eisner , E. W. 1994 . The educational imagination: On the design and evaluation of school programs , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Federation for Community Planning and United Way Services of Greater Cleveland . 2003 . Social indicators 2003: Education, employment, and income , Cleveland, OH : Federation for Community Planning and United Way Services of Greater Cleveland .
   Google Scholar
• Fine , Michelle . 1990 . Framing dropouts: Notes on the politics of an urban public high school , Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Franciosi , Robert J. 2004 . The rise and fall of American public schools: The political economy of public education in the twentieth century , Westport, CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , Roy G. 1991 . “ Teaching students to see. ” . In Visual Sociology Vol. 6(1) , 44 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Freire , P. and Macedo , D. 1987 . “ Rethinking literacy: A dialogue. ” . In Literacy: Reading the word and the world , Edited by: Freire , P and Macedo , D . New York : Bergin & Garvey . edited by
   Google Scholar
• Gallas , K. 1991 . Art as epistemology: Enabling children to know what they know. . Harvard Educational Review , 61 (1) : 40 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallego , M. and Hollingsworth , S. 2000 . “ Introduction: The idea of multiple literacies. ” . In What counts as literacy? Challenging the school standard , Edited by: Gallego , M and Hollingsworth , S . New York : Teachers College Press . edited by
   Google Scholar
• Gee , J. P. 2000 . Teenagers in new times: A New Literacy Studies perspective. . Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy , 43 (5) : 1081 – 1104 .
   Google Scholar
• Gee , J. P. 2002 . “ Millenials and Bobos, Blue's Clues and Sesame Street: A story for our times. ” . In Adolescents and literacies in a digital world , Edited by: Alvermann , D. E . New York : Peter Lang . edited by
   Google Scholar
• Giroux , H. A. and McLaren , P , eds. 1994 . Between borders: Pedagogy and the politics of cultural studies , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Glaser , Barney G. 1998 . Doing grounded theory: Issues and discussions , Mill Valley, CA : Sociology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Greene , J. and Winters , M. A. 2006 . Leaving boys behind: Public high school graduation rates , New York, NY : Manhattan Institute for Policy Research [Civic Report #48] .
   Google Scholar
• Hess , Frederick M. 2002 . Making sense of the “public” in public education , Washington, DC : Progressive Policy Institute [BBB28088] .
   Google Scholar
• Hull , G. and Schultz , K. 2002 . School's out: Bridging out‐of‐school literacies with classroom practice , New York : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Janisch , C. and Johnson , M. 2003 . Effective literacy practices and challenging curriculum for at‐risk learners: Great expectations. . Journal of Education for Students Placed At Risk , 8 (3) : 295 – 308 .
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson , Jenni . 2001 . Doing visual research with school learners in South Africa. . Visual Sociology , 16 (2) : 23 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman , P. , Alt , M. and Chapman , C. 2004 . Dropout rates in the United States: 2001 , Washington, DC : US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics [NCES Report #2005046] .
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman , P. , Kwon , J. Y. and Klein , S. 2000 . Dropout rates in the United States, 1998: Statistical analysis report , Washington, DC : National Center for Educational Statistics . (NCES‐2000‐022)
   Google Scholar
• Kincheloe , J. L. 2004 . Critical pedagogy primer , New York : Peter Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Kist , W. 2002 . Finding “new literacy” in action: An interdisciplinary high school western civilization class. . Journal of Adult and Adolescent Literacy , 45 (5) : 368 – 377 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kist , W. 2005 . New literacies in action: Teaching and learning in multiple media , New York : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ladson‐Billings , G. 1998 . Teaching in dangerous times: Culturally relevant approaches to teacher assessment. . Journal of Negro Education , 67 (3) : 255 – 267 .
   Google Scholar
• Ladson‐Billings , G. 2006 . From the achievement gap to the education debt: Understanding achievement in U.S. schools. . Education Researcher , 35 (7) : 3 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Lareau , Annette . 2003 . Unequal childhoods: Class, race and family life , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lubienski , Chris . 2000 . “ Redefining “public” education: Charter schools, common schools, and the rhetoric of reform. ” . Paper presented at the 2000 Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association
   Google Scholar
• Lucas , T. and Villegas , A. M. 2003 . Educating culturally responsive teachers: A coherent approach , Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Luke , A. and Elkins , J. 1998 . Reinventing literacy in “new times”. . Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy , 42 (1) : 4 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macbeath , J. L. , Meuret , D. and Scratz , M. 2000 . Self‐evaluation in European schools: A story of change , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Mahiri , J. 2004 . “ ed. ” . In What they don't learn in school: Literacy in the lives of urban youth , New York : Peter Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Margolis , Eric . 2004 . Looking at discipline, looking at labour: Photographic representations of Indian boarding schools. . Visual Studies , 19 (1) : 72 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• McLaren , P. 2000 . “ Paulo Freire's pedagogy of possibility. ” . In Freirean pedagogy, praxis and possibilities: Projects for the new millennium , Edited by: Steiner , S , Krank , H , McLaren , P and Bahruth , R . New York and London : Falmer Press . edited by
   Google Scholar
• McLaren , P. 2003 . Life in schools: An introduction to critical pedagogy in the foundation of education , Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• McClung , Merle Steven . 2002 . Public school purpose: The civic standard Bloomington, In Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , C. , Weber , S and O'Reilly‐Scanlon , K , eds. 2005 . Just who do we think we are? Arts‐based methodologies for self‐study , London : RoutledgeFalmer .
   Google Scholar
• Moje , E. 2000 . “To be part of the story”: The literacy practices of gangsta adolescents. . Teachers College Record , 102 (3) : 651 – 690 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrell , E. and Duncan‐Andrade , J. 2004 . “ What youth do learn in school: Using hip‐hop as a bridge to canonical poetry. ” . In What they don't learn in school: Literacy in the lives of urban youth , Edited by: Mahiri , J . New York : Peter Lang . edited by
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Education Statistics . 2002 . Characteristics of stayers, movers, and leavers: Results from the Teacher Follow‐up Survey, 1999–2000 , Washington, DC : US Department of Education .
   Google Scholar
• Newkirk , T. 2002 . Misreading masculinity: Boys, literacy, and popular culture , Portsmouth, NY : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• New London Group . 1996 . A pedagogy of multiliteracies: Designing social futures. . Harvard Educational Review , 66 (1) : 60 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien , D. G. , Springs , R. and Stith , D. 2001 . “ Engaging at‐risk students: Literacy learning in a high school literacy lab. ” . In Constructions of literacy: Studies of teaching and learning in and out of secondary schools , Edited by: Moje , E. B and O'Brien , D. G . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum . edited by
   Google Scholar
• Orellana , Majorie Faulstich . 1999 . Space and place in an urban landscape: Learning from children's views of their social worlds. . Visual Sociology , 14 (1–2) : 73 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Orfield , Gary , ed. 2004 . Dropouts in America: Confronting the graduation rate crisis , Cambridge, MA : Harvard Education Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pallas , A. 2002 . “ Educational participation across the life course: Do the rich get richer? ” . In New frontiers in socialization , Edited by: Settersen , R. A and Owens , T. J . New York : Elsevier . edited by
   Google Scholar
• Pole , C , ed. 2004 . Seeing is believing? Approaches to visual research , New York : Elsevier . (vol. 7)
   Google Scholar
• Prosser , J. and Schwartz , D. 1998 . “ Photographs within the sociological research process. ” . In Image‐based research: A sourcebook for qualitative researchers , Edited by: Prosser , J . Bristol : Falmer Press . edited by
   Google Scholar
• Raggl , A. and Schratz , M. 2004 . “ Using visuals to release pupil's voices: Emotional pathways to enhancing thinking and reflecting on learning. ” . In Seeing is believing? Approaches to visual research , Edited by: Pole , C . New York : Elsevier . (vol. 7), edited by
   Google Scholar
• Reese , William J. 2005 . America's public schools: From the common school to “No Child Left Behind” , Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Samuelson , B. L. 2004 . “I used to go to school. Now I learn”: Unschoolers critiquing the discourse of school. ” . In What they don't learn in school: Literacy in the lives of urban youth , Edited by: Mahiri , J . New York : Peter Lang . edited by
   Google Scholar
• Schratz , M. and Loffler‐Anzbock , U. 2004 . “ The darker side of democracy: A visual approach to democratizing teaching and learning. ” . In Democratic learning , Edited by: MacBeath , J and Moos , L . London : RoutledgeFalmer . edited by
   Google Scholar
• Schratz , M. and Steiner‐Loffler , U. 1998 . “ Pupils using photographs in school self‐evaluation. ” . In Image‐based research: A sourcebook for qualitative researchers , Edited by: Prosser , J . London : Falmer Press . edited by
   Google Scholar
• Shakespear , E. , Beardsley , L. and Newton , A. 2003 . Preparing urban teachers: Uncovering communities. A community curriculum for interns and new teachers , Boston, MA : Jobs for the Future . Evaluation report from Jobs for the Future
   Google Scholar
• Shor , I. 1992 . Empowering education: Critical teaching for social change , Chicago and London : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Silverman , D. 1993 . Interpreting qualitative data: Methods for analyzing talk, text, and interaction , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Street , B. 1995 . Social literacies: Critical approaches to literacy in development, ethnography and education , London : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Street , B. 2003 . What's new in New Literacy Studies? . Current issues in comparative education , 5 (2) : 77 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , R. 1993 . “ Finding silent voices for the researcher: Using photographs in evaluation and research. ” . In Qualitative voices in educational research , Edited by: Schratz , M . London : Falmer Press . edited by
   Google Scholar
• Weiner , L. 1999 . Urban teaching: The essentials , New York : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Willis , George W. and Schubert , William H , eds. 2000 . Reflections from the heart of educational inquiry: Understanding curriculum and teaching through the arts , Troy, NY : Educator's International Press .
   Google Scholar
• Willis , H. D. 1986 . Students at risk: A review of conditions, circumstances, indicators, and educational implications , Elmhurst, IL : North Central Regional Educational Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Young , B. A. 2003 . Public high school dropouts and completers from the common core of data: School year 2000–2002 (Statistical Analysis Report) , Washington, DC : National Center for Education Statistics .
   Google Scholar