Nitrogen Management for Profitable Farming with Minimal Environmental Impact: The Challenge for Mixed Farms in the Cotswold Hills, England

References

• Allingham , K. D. , Cartwright , R. , Donaghy , D. , Conway , J. S. , Goulding , K. W.T. and Jarvis , S. C. 2002 . Nitrate leaching losses and their control in a mixed farm system in the Cotswold Hills, England . Soil Use and Management , 18 : 421 – 427 .
   Google Scholar
• Barry , D. A.J. , Goorahood , D. and Goss , M. J. 1993 . Estimation of nitrate concentration in groundwater using a whole farm nitrogen budget . Journal of Environmental Quality , 22 : 767 – 775 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer , F. M. , Godeschalk , F. E. , Hellegers , P. J.G.J. and Kelholt , H. J. 1995 . Mineral balances at farm levels in the European Union . Onderzoekverslag , 137 : 141
   Google Scholar
• Brown , L. , Syed , B. , Jarvis , S. C. , Sneath , R. W. , Phillips , V. R. , Goulding , K. W.T. and Li , C. 2002 . Development and application of a mechanistic model to estimate emission of nitrous oxide from UK agriculture . Atmospheric Environment , 36 : 917 – 928 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway , J. C. 1986 . The Soils of Coates and Eysey Manor Farms Royal Agricultural College .
   Google Scholar
• Courtney , F. M. and Findlay , D. C. 1978 . Soils in Gloucestershire II (Stow on the Wold) . Soil Survey Record , 52
   Google Scholar
• Defra . 2001 . Implementing the Nitrates Directive. 20 December 2001 Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• DETR (Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions) . 1999 . Quality of Life Counts Rotherham : DETR Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Dhanoa , M. S. 1998 . A procedure for Theil's regression model . Genstat Newsletter , 34 : 21 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Dou , Z. , Lanyon , L. E. , Ferguson , J. D. , Kohn , R. A. , Boston , R. C. and Chalupa , W. 1998 . An integrated approach to managing nitrogen on dairy farms: Evaluating farm performance using the Dairy Nitrogen Planner . Agronomy Journal , 90 : 573 – 581 .
   Google Scholar
• Gall , A. le , Legarto , J. , Cabaret , M. M. and Farruggia , A. 1998 . Impact of intensive dairy systems on the environment. Nitrogen flows at the farm scale. (Impact des systèmes laitiers productifs sur l'environnement. Flux d'azote à l'échelle de l'exploitation) . Rencontres Recherches Ruminants , 5 : 201 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• Goulding , K. W.T. 2000 . Nitrate leaching from arable and horticultural land . Soil Use and Management , 16 : 145 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatano , R. , Shinano , T. , Zheng , T. G. , Okubo , M. and Li , Z. W. 2002 . Nitrogen budgets and environmental capacity in farm systems in a large-scale karst region, southern China . Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems , 63 : 139 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch , D. , Goulding , K. W.T. and Murphy , D. V. 2002 . “ Nitrogen ” . In Agriculture, Hydrology and Water Quality Edited by: Haygarth , P. M. and Jarvis , S. C. 7 – 27 . Wallingford : CABI Publishing . (Ch. 1)
   Google Scholar
• Hume , L. J. and Withers , N. J. 1985 . Nitrogen fixation in sanfoin. 1. Responses to changes in nitrogen nutrition . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 28 : 325 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IGER, SRI, ADAS, CEH . 2001 . Inventory of Ammonia Emissions from the UK—1999 , MAFF Project Report AM0108.
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis , S. C. , Hatch , D. J. , Orr , R. J. and Reynolds , S. E. 1991 . Micrometeorological studies of ammonia emissions from sheep grazed swards . Journal of Agricultural Science , 117 : 101 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , P. A. , Shepherd , M. A. , Harley , D. J. and Smith , P. N. 2002 . Nitrate leaching from a shallow limestone soil growing a five course combinable crop rotation: The effects of crop husbandry and nitrogen fertiliser rate on losses from the second complete rotation . Soil Use and Management , 18 : 68 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampkin , N. 1990 . Organic Farming Farming Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leach , K. A. and Roberts , D. J. 2002 . Assessment and improvement of the efficiency of nitrogen use in clover based and fertiliser based dairy systems: Benchmarking using farm gate balances . Biological Agriculture and Horticulture , 20 : 143 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach , K. A. , Morgan , J. P. , Payne , B. F. and Munday , D. 2003 . “ Encouraging farmers to use nitrogen more efficiently ” . In Proceedings of 12th Nitrogen Workshop University of Exeter . September 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Ledgard , S. F. , Penno , J. W. and Sprosen , M. S. 1998 . Nitrogen balances and losses on intensive dairy farms . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association , 59 : 49 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , D. V. , Macdonald , A. J. , Stockdale , E. A. , Goulding , K. W.T. , Fortune , S. , Gaunt , J. L. , Poulton , P. R. , Wakefield , J. A. , Webster , C. P. and Wilmer , W. S. 2000 . Soluble organic nitrogen in agricultural soils . Biology and Fertility of Soils , 30 : 374 – 387 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen , M. L. , Haynes , R. J. and Goh , K. M. 1995 . Nutrient budgets and status in three pairs of conventional and alternative mixed cropping farms in Canterbury, New Zealand . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 52 : 149 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oborn , I. , Edwards , A. C. , Witter , E. , Oenema , O. , Ivarsson , K. , Withers , P. J.A. , Nilsson , S. I. and Stinzing , A. R. 2003 . Element balances as a tool for sustainable nutrient management: A critical appraisal of their merits and limitations within an agronomic and environmental context . European Journal of Agronomy , 20 : 211 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oenema , O. , Kros , H. and de Vries , W. 2003 . Approaches and uncertainties in nutrient budgets: Implications for nutrient management and environmental policies . European Journal of Agronomy , 20 : 3 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pionke , H. B. , Rotz , C. A. , Sanderson , M. A. , Stout , W. L. and Sharpley , A. N. 1999 . “ Nitrogen and phosphorus sources and their importance to pasturebased livestock systems ” . In Accounting for Nutrients , British Grassland Society Occasional Symposium No. 33 Edited by: Corrall , A. J. Reading : British Grassland Society .
   Google Scholar
• Pretty , J. , Mason , C. P. , Nedwell , D. B. , Hine , R. , Leaf , S. and Dils , R. 2003 . Environmental costs of freshwater eutrophication in England and Wales . Environmental Science and Technology , 37 : 201 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd , M. A. and Lord , E. I. 1996 . Nitrate leaching from sandy soil: The effect of previous crop and post-harvest soil management in an arable rotation . Journal of Agricultural Science , 127 : 215 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , M. , Allen , R. , Monteith , J. L. , Perrier , A. and Segeren , A. 1991 . Report on the Expert Consultation for the Revision of FAO Methodologies for Crop Water Requirements Rome : FAO/AGL .
   Google Scholar
• Tan , C. S. , Drury , C. F. , Reynolds , W. D. , Groeneveldt , P. H. and Dadfar , H. 2002 . Water and nitrate loss through tiles under a clay loam soil in Ontario after 42 years of consistent fertilization and crop rotation . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 93 : 121 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , C. and Dewhurst , R. J. 1992 . Modelling of nitrogen transactions in the dairy cow and their environmental consequences . Livestock Production Science , 31 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Beek , C. L. , Brouwer , L. and Oenema , O. 2003 . The use of farmgate balances and soil surface balances as estimators for nitrogen leaching to surface water . Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems , 67 : 233 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbruggen , I. , Nevens , F. , Mulier , A. and Hofman , G. 2003 . “ Nitrogen budgets of Flemish specialised dairy farms during 1990–2000 ” . In Proceedings of the 12th N Workshop. 21–24 Sept 2003 University of Plymouth .
   Google Scholar
• Webster , C. P. , Conway , J. S. , Crew , A. P. and Goulding , K. W.T. 2003 . Nitrogen leaching losses under a less intensive farming and environment (LIFE) integrated system . Soil Use and Management , 19 : 36 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Webster , C. P. , Shepherd , M. A. , Goulding , K. W.T. and Lord , E. 1993 . Comparison of methods for measuring the leaching of mineral nitrogen from arable land . Journal of Soil Science , 44 : 49 – 62 .
   Google Scholar