References
- Vlahovic TC. Onychomycosis. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2016;33(3):305–318.
- Augustin M, Radtke MA, Herberger K, et al. Prevalence and disease burden of hyperhidrosis in the adult population. Dermatology. 2013;227(1):10–13.
- Ghannoum MA, Hajjeh RA, Scher R, et al. A large-scale North American study of fungal isolates from nails: the frequency of onychomycosis, fungal distribution, and antifungal susceptibility patterns. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43(4):641–648.
- Adams C, Athanasoula E, Lee W, et al. Environmental and genetic factors on the development of onychomycosis. J Fungi Basel Switz. 2015;1(2):211–216.
- Gupta AK, Versteeg SG, Shear NH. A practical application of onychomycosis cure - combining patient, physician and regulatory body perspectives. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;33(2):281–287.
- Faergemann J, Correia O, Nowicki R, et al. Genetic predisposition–understanding underlying mechanisms of onychomycosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005;19(Suppl 1):17–19.
- Gupta AK, G G, Jain HC, et al. The prevalence of unsuspected onychomycosis and its causative organisms in a multicentre Canadian sample of 30 000 patients visiting physicians’ offices. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30(9):1567–1572.
- Vasconcellos C, Pereira CQM, Souza MC, et al. Identification of fungi species in the onychomycosis of institutionalized elderly. An Bras Dermatol. 2013;88(3):377–380.
- Elewski BE. Onychomycosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11(3):415–429.
- Klaassen KMG, Dulak MG, van de Kerkhof PCM, et al. The prevalence of onychomycosis in psoriatic patients: a systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28(5):533–541.
- Lipner SR, Scher RK. Onychomycosis: treatment and prevention of recurrence. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(4):853–867.
- Gupchup GV, Zatz JL. Structural characteristics and permeability properties of the human nail: a review. J Cosmet Sci. 1999;50(6):363–385.
- Baran R, editor. Baran & Dawber’s diseases of the nails and their management. 5th ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley-Blackwell; 2019.
- Angelo T, Borgheti-Cardoso LN, Gelfuso GM, et al. Chemical and physical strategies in onychomycosis topical treatment: a review. Med Mycol. 2017;55(5):461–475.
- Kyriakidis I, Tragiannidis A, Munchen S, et al. Clinical hepatotoxicity associated with antifungal agents. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2017;16(2):149–165.
- Novartis. LAMISIL (terbinafine hydrochloride) tablets, 250 mg [Internet]. Drugs@FDA; Jan 2017. [cited 2018 Aug]. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/020539s021lbl.pdf
- Janssen Pharma. SPORANOX® (itraconazole) capsules [Internet]. Drugs@FDA; 2003. [Cited 2012 Oct]. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/020083s048s049s050lbl.pdf
- Pfizer. Diflucan tablets (Fluconazole) label information [Internet]. Drugs@FDA; 2011.[cited 2018 Apr]. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019949s055,019950s059,020090s038lbl.pdf2011
- Coronado D, Merchant T, Chanda S, et al. In vitro nail penetration and antifungal activity of tavaborole, a boron-based pharmaceutical. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(6):609–614.
- Valeant Canada LP. PrJUBLIATM efinaconazole topical solution, 10% w/w. 2013.
- Jarratt M, Siu WJ, Yamakawa E, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of efinaconazole 10% solution in healthy volunteers and patients with severe onychomycosis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(9):1010–1016.
- Elkeeb R, Hui X, Murthy N, et al. Emerging topical onychomycosis therapies - quo vadis? Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2014;19(4):489–495.
- Westerberg DP, Voyack MJ. Onychomycosis: current trends in diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2013;88(11):762–770.
- Tabara K, Szewczyk AE, Bienias W. et al. Amorolfine vs. ciclopirox - lacquers for the treatment of onychomycosis. Postȩpy Dermatol Alergol. 2015;32(1):40–45.
- Sharma N, Sharma D. An upcoming drug for onychomycosis: tavaborole. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2015;6(4):236–239.
- Lipner SR, Scher RK. Efinaconazole in the treatment of onychomycosis. Infect Drug Resist. 2015;8:163–172.
- Loo DS. Onychomycosis in the elderly : drug treatment options. Drugs Aging. 2007;24(4):293–302.
- He W, Goodkind D, Kowal P. An aging world [Internet]. Washington (DC): U.S. Government Publishing Office; 2016. (International Population Reports). [cited 2019 Aug]. Available from: https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2016/demo/p95-16-1.pdf2016
- Scher RK, Baran R. Onychomycosis in clinical practice: factors contributing to recurrence. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149(Suppl 65):5–9.
- Piraccini BM, Sisti A, Tosti A. Long-term follow-up of toenail onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes after successful treatment with systemic antifungal agents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(3):411–414.
- Gupta AK, Simpson FC. New therapeutic options for onychomycosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2012;13(8):1131–1142.
- Tosti A, Elewski BE. Onychomycosis: practical approaches to minimize relapse and recurrence. Skin Appendage Disord. 2016;2(1–2):83–87.
- Ingber A. Intermittent low dose itraconazole treatment for onychomycosis–long term follow-up. Med Mycol. 2001;39(6):471–473.
- Hay RJ, Baran R. Onychomycosis: a proposed revision of the clinical classification. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(6):1219–1227.
- Baran R, Hay R, Perrin C. Superficial white onychomycosis revisited. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2004;18(5):569–571.
- Lipner SR, Scher RK. Onychomycosis: clinical overview and diagnosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(4):835–851.
- Yamaguchi H. Potential of ravuconazole and its prodrugs as the new oraltherapeutics for onychomycosis. Med Mycol J. 2016;57(4):E93–110.
- Watanabe S, Tsubouchi I, Okubo A. Efficacy and safety of fosravuconazole L-lysine ethanolate, a novel oral triazole antifungal agent, for the treatment of onychomycosis: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized phase III study. J Dermatol. 2018;45(10):1151–1159.
- Hoekstra WJ, Garvey EP, Moore WR, et al. Design and optimization of highly-selective fungal CYP51 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2014;24(15):3455–3458.
- Garvey EP, Hoekstra WJ, Moore WR, et al. VT-1161 dosed once daily or once weekly exhibits potent efficacy in treatment of dermatophytosis in a guinea pig model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(4):1992–1997.
- Warrilow AGS, Parker JE, Price CL, et al. The tetrazole VT-1161 is a potent inhibitor of trichophyton rubrum through its inhibition of T. rubrum CYP51. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(7):e00333-17.
- Elewski B, Kempers S, Bhatia N, et al. Efficacy and safety of VT-1161 in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of four oral VT-1161 regimens in the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe Distal-Lateral Subungual Onychomycosis (DLSO). Presentation at: 4th International Summit for Nail Diseases; 2017; Athens, Greece.
- Jones T, Tavakkol A. Safety and tolerability of luliconazole solution 10-percent in patients with moderate to severe distal subungual onychomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(6):2684–2689.
- Ghannoum M, Isham N, Herbert J, et al. Activity of TDT 067 (Terbinafine in transfersome) against agents of onychomycosis, as determined by minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(5):1716–1720.
- Monti D, Saccomani L, Chetoni P, et al. In vitro transungual permeation of ciclopirox from a hydroxypropyl chitosan-based, water-soluble nail lacquer. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2005;31(1):11–17.
- Baran R, Tosti A, Hartmane I, et al. An innovative water-soluble biopolymer improves efficacy of ciclopirox nail lacquer in the management of onychomycosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23(7):773–781.
- Pannu J, McCarthy A, Martin A, et al. NB-002, a novel nanoemulsion with broad antifungal activity against dermatophytes, other filamentous fungi, and candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(8):3273–3279.
- Valdes B, Serro A, Marto J, et al. Polyurethanes as new excipients in nail therapeutics. Pharmaceutics. 2018;10(4):276.
- Takahata S, Kubota N, Takei-Masuda N, et al. Mechanism of action of ME1111, a novel antifungal agent for topical treatment of onychomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(2):873–880.
- Moberg Pharma AB. Efficacy and safety of two treatment regimens of topical MOB015 in adults with distal subungual onychomycosis [Internet]. Oct 2012. Sweden. (Report No.: NCT01246518). [Cited 2019 Aug]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT012465182012
- Gebre AA, Okada H, Kim C, et al. Profiling of the effects of antifungal agents on yeast cells based on morphometric analysis. FEMS Yeast Res [Internet]. 2015;15(5). [Cited 2019 Oct]. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/femsyr/article/15/5/fov040/24677472015
- Korting HC, Schöllmann C. The significance of itraconazole for treatment of fungal infections of skin, nails and mucous membranes. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2009;7(1):11–19.
- Brammer KW, Farrow PR, Faulkner JK. Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of fluconazole in humans. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12(Suppl 3):S318–326.
- Muńoz P, Moreno S, Berenguer J, et al. Fluconazole-related hepatotoxicity in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151(5):1020–1021.
- Gupta AK, Drummond-Main C, Paquet M. Evidence-based optimal fluconazole dosing regimen for onychomycosis treatment. J Dermatol Treat. 2013;24(1):75–80.
- Sporanox. Package insert: SPORANOX! (Itraconazole) capsules [Internet]. 2012; [Cited Sept 2015]. Available from: www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/020083s048s049s050lbl.pdf
- Lavrijsen AP, Balmus KJ, Nugteren-Huying WM, et al. Hepatic injury associated with itraconazole. Lancet Lond Engl. 1992;340(8813):251–252.
- Elewski BE, Rich P, Pollak R, et al. Efinaconazole 10% solution in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis: two phase III multicenter, randomized, double-blind studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68(4):600–608.
- Anacor Pharmaceuticals Inc. Kerydin (tavaborole) topical solution, 5% [Internet]. Drugs@FDA; 2014; [cited 2018 Aug]. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/204427s000lbl.pdf2014>
- Drug approval package: jublia topical solution (efinaconazole) NDA 203567 [Internet]. Drugs@FDA; 2014. [cited 2019 Oct]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2014/203567_jublia_toc.cfm
- Lee REB, Liu TT, Barker KS, et al. Genome-wide expression profiling of the response to ciclopirox olamine in candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55(5):655–662.
- Belenky P, Camacho D, Collins JJ. Fungicidal drugs induce a common oxidative-damage cellular death pathway. Cell Rep. 2013;3(2):350–358.
- Del Palacio-Hernanz A, Guarro-Artigas J, Figueras-Salvat MJ, et al. Changes in fungal ultrastructure after short-course ciclopiroxolamine therapy in pityriasis versicolor. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1990;15(2):95–100.
- Aventis Pharma. PENLAC® nail lacquer (Ciclopirox) topical solution, 8% [Internet]. Drugs@FDA; Jan 2004. [Cited Nov 2017]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2004/21022s004lbl.pdf01/312004
- Ito T, Ito N, Saathoff M, et al. Immunology of the human nail apparatus: the nail matrix is a site of relative immune privilege. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125(6):1139–1148.
- Yin Z, Xu J, Luo D. A meta-analysis comparing long-term recurrences of toenail onychomycosis after successful treatment with terbinafine versus itraconazole. J Dermatol Treat. 2012;23(6):449–452.
- Yazdanparast SA, Barton RC. Arthroconidia production in trichophyton rubrum and a new ex vivo model of onychomycosis. J Med Microbiol. 2006;55(Pt 11):1577–1581.
- Gupta AK, Cernea M, Foley KA. Improving cure rates in onychomycosis. J Cutan Med Surg. 2016;20(6):517–531.
- Ramage G, Mowat E, Jones B, et al. Our current understanding of fungal biofilms. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2009;35(4):340–355.
- Kuhn DM, Ghannoum MA. Candida biofilms: antifungal resistance and emerging therapeutic options. Curr Opin Invest Drugs Lond Engl 2000. 2004;5(2):186–197.
- Gupta A, Nakrieko K-A. Molecular determination of mixed infections of dermatophytes and nondermatophyte moulds in individuals with onychomycosis. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2014;104(4):330–336.
- Vander Straten MR, Balkis MM, Ghannoum MA. The role of nondermatophyte molds in onychomycosis: diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Ther. 2002;15(2):89–98.
- Moreno G, Arenas R. Other fungi causing onychomycosis. Clin Dermatol. 2010;28(2):160–163.
- Lin K, Lipner SR. Mobile phone reminders for onychomycosis medication adherence. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(5):e105–7.
- Gupta AK. Long term therapy with daily efinaconazole 10% nail solution for mild to moderate toenail onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes: an investigator-initiated clinical trial. Presentation at: Dermatol Update; 2018; Montreal, Canada.
- Sigurgeirsson B, Olafsson JH, Steinsson JB, et al. Long-term effectiveness of treatment with terbinafine vs itraconazole in onychomycosis: a 5-year blinded prospective follow-up study. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138(3):353–357.