Re-reading Nepalese landscapes: labour, water, farming patches and trees

References

• Alden-Wily L, Chapagain D, Sharma S 2009. Land Reform in Nepal: Where is it Coming from and Where is it Going? The Findings of a Scoping Study on Land reform in Nepal for DIFID. Published by the authors.
   Google Scholar
• Benayas JR, Martins A, Nicolau J, Schulz JJ. 2007. Abandonment of agricultural land: an overview of drivers and consequences. CAB Rev Perspect Agri Veterinary Sci Nutrition Nat Res. 2(57):1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Bhattarai B, Beilin R, Ford R. 2015. Gender, agrobiodiversity, and climate change: a study of adaptation practices in the Nepal Himalayas. World Dev. 70:122–132. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.01.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaikie P, Brookfield H. 1987. Land degradation and society. London, UK: Methuen.
   Google Scholar
• Blaikie P, Cameron J, Seddon JD. 1980. Nepal in crisis: growth and stagnation at the periphery. Delhi, India: Adroit Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Blaikie P, Coppard D. 1998. Environmental change and livelihood diversification in Nepal: where is the problem? Himalayan Res Bull. 18(2):28–39.
   Google Scholar
• Gautam AP, Webb EL, Shivakoti GP, Zoebisch MA. 2003. Land use dynamics and landscape change pattern in a mountain watershed in Nepal. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 99(1–3):83–96. doi:10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00148-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentle P, Maraseni TN. 2012. Climate change, poverty and livelihoods: adaptation practices by rural mountain communities in Nepal. Environ Sci Policy. 21:24–34. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2012.03.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobley M, Jha C. 2012. Persistence and change: review of 30 years of community forestry in Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: HURDEC Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• ICRAF. 2014. Agroforestry, a landscape approach: from promoting specific agroforestry technologies to advocating a portfolio of tree options within the landscape. World Agroforestry Centre. [accessed 2020 Jun 9]. http://apps.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/Publications/PDFS/BR14079.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ives JD, Messerli B. 1989. The Himalayan dilemma: reconciling development and conservation. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jaquet S, Kohler T, Schwilch G. 2019. Labour migration in the Middle Hills of Nepal: consequences on land management strategies. Sustainability. 11(5):1349. doi:10.3390/su11051349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jodha NS. 1992. Mountain perspectives and sustainability: a framework for development strategies. In: Jodha NS, Baukshota M, Partap T, editors. Sustainable mountain management. Volume 1, perspectives and issues. New Delhi, India: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd; p. 41–82.
   Google Scholar
• Khatri D 2018. Climate and development at the third pole: dynamics of power and knowledge reshaping community forest governance in Nepal (dissertation 2018:41). Uppsala: Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
   Google Scholar
• Khatri D, Shrestha K, Ojha H, Paudel G, Paudel N, Pain A. 2017. Reframing community forest governance for food security in Nepal. Environ Conserv. 44(2):174–182. doi:10.1017/S0376892916000369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li TM. 2014. Land’s end. Capitalist relations on an indigenous frontier. London, UK: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marquardt K, Khatri D, Pain A. 2016. REDD+, forest transition, agrarian change and ecosystem services in the hills of Nepal. Hum Ecol. 44(2):229–244. doi:10.1007/s10745-016-9817-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niraula RR, Gilani H, Pokharel BK, Qamer FM. 2013. Measuring impacts of community forestry program through repeat photography and satellite remote sensing in the Dolakha district of Nepal. J Environ Manage. 126:20–29. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojha HR, Shrestha KK, Subedi YR, Shah R, Nuberg I, Heyojoo B, Cedamon E, Rigg J, Tamang S, Paudel KP, et al. 2017. Agricultural land underutilisation in the hills of Nepal: investigating socio-environmental pathways of change. J Rural Stud. 53:156–172. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.05.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paudel D. 2016. Re-inventing the commons: community forestry as accumulation without dispossession in Nepal. J Peasant Stud. 43(5):989–1009. doi:10.1080/03066150.2015.1130700.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quiroz C, Beilin R, Folke C, Lindborg R. 2014. Farmland abandonment: threat or opportunity for biodiversity conservation? A global review. Front Ecol Environ. 12(5):288–296. doi:10.1890/120348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R K S, McCarthy JF. 2016. Reconsidering the links between poverty, international labour migration, and agrarian change: critical insights from Nepal. J Peasant Stud. 43(1):39–63. doi:10.1080/03066150.2015.1041520.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regmi MC. 1977. Landownership in Nepal. Delhi, India: Adroit Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder R. 1985. Himalayan subsistence systems: indigenous agriculture in rural Nepal. Mt Res Dev. 5(1):31–44. doi:10.2307/3673221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scoones I, Dzingirai V, Anderson N, Macleod E, Mangwanya L, Matawa F, Murwira A, Nyakupinda L, Shereni W, Welburn SC. 2017. People, patches, and parasites: the case of Trypanosomiasis in Zimbabwe. Hum Ecol. 45(5):643–654. doi:10.1007/s10745-017-9929-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott JC. 1998. Seeing like a state: how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. London: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sinare H, Gordon LJ, Enfors Kautsky E. 2016. Assessment of ecosystem services and benefits in village landscapes – A case study from Burkina Faso. Ecosystem Service. 21:141–152. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.08.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitzia T, Semenzato P, Trentanovi G. 2010. Natural reforestation is changing spatial patterns of rural mountain and hill landscapes: a global overview. For Ecol Manage. 259(8):1354–1362. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.01.048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugden F, Seddon D, Raut M. 2018. Mapping historical and contemporary agrarian transformations and capitalist infiltration in a complex upland environment: A case from eastern Nepal. J Agrarian Change. 18(2):444–472. doi:10.1111/joac.12223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiffen M, Mortimore M, Gichuki F. 1994. More people, less erosion: environmental recovery in Kenya. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• van de Ploeg JD. 2013. Peasants and the art of farming: a Chayanovian manifesto. UK: Practical Action Publishing.
   Google Scholar