References
- Van Hecke MV, Dekker JM, Stehouwer CDA, et al. Diabetic retinopathy is associated with mortality and cardiovascular disease incidence: the EURODIAB prospective complications study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(6):1383–1389.
- Scanlon PH. The English National Screening Programme for diabetic retinopathy 2003–2016. Acta Diabetol. 2017;54(6):515–525.
- Lee PP, Feldman ZW, Ostermann J, et al. Longitudinal rates of annual eye examinations of persons with diabetes and chronic eye diseases. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(10):1952–1959.
- Judah G, Darzi A, Vlaev I, et al. Incentives in Diabetic Eye Assessment by Screening (IDEAS) trial: a three-armed randomised controlled trial of financial incentives. Heal Serv Deliv Res. 2017;5(15):1–60.
- Fong DS, Aiello LP, Ferris FL 3rd, et al. Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(10):2540–2553.
- Solomon SD, Chew E, Duh EJ, et al. Diabetic retinopathy: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(3):412–418.
- Kohner EM, Porta M. Protocols for screening and treatment of diabetic retinopathy in Europe. Eur J Ophthalmol. 1991;1(1):45–54.
- Yau JWY, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, et al., Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 35(3): 556–564. 2012.
- Wong TY, Cheung CMG, Larsen M, et al. Diabetic retinopathy. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2016;2:1–17.
- Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature. 2001;414(6865):813–820.
- Mitchell P, Bandello F, Schmidt-Erfurth U, et al. The RESTORE study: ranibizumab monotherapy or combined with laser versus laser monotherapy for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(4):615–625.
- Early Photocoagulation for Diabetic Retinopathy: ETDRS Report Number 9. Ophthalmology. 1991; 98(5 Suppl): 766–785.
- Ogata N, Ando A, Uyama M, et al. Expression of cytokines and transcription factors in photocoagulated human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2001;239(2):87–95.
- Nagpal M, Marlecha S, Nagpal K. Comparison of laser photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy using 532-nm standard laser versus multispot pattern scan laser. Retina. 2010;30(3):452–458.
- Michels S. Is intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) safe? Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(11):1333–1334.
- Fogli S, Del Re M, Rofi E, et al. Clinical pharmacology of intravitreal anti-VEGF drugs. Eye. 2018;32(6):1010–1020.
- Porta M, Striglia E. Intravitreal anti-VEGF agents and cardiovascular risk. Intern Emerg Med. 2019;15(2):199–210.
- Gupta OP, Shienbaum G, Patel AH, et al. A treat and extend regimen using ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: clinical and economic impact. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(11):2134–2140.
- Cai S, Bressler NM. Aflibercept, bevacizumab or ranibizumab for diabetic macular oedema: recent clinically relevant findings from DRCR.net Protocol T. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2017;28(6):636–643.
- Xu L, Lu T, Tuomi L, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ranibizumab in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a population approach. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(3):1616–1624.
- Avery RL, Castellarin AA, Steinle NC, et al. Systemic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravitreal aflibercept, bevacizumab, and ranibizumab. Retina. 2017;37(10):1847–1858.
- Zarbin MA. Anti-VEGF agents and the risk of arteriothrombotic events. Asia-Pacific J Ophthalmol. 2018;7:63–67.
- Thulliez M, Angoulvant D, Pisella PJ, et al. Overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on systemic adverse events associated with intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor medication use. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136(5):557–566.
- Starr MR, Dalvin LA, AbouChehade JE, et al. Classification of strokes in patients receiving intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retin. 2019;50:E140–E157.
- Dalvin LA, Starr MR, Abouchehade JE, et al. Association of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy with risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, and death in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019;137(5):483–490.
- Maloney MH, Schilz SR, Herrin J, et al. risk of systemic adverse events associated with intravitreal anti–VEGF therapy for diabetic macular edema in routine clinical practice. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(7):1007–1015.
- Reibaldi M, Fallico M, Avitabile T, et al., Risk of death associated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 138(1): 50–57. 2020.
- Wubben TJ, Johnson MW, Sohn EH, et al. Anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for diabetic retinopathy: consequences of inadvertent treatment interruptions. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;204:13–18.
- Li H, Lei N, Zhang M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of a long-lasting anti-VEGF fusion protein in rabbit. Exp Eye Res. 2012;97(1):154–159.
- Li X, Xu G, Wang Y, et al. Safety and efficacy of conbercept in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: results from a 12-month randomized phase 2 Study: AURORA study. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(9):1740–1747.
- Felinski EA, Cox AE, Phillips BE, et al. Glucocorticoids induce transactivation of tight junction genes occludin and claudin-5 in retinal endothelial cells via a novel cis-element. Exp Eye Res. 2008;86(6):867–878.
- Augustin AJ, Kuppermann BD, Lanzetta P, et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant in previously treated patients with diabetic macular edema: subgroup analysis of the MEAD study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2015;15(1):150.
- Campochiaro PA, Brown DM, Pearson A, et al. Sustained delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous inserts provide benefit for at least 3 years in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(10):2125–2132.
- Wykoff CC, Chakravarthy U, Campochiaro PA, et al. Long-term effects of intravitreal 0.19 mg fluocinolone acetonide implant on progression and regression of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(4):440–449.
- Yilmaz T, Weaver CD, Gallagher MJ, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for treatment of refractory diabetic macular edema. a systematic review. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(5):902–913.
- Elman MJ, Aiello LP, Beck RW, et al. Randomized trial evaluating ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(6):1064–1077.
- Elman MJ, Bressler NM, Qin H, et al. Expanded 2-year follow-up of ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(4):609–614.
- Mansour SE, Browning DJ, Wong K, et al. The evolving treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:653–678.
- Rice TA, Michels RG. Long-term anatomic and functional results of vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;90(3):297–303.
- Manabe A, Shimada H, Hattori T, et al. Randomized controlled study of intravitreal bevacizumab 0.16 mg injected one day before surgery for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Retina. 2015;35(9):1800–1807.
- Castillo J, Aleman I, Rush SW, et al. Preoperative bevacizumab administration in proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients undergoing vitrectomy: a randomized and controlled trial comparing interval variation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017;183:1–10.
- Diabetic retinopathy market size by type (proliferative diabetic retinopathy, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy), by age group (40-49, 50-64, 65-74), by management (anti-VEGF, intraocular steroid injection, laser surgery, vitrectomy), by distribution. 2019. [cited 2020 Feb 19]. Available form: https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/diabetic-retinopathy-market-report
- Sasongko MB, Wardhana FS, Febryanto GA, et al. The estimated healthcare cost of diabetic retinopathy in Indonesia and its projection for 2025. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104(4):487–492.
- Jaki Mekjavić P, Balčiūnienė VJ, Ćeklić L, et al. The burden of macular diseases in Central and Eastern Europe—implications for healthcare systems. Value Heal Reg Issues. 2019;19:1–6.
- Holmes K, Roberts OL, Thomas AM, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2: structure, function, intracellular signalling and therapeutic inhibition. Cell Signal. 2007;19(10):2003–2012.
- Perrin RM, Konopatskaya O, Qiu Y, et al. Diabetic retinopathy is associated with a switch in splicing from anti- to pro-angiogenic isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor. Diabetologia. 2005;48(11):2422–2427.
- Watanabe D, Suzuma K, Suzuma I, et al. Vitreous levels of angiopoietin 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139(3):476–481.
- Peters KG, Kontos CD, Lin PC, et al. Functional significance of Tie2 signaling in the adult vasculature. Recent Prog Horm Res. 2004;59(1):51–71.
- Campochiaro PA, Peters KG. Targeting Tie2 for treatment of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. Curr Diab Rep. 2016;16(12):126–136.
- Lee J, Park DY, Park DY, et al. Angiopoietin-1 suppresses choroidal neovascularization and vascular leakage. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(4):2191–2199.
- Park SW, Yun JH, Kim JH, et al. Angiopoietin 2 induces pericyte apoptosis via α3β1 integrin signaling in diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 2014;63(9):3057–3068.
- Regula JT, Lundh von Leithner P, Foxton R, et al. Targeting key angiogenic pathways with a bispecific CrossMAb optimized for neovascular eye diseases. EMBO Mol Med. 2016;8(11):1265–1288.
- Zhang X, Zeng H, Bao S, et al. Diabetic macular edema: new concepts in patho-physiology and treatment. Cell Biosci. 2014;4:27–40.
- Lee JH, Wang JH, Chen J, et al. Gene therapy for visual loss: opportunities and concerns. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2019;68:31–53.
- Sjølie AK, Klein R, Porta M, et al. Retinal microaneurysm count predicts progression and regression of diabetic retinopathy. Post-hoc results from the DIRECT programme. Diabetic Med. 2011;28(3):345–351.
- Mahajan N, Arora P, Sandhir R. Perturbed biochemical pathways and associated oxidative stress lead to vascular dysfunctions in diabetic retinopathy. Oxid Med Cell Longev [Internet]. 2019;2019:8458472. [cited 2020 Feb 25].
- Tsujinaka H, Fu J, Shen J, et al. Sustained treatment of retinal vascular diseases with self-aggregating sunitinib microparticles. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1–13.
- Kita T, Clermont AC, Murugesan N, et al. Plasma kallikrein-kinin system as a VEGF-independent mediator of diabetic macular edema. Diabetes. 2015;64(10):3588–3599.
- Liu J, Feener EP. Plasma kallikrein-kinin system and diabetic retinopathy. Biol Chem. 2013;394(3):319–328.
- KalVista for DME | kalVista Pharmaceuticals, Inc [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jun 19]. Available from: https://www.kalvista.com/products-pipeline/kalvista-dme
- Boyer DS, Quiroz-Mercado H, Kuppermann BD, et al. Integrin peptide therapy: a new class of treatment for vascular eye diseases - the first human experience in DME. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:1337.
- Plückthun A. Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins): binding proteins for research, diagnostics, and therapy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2015;55(1):489–511.
- Rodrigues GA, Mason M, Christie LA, et al. Functional characterization of abicipar-pegol, an anti-VEGF DARPin therapeutic that potently inhibits angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(15):5836–5846.
- Eggel A, Buschor P, Baumann MJ, et al. Inhibition of ongoing allergic reactions using a novel anti-IgE DARPin-Fc fusion protein. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;66(7):961–968.
- Callanan D, Kunimoto D, Maturi RK, et al. Double-masked, randomized, phase 2 evaluation of abicipar pegol (an anti-VEGF DARPin therapeutic) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2018;34(10):700–709.
- Kunimoto D, Ohji M, Maturi RK, et al. Evaluation of abicipar pegol (an anti-VEGF DARPIN therapeutic) in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration: studies in Japan and the United States. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retin. 2019;50(2):10–22.
- Allergan and molecular partners present late-breaking data from phase 3 studies of investigational abicipar pegol in neovascular wet age-related macular degeneration – molecular partners [Internet]. Molecularpartners.com. 2019. [cited 2020 Jun 19]. Available from: https://www.molecularpartners.com/allergan-and-molecular-partners-present-late-breaking-data-from-phase-3-studies-of-investigational-abicipar-pegol-in-neovascular-wet-age-related-macular-degeneration/
- Allergan Media. Allergan and molecular partners announce topline safety results from MAPLE study of abicipar pegol. 2019; [cited 2020 Jun 19]. Available from: https://www.molecularpartners.com/allergan-and-molecular-partners-announce-topline-safety-results-from-maple-study-of-abicipar-pegol/
- Molecular Partners. Abicipar pegol PALM study phase 2 data in Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) presented at 2016 AAO annual meeting. [cited 2020 Jun 19]. Available from: https://www.molecularpartners.com/abicipar-pegol-palm-study-phase-2-data-in-diabetic-macular-edema-dme-presented-at-2016-aao-a
- Maturi RK, Glassman AR, Liu D, et al. Effect of adding dexamethasone to continued ranibizumab treatment in patients with persistent diabetic macular edema: A DRCR network phase 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136(1):29–38.
- Lima E Silva R, Kanan Y, Mirando AC, et al. Tyrosine kinase blocking collagen IV-derived peptide suppresses ocular neovascularization and vascular leakage. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(373):eaai8030.
- Dugel PU, Koh A, Ogura Y, et al. HAWK and HARRIER: phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-masked trials of brolucizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(1):72–84.
- Sahni J, Patel SS, Dugel PU, et al. Simultaneous inhibition of angiopoietin-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor-a with faricimab in diabetic macular edema: BOULEVARD phase 2 randomized trial. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(8):1155–1170.
- Chung C, Pherwani N. Ziv-aflibercept: A novel angiogenesis inhibitor for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013;70(21):1887–1896.
- Mansour AM, I Al-Ghadban S, Yunis MH, et al. Ziv-aflibercept in macular disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99(8):1055–1059.
- Meyer CH RE de AG de ODJMAFM. Intravitreal ziv-aflibercept for diabetic macular edema: 48-week outcomes. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retin. 2018;49(4):245–250.
- Mansour AM, Ashraf M, Charbaji A, et al. Two-year outcomes of intravitreal ziv-Aflibercept. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(10):1387–1390.
- Barmas-Alamdari D, D’Souza HS, Kapoor KG, et al. Intravitreal Ziv-Aflibercept: a comprehensive review. Semin Ophthalmol. 2019;34(6):420–435.