Do neighbourhood characteristics matter in understanding school children’s active lifestyles? A cross-region multi-city comparison of Glasgow, Edinburgh and Hong Kong

References

• Ahern, S. M., B. Arnott, T. Chatterton, A. De Nazelle, I. Kellar, and R. R. Mceachan. 2017. “Understanding Parents’ School Travel Choices: A Qualitative Study Using the Theoretical Domains Framework.” Journal of Transport & Health 4: 278–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, L. M., J. Inchley, J. Todd, D. Currie, A. R. Cooper, and C. Currie. 2005. “The Broader Impact of Walking to School among Adolescents: Seven day Accelerometry Based Study.” BMJ 331 (7524): 1061–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, N., and W. Van Mechelen. 2008. Paediatric Exercise Science and Medicine. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Census and Statistics Department. 2011. “Hong Kong Census.” Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. https://www.census2011.gov.hk/en/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Chillón, P., F. B. Ortega, J. R. Ruiz, I. J. Pérez, M. Martín-Matillas, J. Valtueña, S. Gómez-Martínez, et al. 2009. “Socio-economic Factors and Active Commuting to School in Urban Spanish Adolescents: The Avena Study.” The European Journal of Public Health 19 (5): 470–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chillón, P., J. Panter, K. Corder, A. Jones, and E. M. F. Van Sluijs. 2015. “A Longitudinal Study of the Distance that Young People Walk to School.” Health & Place 31: 133–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covay, E., and W. Carbonaro. 2010. “After the Bell: Participation in Extracurricular Activities, Classroom Behavior, and Academic Achievement.” Sociology of Education 83 (1): 20–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis, C., C. Babb, and D. Olaru. 2015. “Built Environment and Children's Travel to School.” Transport Policy 42: 21–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Kadt, J., S. A. Norris, B. Fleisch, L. Richter, and S. Alvanides. 2014. “Children's Daily Travel to School in Johannesburg-Soweto, South Africa: Geography and School Choice in the Birth to Twenty Cohort Study.” Children's Geographies 12 (2): 170–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Meester, A., G. Cardon, I. De Bourdeaudhuij, and L. Haerens. 2017. “Extracurricular School-Based Sports as a Stepping Stone Toward an Active Lifestyle? Differences in Physical Activity and Sports-Motivation Between Extracurricular School-Based Sports Participants and non-Participants.” Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 36 (4): 485–497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department, L. “Geoinfo Map.” Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. http://www2.map.gov.hk/gih3/index.jsp.
   Google Scholar
• D’haese, S., G. Vanwolleghem, E. Hinckson, I. De Bourdeaudhuij, B. Deforche, D. Van Dyck, and G. Cardon. 2015. “Cross-continental Comparison of the Association Between the Physical Environment and Active Transportation in Children: A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 12 (1): 145.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dumith, S. C., D. P. Gigante, M. R. Domingues, and H. W. Kohl Iii. 2011. “Physical Activity Change During Adolescence: A Systematic Review and a Pooled Analysis.” International Journal of Epidemiology 40 (3): 685–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fyhri, A., R. Hjorthol, R. L. Mackett, T. N. Fotel, and M. Kyttä. 2011. “Children's Active Travel and Independent Mobility in four Countries: Development, Social Contributing Trends and Measures.” Transport Policy 18 (5): 703–710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrard, J. “Active Transport: Children and Young People: An Overview of Recent Evidence.” https://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/~/media/resourcecentre/publicationsandresources/active%20travel/active_transport_children_and_young_people_final.ashx.
   Google Scholar
• Giles-Corti, B., S. F. Kelty, S. R. Zubrick, and K. P. Villanueva. 2009. “Encouraging Walking for Transport and Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents.” Sports Medicine 39 (12): 995–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govhk. “Lcq13: Physical Education.” Legislative Council of Hong Kong. https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201101/05/P201101050124.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Handy, S., X. Cao, and P. L. Mokhtarian. 2006. “Self-selection in the Relationship Between the Built Environment and Walking: Empirical Evidence from Northern California.” Journal of the American Planning Association 72 (1): 55–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertting, K., and I. Karlefors. 2013. “Sport as a Context for Integration: Newly Arrived Immigrant Children in Sweden Drawing Sporting Experiences.” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 3: 18.
   Google Scholar
• Holloway, S. L., and H. Pimlott-Wilson. 2014. “Enriching Children, Institutionalizing Childhood? Geographies of Play, Extracurricular Activities, and Parenting in England.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 104 (3): 613–627.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irawan, M. Z., and T. Sumi. 2011. “Promoting Active Transport in Students’ Travel Behavior: A Case from Yogyakarta (Indonesia).” Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (1): 45.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, H. 2020. “Islands of Design: Reshaping Land, Sea and Space.” Area 52 (1): 23–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karsten, L. 2015. “Middle-Class Childhood and Parenting Culture in High-Rise Hong Kong: On Scheduled Lives, the School Trap and a New Urban Idyll.” Children's Geographies 13 (5): 556–570.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingham, S., J. Pearce, and P. Zawar-Reza. 2007. “Driven to Injustice? Environmental Justice and Vehicle Pollution in Christchurch, new Zealand.” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 12 (4): 254–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby, J., and J. Inchley. 2009. “Active Travel to School: Views of 10-13 Year old Schoolchildren in Scotland.” Health Education 109 (2).
   Google Scholar
• Lau, E. Y. H., and D. P. W. Cheng. 2016. “An Exploration of the Participation of Kindergarten-Aged Hong Kong Children in Extra Curricular Activities.” Journal of Early Childhood Research 14 (3): 294–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, S. S. Y., R. Giridharan, and S. Ganesan. 2005. “Multiple and Intensive Land use: Case Studies in Hong Kong.” Habitat International 29 (3): 527–546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, K. Y. K., S. Astroza, B. P. Y. Loo, and C. R. Bhat. 2019. “An Environment-People Interactions Framework for Analysing Children's Extra-Curricular Activities and Active Transport.” Journal of Transport Geography 74: 341–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, K. Y. K., and B. P. Y. Loo. 2017. “Association of Children’s Mobility and Wellbeing: A Case Study in Hong Kong.” Travel Behaviour and Society 9: 95–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, K. Y., and B. P. Loo. 2020. “Determinants of Children’s Active Travel to School: A Case Study in Hong Kong.” Travel Behaviour and Society 21: 79–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, H.-J., and T. Skinner. 2012. “Culture and Motherhood: Findings from a Qualitative Study of East Asian Mothers in Britain.” Families, Relationships and Societies 1 (3): 327–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo, B. P. Y., A. H. T. Cheng, and S. L. Nichols. 2017a. “Transit-oriented Development on Greenfield Versus Infill Sites: Some Lessons from Hong Kong.” Landscape and Urban Planning 167: 37–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo, B. P. Y., and F. Du Verle. 2017. “Transit-oriented Development in Future Cities: Towards a two-Level Sustainable Mobility Strategy.” International Journal of Urban Sciences 21 (1): 54–67.
   Google Scholar
• Loo, B. P. Y., and W. W. Y. Lam. 2015. “Does Neighbourhood Count in Affecting Children's Journeys to Schools?” Children's Geographies 13 (1): 89–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo, B. P. Y., W. W. Y. Lam, R. Mahendran, and K. Katagiri. 2017b. “How is the Neighborhood Environment Related to the Health of Seniors Living in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Tokyo? Some Insights for Promoting Aging in Place.” Annals of the American Association of Geographers 107 (4): 812–828.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo, B. P. Y., R. Mahendran, K. Katagiri, and W. W. Y. Lam. 2017c. “Walking, Neighbourhood Environment and Quality of Life among Older People.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 25: 8–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenc, T., G. Brunton, S. Oliver, K. Oliver, and A. Oakley. 2008. “Attitudes to Walking and Cycling among Children, Young People and Parents: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 62 (10): 852–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubans, D. R., C. A. Boreham, P. Kelly, and C. E. Foster. 2011. “The Relationship Between Active Travel to School and Health-Related Fitness in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 8 (1): 5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maas, C. J., and J. J. Hox. 2005. “Sufficient Sample Sizes for Multilevel Modeling.” Methodology 1 (3): 86–92.
   Google Scholar
• Mah, S., L. Nettlefold, H. Macdonald, M. Winters, D. Race, C. Voss, and H. Mckay. 2017. “Does Parental Support Influence Children's Active School Travel?” Preventive Medicine Reports 6: 346–351.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mccrorie, P., and A. Ellaway. 2017. Objectively Measured Physical Activity Levels of Scottish Children: Analysis from a sub-Sample of 10-11 Year Olds in the Growing up in Scotland Study. Edinburgh: Scottish Government.
   Google Scholar
• Mccrorie, P., R. Mitchell, and A. Ellaway. 2018. “Comparison of two Methods to Assess Physical Activity Prevalence in Children: An Observational Study Using a Nationally Representative Sample of Scottish Children Aged 10–11 Years.” BMJ Open 8: e018369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcdonald, N. C. 2007. “Active Transportation to SchoolTrends Among U.S. Schoolchildren, 1969–2001.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 32 (6): 509–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcdonald, N. C. 2008. “Household Interactions and Children’s School Travel: The Effect of Parental Work Patterns on Walking and Biking to School.” Journal of Transport Geography 16 (5): 324–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mello, Z. R., and F. C. Worrell. 2010. “Gender Variation in Extracurricular Activity Participation and Perceived Life Chances in Trinidad and Tobago Adolescents.” Psykhe 17: 2.
   Google Scholar
• Mitra, R., and R. N. Buliung. 2015. “Exploring Differences in School Travel Mode Choice Behaviour Between Children and Youth.” Transport Policy 42: 4–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina-García, J., A. Queralt, M. A. Adams, T. L. Conway, and J. F. Sallis. 2017. “Neighborhood Built Environment and Socio-Economic Status in Relation to Multiple Health Outcomes in Adolescents.” Preventive Medicine 105: 88–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori, N., F. Armada, and D. C. Willcox. 2012. “Walking to School in Japan and Childhood Obesity Prevention: New Lessons from an old Policy.” American Journal of Public Health 102 (11): 2068–2073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Records of Scotland. Corrected mid-2013 Population Estimates Scotland. https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/population-estimates/mid-year-population-estimates/mid-2015-and-corrected-mid-2012-to-mid-2014/mid-2012-mid-2013-and-mid-2014-corrected-tables.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, J. R., R. Mitchell, P. Mccrorie, and A. Ellaway. 2019. “Children's Mobility and Environmental Exposures in Urban Landscapes: A Cross-Sectional Study of 10–11 Year old Scottish Children.” Social Science & Medicine (1982) 224: 11–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, J. R., R. Mitchell, N. Mutrie, L. Foley, and D. Ogilvie. 2017. “Population Levels of, and Inequalities in, Active Travel: A National, Cross-Sectional Study of Adults in Scotland.” Preventive Medicine Reports 8: 129–134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Openstreetmap. Openstreetmap. https://www.openstreetmap.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Pojani, D., and K. Boussauw. 2014. “Keep the Children Walking: Active School Travel in Tirana, Albania.” Journal of Transport Geography 38: 55–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prevention, C. F. D. C. A. 2005. “Barriers to Children Walking to or from School–United States, 2004.” MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 54 (38): 949–952.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rachele, J. N., V. Learnihan, H. M. Badland, S. Mavoa, G. Turrell, and B. Giles-Corti. 2017. “Neighbourhood Socioeconomic and Transport Disadvantage: The Potential to Reduce Social Inequities in Health Through Transport.” Journal of Transport & Health 7: 256–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanathan, S., C. O'brien, G. Faulkner, and M. Stone. 2014. “Happiness in Motion: Emotions, Well-Being, and Active School Travel.” Journal of School Health 84 (8): 516–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, J. J. 2016. “When does it all go Wrong? Longitudinal Studies of Changes in Moderate-to-Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity Across Childhood and Adolescence.” Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness 14 (1): 1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman, L., A. K. Macpherson, T. Ross, and R. N. Buliung. 2018. “The Decline in Active School Transportation (ast): A Systematic Review of the Factors Related to ast and Changes in School Transport Over Time in North America.” Preventive Medicine 111: 314–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallis, J. F., E. Cerin, T. L. Conway, M. A. Adams, L. D. Frank, M. Pratt, D. Salvo, J. Schipperijn, G. Smith, and K. L. Cain. 2016. “Physical Activity in Relation to Urban Environments in 14 Cities Worldwide: A Cross-Sectional Study.” The Lancet 387 (10034): 2207–2217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, M. P., J. Oliveira, J. C. Ribeiro, and J. Mota. 2009. “Active Travel to School, BMI and Participation in Organised and Non-Organised Physical Activity Among Portuguese Adolescents.” Preventive Medicine 49 (6): 497–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzfischer, P., M. Weber, D. Gruszfeld, P. Socha, V. Luque, J. Escribano, A. Xhonneux, E. Verduci, B. Mariani, and B. Koletzko. 2017. “Bmi and Recommended Levels of Physical Activity in School Children.” BMC Public Health 17 (1): 595.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scottish Goverment. “Land use Data Directory.” http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/Countryside/Landusestrategy/datadirectory.
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Government. “A more Active Scotland - Building a Legacy from the Commonwealth Games.” https://www.gov.scot/publications/more-active-scotland-building-legacy-commonwealth-games/.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, B., M. Bicket, B. Elliott, B. Fagan-Watson, E. Mocca, and M. Hillman. 2015. “Children’s Independent Mobility: An International Comparison and Recommendations for Action.”
   Google Scholar
• Sit, C. H. P., K. J. Lindner, and C. Sherrill. 2002. “Sport Participation of Hong Kong Chinese Children with Disabilities in Special Schools.” Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 19 (4): 453–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A., and D. Haycock. 2016. “Families, Youth and Extra-Curricular Activity: Implications for Physical Education and School Sport.” In Families, Young People and Health, edited by S. Dagkas and L. Burrows, 181–93. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sport Scotland. “Sport Scotland.” Scottish Government. https://sportscotland.org.uk/.
   Google Scholar
• Stefansdottir, H., P. Næss, and C. M. Ihlebæk. 2019. “Built Environment, non-Motorized Travel and Overall Physical Activity.” Travel Behaviour and Society 16: 201–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner, E., J. Chanfreau, M. Callanan, K. Laing, J. Paylor, A. Skipp, and L. Todd. 2016. “Can Out of School Activities Close the Education Gap.” Briefing Paper 4: 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Timperio, A., K. Ball, J. Salmon, R. Roberts, B. Giles-Corti, D. Simmons, L. A. Baur, and D. Crawford. 2006. “Personal, Family, Social, and Environmental Correlates of Active Commuting to School.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 30 (1): 45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timperio, A., D. Crawford, A. Telford, and J. Salmon. 2004. “Perceptions About the Local Neighborhood and Walking and Cycling among Children.” Preventive Medicine 38 (1): 39–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Transport Department. “Children on the Road.” Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. http://www.td.gov.hk/en/road_safety/road_users_code/index/chapter_9_your_child_as_a_road_user/children_on_the_road_/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Transport Scotland. “Scottish Transport Statistics no 35: Chapter 11: Personal and Cross-Modal Travel.” https://www.transport.gov.scot/publication/scottish-transport-statistics-no-35-2016-edition/sct01171871341-14/.
   Google Scholar
• Van Goeverden, C. D., and E. De Boer. 2013. “School Travel Behaviour in the Netherlands and Flanders.” Transport Policy 26: 73–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Sluijs, E. M. F., V. A. Fearne, C. Mattocks, C. Riddoch, S. J. Griffin, and A. Ness. 2009. “The Contribution of Active Travel to Children's Physical Activity Levels: Cross-Sectional Results from the Alspac Study.” Preventive Medicine 48 (6): 519–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, D., G. Mccartney, C. Collins, M. Taulbut, and G. D. Batty. 2017. “History, Politics and Vulnerability: Explaining Excess Mortality in Scotland and Glasgow.” Public Health 151: 1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L., and C. Wen. 2017. “The Relationship Between the Neighborhood Built Environment and Active Transportation among Adults: A Systematic Literature Review.” Urban Science 1 (3): 29.
   Google Scholar
• Waygood, E. O. D., Y. Sun, and L. Letarte. 2015. “Active Travel by Built Environment and Lifecycle Stage: Case Study of Osaka Metropolitan Area.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12 (12): 15900–15924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, B. Y.-M., G. Faulkner, and R. Buliung. 2011a. “Gis Measured Environmental Correlates of Active School Transport: A Systematic Review of 14 Studies.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 8 (1): 39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, B. Y.-M., G. Faulkner, R. Buliung, and H. Irving. 2011b. “Mode Shifting in School Travel Mode: Examining the Prevalence and Correlates of Active School Transport in Ontario, Canada.” BMC Public Health 11 (1): 618.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu, L., C. Ren, C. Yuan, J. E. Nichol, and W. B. Goggins. 2017. “An Ecological Study of the Association Between Area-Level Green Space and Adult Mortality in Hong Kong.” Climate 5 (3): 55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, S., and B. P. Y. Loo. 2016. “Safety in Numbers for Cyclists Beyond National-Level and City-Level Data: A Study on the non-Linearity of Risk Within the City of Hong Kong.” Injury Prevention 22 (6): 379–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, C., C. Shao, and X. Wang. 2018. “Built Environment and Parking Availability: Impacts on car Ownership and use.” Sustainability 10 (7): 2285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, R., E. Yao, and Z. Liu. 2017. “School Travel Mode Choice in Beijing, China.” Journal of Transport Geography 62: 98–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar