Children's physical activity and active travel: a cross-sectional study of activity spaces, sociodemographic and neighborhood associations

References

• Badland, Hannah, Phil Donovan, Suzanne Mavoa, Melody Oliver, Moushumi Chaudhury, and Karen Witten. 2015. “Assessing Neighbourhood Destination Access for Children: Development of the NDAI-C Audit Tool.” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 42 (6): 1148–1160. doi:10.1068/b140009p.
   Google Scholar
• Bahadure, Sarika. 2012. “Social Sustainability and Mixed Landuse, Case Study of Neighborhoods in Nagpur, India.” Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science 2 (4): 76–83. doi:10.9756/bijiems.1744.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin-Neelon, Sara E., Alyssa Platt, Montserrat Bacardi-Gascon, Sarah Armstrong, Brian Neelon, and Arturo Jimenez-Cruz. 2019. “Greenspace, Physical Activity, and BMI in Children from Two Cities in Northern Mexico.” Preventive Medicine Reports 14 (June): 100870. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100870.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borghese, Michael M., and Ian Janssen. 2018. “Development of a Measurement Approach to Assess Time Children Participate in Organized Sport, Active Travel, Outdoor Active Play, and Curriculum-Based Physical Activity.” BMC Public Health 18 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1186/S12889-018-5268-1/TABLES/2.
   Google Scholar
• Broberg, Anna, and Satu Sarjala. 2015. “School Travel Mode Choice and the Characteristics of the Urban Built Environment: The Case of Helsinki, Finland.” Transport Policy 37: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.10.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, Greg. 2016. “A Review of Sampling Effects and Response Bias in Internet Participatory Mapping (PPGIS/PGIS/VGI).” Transactions in GIS 2016. doi:10.1111/tgis.12207.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, Greg, and Marketta Kyttä. 2014. “Key Issues and Research Priorities for Public Participation GIS (PPGIS): A Synthesis Based on Empirical Research.” Applied Geography 46: 126–136. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.11.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, Ashley R., Niels Wedderkopp, Han Wang, Lars Bo Andersen, Karsten Froberg, and Angie S. Page. 2006. “Active Travel to School and Cardiovascular Fitness in Danish Children and Adolescents.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 38 (10): 1724–1731. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000229570.02037.1D.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, Zoë, Martin Guhn, Ingrid Jarvis, Michael Jerrett, Lorien Nesbitt, Tim Oberlander, Hind Sbihi, Jason Su, and Matilda van den Bosch. 2021. “The Association Between Natural Environments and Childhood Mental Health and Development: A Systematic Review and Assessment of Different Exposure Measurements.” International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 235 (June): 113767. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113767.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davison, Kirsten Krahnstoever, and Catherine T. Lawson. 2006. “Do Attributes in the Physical Environment Influence Children’s Physical Activity? A Review of the Literature.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 3 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dessing, Dirk, Sanne I. de Vries, Geertje Hegeman, Evert Verhagen, Willem van Mechelen, and Frank H. Pierik. 2016. “Children’s Route Choice During Active Transportation to School: Difference Between Shortest and Actual Route.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 13 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1186/S12966-016-0373-Y/TABLES/6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dixon, Brittney N., Umelo A. Ugwoaba, Andrea N. Brockmann, and Kathryn M. Ross. 2021. “Associations Between the Built Environment and Dietary Intake, Physical Activity, and Obesity: A Scoping Review of Reviews.” Obesity Reviews 22 (4): e13171. doi:10.1111/obr.13171.
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, Mitch J., Elisabeth Winkler, Takemi Sugiyama, Ester Cerin, Lorinne Dutoit, Eva Leslie, and Neville Owen. 2010. “Relationships of Land Use Mix with Walking for Transport: Do Land Uses and Geographical Scale Matter?” Journal of Urban Health 87 (5): 782–795. doi:10.1007/s11524-010-9488-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evenson, Kelly R., Diane J. Catellier, Karminder Gill, Kristin S. Ondrak, and Robert G. McMurray. 2008. “Calibration of Two Objective Measures of Physical Activity for Children.” Journal of Sports Sciences 26 (14): 1557–1565. doi:10.1080/02640410802334196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagerholm, Nora, Christopher M Raymond, Anton Stahl Olafsson, Gregory Brown, Tiina Rinne, Kamyar Hasanzadeh, Anna Broberg, and Marketta Kyttä. 2021. “A Methodological Framework for Analysis of Participatory Mapping Data in Research, Planning, and Management.” International Journal of Geographical Information Science 35 (9): 1848–1875. doi:10.1080/13658816.2020.1869747.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, Lawrence D., Thomas L. Schmid, James F. Sallis, James Chapman, and Brian E. Saelens. 2005. “Linking Objectively Measured Physical Activity with Objectively Measured Urban Form: Findings from SMARTRAQ.” In American Journal of Preventive Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.11.001.
   Google Scholar
• Giles-Corti, Billie, Sally F. Kelty, Stephen R. Zubrick, and Karen P. Villanueva. 2009. “Encouraging Walking for Transport and Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents: How Important Is the Built Environment?” Sports Medicine 39 (12): 995–1009. doi:10.2165/11319620-000000000-00000/FIGURES/2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles-Corti, Billie, Gina Wood, Terri Pikora, Vincent Learnihan, Max Bulsara, Kimberly Van Niel, Anna Timperio, Gavin McCormack, and Karen Villanueva. 2011. “School Site and the Potential to Walk to School: The Impact of Street Connectivity and Traffic Exposure in School Neighborhoods.” Health and Place 17 (2): 545–550. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.12.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasanzadeh, Kamyar. 2018. “IASM: Individualized Activity Space Modeler.” SoftwareX 7: 138–142. doi:10.1016/j.softx.2018.04.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasanzadeh, Kamyar. 2019. “Exploring Centricity of Activity Spaces: From Measurement to the Identification of Personal and Environmental Factors.” Travel Behaviour and Society 14: 57–65. doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2018.10.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasanzadeh, Kamyar. 2021. “Use of Participatory Mapping Approaches for Activity Space Studies: A Brief Overview of Pros and Cons.” GeoJournal 60: 1366. doi:10.1007/s10708-021-10489-0.
   Google Scholar
• Hasanzadeh, Kamyar, Anna Broberg, and Marketta Kyttä. 2017. “Where is My Neighborhood? A Dynamic Individual-Based Definition of Home Ranges and Implementation of Multiple Evaluation Criteria.” Applied Geography 84: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.04.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasanzadeh, Kamyar, Michal Czepkiewicz, Jukka Heinonen, Marketta Kyttä, Sanna Ala-Mantila, and Juudit Ottelin. 2019. “Beyond Geometries of Activity Spaces: A Holistic Study of Daily Travel Patterns, Individual Characteristics, and Perceived Wellbeing in Helsinki Metropolitan Area.” Journal of Transport and Land Use 12 (1). doi:10.5198/jtlu.2019.1148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasanzadeh, Kamyar, Marketta Kyttä, Johanna Lilius, Samira Ramezani, and Tiina Rinne. 2021. “Centricity and Multi-Locality of Activity Spaces: The Varying Ways Young and Old Adults Use Neighborhoods and Extra-Neighborhood Spaces in Helsinki Metropolitan Area.” Cities 110: 103062. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2020.103062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasanzadeh, Kamyar, Tiina E. Laatikainen, and Marketta Kyttä. 2018. “A Place-Based Model of Local Activity Spaces: Individual Place Exposure and Characteristics.” Journal of Geographical Systems 20 (3): 227. doi:10.1007/s10109-017-0264-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrador-Colmenero, Manuel, Emilio Villa-González, and Palma Chillón. 2017. “Children Who Commute to School Unaccompanied Have Greater Autonomy and Perceptions of Safety.” Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics 106 (12): 2042–2047. doi:10.1111/apa.14047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda, Erika, Suzanne Mavoa, Erica Hinckson, Karen Witten, Niamh Donnellan, and Melody Smith. 2018a. “Differences in Child-Drawn and GIS-Modelled Routes to School: Impact on Space and Exposure to the Built Environment in Auckland, New Zealand.” Journal of Transport Geography 71 (July): 103–115. doi:10.1016/J.JTRANGEO.2018.07.005.
   Google Scholar
• Ikeda, Erika, Tom Stewart, Nicholas Garrett, Victoria Egli, Sandra Mandic, Jamie Hosking, Karen Witten, et al. 2018b. “Built Environment Associates of Active School Travel in New Zealand Children and Youth: A Systematic Meta-Analysis Using Individual Participant Data.” Journal of Transport and Health 9: 117–131. doi:10.1016/j.jth.2018.04.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrett, Haydn, Liam Fitzgerald, and Ash C. Routen. 2015. “Interinstrument Reliability of the ActiGraph GT3X+ Ambulatory Activity Monitor During Free-Living Conditions in Adults.” Journal of Physical Activity and Health 12 (3): 382–387. doi:10.1123/jpah.2013-0070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia, Peng, Chao Yu, Justin V. Remais, Alfred Stein, Yu Liu, Ross C. Brownson, Jeroen Lakerveld, et al. 2020. “Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology Reporting Standards (ISLE-ReSt) Statement.” Health and Place 61 (January): 102243. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102243.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jia, Peng, Xiongfeng Pan, Fangchao Liu, Pan He, Weiwei Zhang, Li Liu, Yuxuan Zou, and Liding Chen. 2021a. “Land Use Mix in the Neighbourhood and Childhood Obesity.” Obesity Reviews 22: e13098. doi:10.1111/obr.13098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia, Peng, Yuxuan Zou, Zhifeng Wu, Dong Zhang, Tong Wu, Melody Smith, and Qian Xiao. 2021b. “Street Connectivity, Physical Activity, and Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” Obesity Reviews 22 (S1): e12943. doi:10.1111/obr.12943.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones, Rebecca A., Nicole E. Blackburn, Catherine Woods, Molly Byrne, Femke van Nassau, and Mark A. Tully. 2019. “Interventions Promoting Active Transport to School in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Preventive Medicine 123 (June): 232–241. doi:10.1016/J.YPMED.2019.03.030.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kajosaari, Anna, Sayyed M Haybatollahi, Kamyar Hasanzadeh, and Marketta Kyttä. 2021. “Examining the Effects of Residential Location and Stated Residential Preferences on Activity Space Size and Centricity.” Travel Behaviour and Society 23: 65–75. doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2020.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwan, Mei-Po. 2012. “The Uncertain Geographic Context Problem.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 102 (May 2015): 958–968. doi:10.1080/00045608.2012.687349.
   Google Scholar
• Kyttä, Marketta, Anna Broberg, Mohammad Haybatollahi, Kaisa Schmidt-Thomé, and K. Schmidt-Thome. 2015. “Urban Happiness: Context-Sensitive Study of the Social Sustainability of Urban Settings.” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 43 (1): 34–57. doi:10.1177/0265813515600121.
   Google Scholar
• Kyttä, Marketta, Anna K Broberg, and Maarit Kahila. 2012. “Urban Environment and Children’s Active Lifestyle: SoftGIS Revealing Children’s Behavioral Patterns and Meaningful Places.” American Journal of Health Promotion: AJHP 26 (5): e137–e148. doi:10.4278/ajhp.100914-QUAN-310.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kyttä, Marketta, Melody Oliver, Erika Ikeda, Ehsan Ahmadi, Ichiro Omiya, and Tiina Laatikainen. 2018. “Children as Urbanites: Mapping the Affordances and Behavior Settings of Urban Environments for Finnish and Japanese Children.” Children’s Geographies 16 (3): 319–332. doi:10.1080/14733285.2018.1453923.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laatikainen, Tiina E., Anna Broberg, and Marketta Kyttä. 2017. “The Physical Environment of Positive Places: Exploring Differences Between Age Groups.” Preventive Medicine 95 (February): S85–S91. doi:10.1016/J.YPMED.2016.11.015.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laatikainen, Tiina E., Kamyar Hasanzadeh, and Marketta Kyttä. 2018. “Capturing Exposure in Environmental Health Research: Challenges and Opportunities of Different Activity Space Models.” International Journal of Health Geographics 17 (1): 29. doi:10.1186/s12942-018-0149-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lachowycz, Kate, Andy P. Jones, Angie S. Page, Benedict W. Wheeler, and Ashley R. Cooper. 2012. “What Can Global Positioning Systems Tell Us About the Contribution of Different Types of Urban Greenspace to Children’s Physical Activity?” Health and Place 18 (3): 586–594. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.01.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, En Yi, Karen Witten, Melody Smith, Penelope Carroll, Lanuola Asiasiga, Hannah Badland, and Karl Parker. 2017. “Social and Built-Environment Factors Related to Children’s Independent Mobility: The Importance of Neighbourhood Cohesion and Connectedness.” Health and Place 46 (July): 107–113. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.05.002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loebach, Janet, and Jason Gilliland. 2016a. “Neighbourhood Play on the Endangered List: Examining Patterns in Children’s Local Activity and Mobility Using GPS Monitoring and Qualitative GIS.” Children’s Geographies 14 (5): 573–589. doi:10.1080/14733285.2016.1140126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loebach, Janet, and Jason A. Gilliland. 2016b. “Free Range Kids? Using GPS-Derived Activity Spaces to Examine Children’s Neighborhood Activity and Mobility.” Environment and Behavior 48 (3): 421–453. doi:10.1177/0013916514543177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord, Sébastien, Florent Joerin, and Marius Thériault. 2009. “La Mobilité Quotidienne de Banlieusards Vieillissants et Âgés: Déplacements, Aspirations et Significations de La Mobilité.” Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe Canadien 53 (3): 357–375. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2009.00269.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzi, Isabel, Yolanda Demetriou, and Anne Kerstin Reimers. 2018. “Social and Physical Environmental Correlates of Independent Mobility in Children: A Systematic Review Taking Sex/Gender Differences Into Account.” International Journal of Health Geographics 17 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1186/s12942-018-0145-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mattocks, Calum, Andy Ness, Sam Leary, Kate Tilling, Steven N. Blair, Julian Shield, Kevin Deere, et al. 2008. “Use of Accelerometers in a Large Field-Based Study of Children: Protocols, Design Issues, and Effects on Precision.” Journal of Physical Activity and Health 5 (s1): 98–111. doi:10.1123/jpah.5.s1.s98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mavoa, Suzanne, Claire Boulangé, Serryn Eagleson, Joshua Stewart, Hannah M. Badland, Billie Giles-Corti, and Lucy Gunn. 2018. “Identifying Appropriate Land-Use Mix Measures for Use in a National Walkability Index.” Journal of Transport and Land Use 11 (1): 681–700. doi:10.5198/jtlu.2018.1132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra, Raktim. 2013. “Independent Mobility and Mode Choice for School Transportation: A Review and Framework for Future Research.” Transport Reviews 33 (1): 21–43. doi:10.1080/01441647.2012.743490.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, Mika R., Efrat Eizenberg, and Pnina Plaut. 2017. “Getting to Know a Place: Built Environment Walkability and Children’s Spatial Representation of Their Home-School (h–s) Route.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017 Vol. 14 Page 607 14 (6): 607. doi:10.3390/IJERPH14060607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, Melody, Hannah M. Badland, Grant M. Schofield, and Janine Shepherd. 2011. “Identification of Accelerometer Nonwear Time and Sedentary Behavior.” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 82 (4): 779–783. doi:10.1080/02701367.2011.10599814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, Melody, Julia McPhee, Penelope Carroll, Erika Ikeda, Suzanne Mavoa, Lisa Mackay, Robin A Kearns, e tal. 2016. “Neighbourhoods for Active Kids: Study Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Examination of Neighbourhood Features and Children's Physical activity, Active Travel, Independent Mobility and Body Size.” BMJ Open 6 (8): e013377. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, Xiongfeng, Li Zhao, Jiayou Luo, Yinhao Li, Lin Zhang, Tong Wu, Melody Smith, Shaoqing Dai, and Peng Jia. 2021. “Access to Bike Lanes and Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Obesity Reviews 22 (S1): e13042. doi:10.1111/obr.13042.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramezani, Samira, Kamyar Hasanzadeh, Tiina Rinne, Anna Kajosaari, and Marketta Kyttä. 2021. “Residential Relocation and Travel Behavior Change: Investigating the Effects of Changes in the Built Environment, Activity Space Dispersion, Car and Bike Ownership, and Travel Attitudes.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 147: 28–48. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2021.02.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramezani, Samira, Tiina Laatikainen, Kamyar Hasanzadeh, and Marketta Kyttä. 2019. “Shopping Trip Mode Choice of Older Adults: An Application of Activity Space and Hybrid Choice Models in Understanding the Effects of Built Environment and Personal Goals.” Transportation 48 (2): 1–32. doi:10.1007/s11116-019-10065-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallis, James F, Ester Cerin, Terry L Conway, Marc A Adams, Lawrence D Frank, Michael Pratt, Deborah Salvo, et al. 2016. “Physical Activity in Relation to Urban Environments in 14 Cities Worldwide: A Cross-Sectional Study.” The Lancet 387 (10034): 2207–2217. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp, Gregory, and Rachel Tolbert Kimbro. 2021. “Neighborhood Social Environments, Healthy Resources, and Adult Diabetes: Accounting for Activity Space Exposures.” Health and Place 67 (January): 102473. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102473.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith, Melody, Rebecca Amann, Alana Cavadino, Deborah Raphael, Robin Kearns, Roger Mackett, Lisa Mackay, et al. 2019a. “Children’s Transport Built Environments: A Mixed Methods Study of Associations between Perceived and Objective Measures and Relationships with Parent Licence for Independent Mobility in Auckland, New Zealand.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16 (8): 1361. doi:10.3390/ijerph16081361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Melody, Jianqiang Cui, Erika Ikeda, Suzanne Mavoa, Kamyar Hasanzadeh, Jinfeng Zhao, Tiina E Rinne, Niamh Donnellan, and Marketta Kyttä. 2021. “Objective Measurement of Children's Physical Activity Geographies: A Systematic Search and Scoping Review.” Health & Place 67: 102489. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Melody, Jamie Hosking, Alistair Woodward, Karen Witten, Alexandra MacMillan, Adrian Field, Peter Baas, and Hamish Mackie. 2017. “Systematic literature review of built environment effects on physical activity and active transport – an update and new findings on health equity.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 14 (1). doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0613-9.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Melody, Erika Ikeda, Scott Duncan, Ralph Maddison, Erica Hinckson, Kim Meredith-Jones, Caroline Walker, and Sandra Mandic. 2019b. “Trends and Measurement Issues for Active Transportation in New Zealand's Physical Activity Report Cards for Children and Youth.” Journal of Transport & Health 15: 100789. doi:10.1016/j.jth.2019.100789.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Melody, Erika Ikeda, Greer Hawley, Suzanne Mavoa, Jamie Hosking, Victoria Egli, Jinfeng Zhao, et al. 2020a. “An Integrated Conceptual Model of Environmental Needs for New Zealand Children's Active Travel to School.” Journal of Transport & Health 16: 100814. doi:10.1016/j.jth.2019.100814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Melody, Erika Ikeda, Greer Hawley, Suzanne Mavoa, Jamie Hosking, Victoria Egli, Jinfeng Zhao, et al. 2020b. “An Integrated Conceptual Model of Environmental Needs for New Zealand Children’s Active Travel to School: Environmental Needs for Active School Travel.” Journal of Transport and Health 16: 100814. doi:10.1016/j.jth.2019.100814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Melody, Erika Ikeda, Erica Hinckson, Scott Duncan, Ralph Maddison, Kim Meredith-Jones, Caroline Walker, and Sandra Mandic. 2018. “Results from New Zealand’s 2018 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth.” Journal of Physical Activity and Health 15 (s2): S390–S392. doi:10.1123/jpah.2018-0463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Melody, Suzanne Mavoa, Erika Ikeda, Kamyar Hasanzadeh, Jinfeng Zhao, Tiina E Rinne, Niamh Donnellan, Marketta Kyttä, and Jianqiang Cui. 2022. “Associations between Children’s Physical Activity and Neighborhood Environments Using GIS: A Secondary Analysis from a Systematic Scoping Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 (3): 1033. doi:10.3390/ijerph19031033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, Yan, Louis Merlin, and Daniel Rodriguez. 2013. “Comparing Measures of Urban Land Use Mix.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 42: 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2013.08.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics New Zealand. 2005. “Statistical Standard for Ethnicity.” Wellington, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, Tom, Scott Duncan, Basile Chaix, Yan Kestens, Jasper Schipperijn, and Grant Schofield. 2015. “A Novel Assessment of Adolescent Mobility: A Pilot Study.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 12 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0176-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart, Tom, Jasper Schipperijn, Bernhard Snizek, and Scott Duncan. 2017. “Adolescent School Travel: Is Online Mapping a Practical Alternative to GPS-Assessed Travel Routes?” Journal of Transport and Health 5: 113–122. doi:10.1016/j.jth.2016.10.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tribby, Calvin P., Harvey J. Miller, Barbara B. Brown, Ken R. Smith, and Carol M. Werner. 2017. “Geographic Regions for Assessing Built Environmental Correlates with Walking Trips: A Comparison Using Different Metrics and Model Designs.” Health and Place 45: 1. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.02.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villanueva, Karen, Billie Giles-Corti, Max Bulsara, Gavin R. McCormack, Anna Timperio, Nick Middleton, Bridget Beesley, and Georgina Trapp. 2012. “How Far Do Children Travel from Their Homes? Exploring Children’s Activity Spaces in Their Neighborhood.” Health and Place 18 (2): 263–273. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.09.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Jue, Mei-Po Kwan, and Yanwei Chai. 2018. “An Innovative Context-Based Crystal-Growth Activity Space Method for Environmental Exposure Assessment: A Study Using GIS and GPS Trajectory Data Collected in Chicago.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (4): 703. doi:10.3390/ijerph15040703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Donggen, Fei Li, and Yanwei Chai. 2012. “Activity Spaces and Sociospatial Segregation in Beijing.” Urban Geography 33 (2): 256–277. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.33.2.256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, Jonathan S., J. Scott Duncan, Aaron Jarden, and Tom Stewart. 2016. “The Impact of Children’s Exposure to Greenspace on Physical Activity, Cognitive Development, Emotional Wellbeing, and Ability to Appraise Risk.” Health and Place 40 (July): 44–50. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.04.015.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wei, Qiujun, Jiangfeng She, Shuhua Zhang, and Jinsong Ma. 2018. “Using Individual Gps Trajectories to Explore Foodscape Exposure: A Case Study in Beijing Metropolitan Area.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (3): 405. doi:10.3390/ijerph15030405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. 2020. “WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour: Web Annex Evidence Profiles.” 2020. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015111.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, Ziliang, Shih-Lung Shaw, Yang Xu, Feng Lu, Jie Chen, and Ling Yin. 2016. “Understanding the Bias of Call Detail Records in Human Mobility Research.” International Journal of Geographical Information Science 30 (9): 1738–1762. doi:10.1080/13658816.2015.1137298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar