Imaging of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: recent advances, current status, and controversies

References

• Klimstra DS. Pathologic Classification of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2016;30:1–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singhi AD, Klimstra DS. Well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PanNETs) and poorly differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (PanNECs): concepts, issues and a practical diagnostic approach to high-grade (G3) cases. Histopathology. 2018;72:168–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rindi G, Petrone G, Inzani F. The 2010 WHO classification of digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms: a critical appraisal four years after its introduction. Endocr Pathol. 2014;25:186–192.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crippa S, Partelli S, Belfiori G, et al. Management of neuroendocrine carcinomas of the pancreas (WHO G3): A tailored approach between proliferation and morphology. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:9944–9953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito T, Igarashi H, Jensen RT. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: recent advances and controversies. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 2013;29:650–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito T, Lee L, Jensen RT. Treatment of symptomatic neuroendocrine tumor syndromes: recent advances and controversies. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016;17:2191–2205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito T, Igarashi H, Jensen RT. Therapy of metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs): recent insights and advances. J Gastroenterol. 2012;47:941–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavel M, O’Toole D, Costa F, et al. ENETS consensus guidelines update for the management of distant metastatic disease of intestinal, pancreatic, bronchial Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NEN) and NEN of unknown primary site. Neuroendocrinology. 2016;103:172–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen RT, Cadiot G, Brandi ML, et al. ENETS consensus guidelines for the management of patients with digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms: functional pancreatic endocrine tumor syndromes. Neuroendocrinology. 2012;95:98–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen RT, Norton JA, Oberg K. Neuroendocrine tumors. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and fordtran’s gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2016. p. 501–541.
   Google Scholar
• Falconi M, Eriksson B, Kaltsas G, et al. ENETS consensus guidelines update for the management of patients with functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology. 2016;103:153–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen RT, Berna MJ, Bingham MD, et al. Inherited pancreatic endocrine tumor syndromes: advances in molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, management and controversies. Cancer. 2008;113(7 suppl):1807–1843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunz PL, Reidy-Lagunes D, Anthony LB, et al. Consensus guidelines for the management and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. Pancreas. 2013;42:557–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutliff VE, Doppman JL, Gibril F, et al. Growth of newly diagnosed, untreated metastatic gastrinomas and predictors of growth patterns. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:2420–2431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durante C, Boukheris H, Dromain C, et al. Prognostic factors influencing survival from metastatic (stage IV) gastroenteropancreatic well-differentiated endocrine carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2009;16:585–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelousi A, Kaltsas G, Koumarianou A, et al. Chemotherapy in NETs: when and how. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2017;18:485–497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham MM, Gu X, Ginader T, et al. (68)Ga-DOTATOC imaging of neuroendocrine tumors: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Nucl Med. 2017;58:1452–1458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo Y, Chen J, Huang K, et al. Early evaluation of sunitinib for the treatment of advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms via CT imaging: RECIST 1.1 or Choi Criteria? BMC Cancer. 2017;17:154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito T, Jensen RT. Imaging in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: recent studies show enhanced sensitivities but increased controversies. Int J Endocr Oncol. 2016;3:53–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito T, Jensen RT. Molecular imaging in neuroendocrine tumors: recent advances, controversies, unresolved issues, and roles in management. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2017;24:15–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ElGuindy YM, Javadi S, Menias CO, et al. Imaging of secretory tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2017;42:1113–1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundin A, Arnold R, Baudin E, et al. ENETS consensus guidelines for the standards of care in neuroendocrine tumors: radiological, nuclear medicine & hybrid imaging. Neuroendocrinology. 2017;105:212–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamm EP, Bhosale P, Lee JH, et al. State-of-the-art imaging of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2016;25:375–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann T, Rottenburger C, Nicolas G, et al. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NET) - Imaging and staging. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;30:45–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundin A, Wills M, Rockall A. Radiological imaging: computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography. Front Horm Res. 2015;44:58–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinzivillo M, Partelli S, Prosperi D, et al. Clinical usefulness of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the diagnostic algorithm of advanced entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Oncologist. 2018;23:186-192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Has Simsek D, Kuyumcu S, Turkmen C, et al. Can complementary 68Ga-DOTATATE and 18F-FDG PET/CT establish the missing link between histopathology and therapeutic approach in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors? J Nucl Med. 2014;55:1811–1817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornaczewski Jackson ER, Pointon OP, Bohmer R, et al. Utility of FDG-PET imaging for risk stratification of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in MEN1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:1926–1933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrosini V, Morigi JJ, Nanni C, et al. Current status of PET imaging of neuroendocrine tumours ([18F]FDOPA, [68Ga]tracers, [11C]/[18F]-HTP). Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;59:58–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balogova S, Talbot JN, Nataf V, et al. 18F-fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine vs other radiopharmaceuticals for imaging neuroendocrine tumours according to their type. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40:943–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner P, Jorg AC, Glatz K, et al. The prognostic and predictive value of sstr2-immunohistochemistry and sstr2-targeted imaging in neuroendocrine tumors. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:468–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doppman JL, Miller DL, Chang R, et al. Gastrinomas: localization by means of selective intraarterial injection of secretin. Radiology. 1990;174:25–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doppman JL, Chang R, Fraker DL, et al. Localization of insulinomas to regions of the pancreas by intra-arterial stimulation with calcium. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123:269–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherner JA, Doppman JL, Norton JA, et al. Selective venous sampling for gastrin to localize gastrinomas. A Prospective Study. Ann Intern Med. 1986;105:841–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morera J, Guillaume A, Courtheoux P, et al. Preoperative localization of an insulinoma: selective arterial calcium stimulation test performance. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016;39:455–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Moreno P, Alhambra-Exposito MR, Herrera-Martinez AD, et al. Arterial calcium stimulation with hepatic venous sampling in the localization diagnosis of endogenous hyperinsulinism. Int J Endocrinol. 2016;2016:4581094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda K, Ito T, Kawabe K, et al. Should the Selective Arterial Secretagogue Injection Test for Insulinoma Localization Be Evaluated at 60 or 120 Seconds? Intern Med. 2017;56:2985–2991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson SM, Vella A, Thompson GB, et al. Selective arterial calcium stimulation with hepatic venous sampling differentiates insulinoma from nesidioblastosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:4189–4197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nockel P, Babic B, Millo C, et al. Localization of insulinoma using 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT scan. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:195–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maton PN, Lack EE, Vinayek R, et al. Prospective assessment of the safety and efficacy of long-term omeprazole therapy in patients with zollinger-ellison syndrome [abstract]. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1989;24(Suppl. 166):181.
   Google Scholar
• D’Onofrio M, Canestrini S, De RR, et al. CEUS of the pancreas: still research or the standard of care. Eur J Radiol. 2015;84:1644–1649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malago R, D’Onofrio M, Zamboni GA, et al. Contrast-enhanced sonography of nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192:424–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serra C, Felicani C, Mazzotta E, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of exocrine versus neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors. Pancreas. 2013;42:871–877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Prete M, Di Sarno A, Modica R, et al. Role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound to define prognosis and predict response to biotherapy in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. J Endocrinol Invest. 2017;40:1373–1380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giesel FL, Wulfert S, Zechmann CM, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound monitoring of perfusion changes in hepatic neuroendocrine metastases after systemic versus selective arterial 177Lu/90Y-DOTATOC and 213Bi-DOTATOC radiopeptide therapy. Exp Oncol. 2013;35:122–126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee DW, Kim MK, Kim HG. Diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Endosc. 2017;50:537–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krudy AG, Doppman JL, Jensen RT, et al. Localization of islet cell tumors by dynamic CT: comparison with plain CT, arteriography, sonography and venous sampling. Am J Roentgenol. 1984;143:585–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dromain C, Deandreis D, Scoazec JY, et al. Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2016;97:1241–1257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton JA, Alexander HR, Fraker DL, et al. Does the use of routine duodenotomy (DUODX) affect rate of cure, development of liver metastases or survival in patients with zollinger-ellison syndrome (ZES)? Ann Surg. 2004;239:617–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thom AK, Norton JA, Axiotis CA, et al. Location, incidence and malignant potential of duodenal gastrinomas. Surgery. 1991;110:1086–1093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacFarlane MP, Fraker DL, Alexander HR, et al. A prospective study of surgical resection of duodenal and pancreatic gastrinomas in multiple endocrine neoplasia-Type 1. Surgery. 1995;118:973–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilli A, Arcidiacono PG, Conte D, et al. Clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasonography on the management of neuroendocrine tumors: lights and shadows. Dig Liver Dis. 2018;50:6–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim JH, Eun HW, Kim YJ, et al. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (PNET): staging accuracy of MDCT and its diagnostic performance for the differentiation of PNET with uncommon CT findings from pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Eur Radiol. 2016;26:1338–1347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takumi K, Fukukura Y, Higashi M, et al. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: correlation between the contrast-enhanced computed tomography features and the pathological tumor grade. Eur J Radiol. 2015;84:1436–1443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyodo R, Suzuki K, Ogawa H, et al. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors containing areas of iso- or hypoattenuation in dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography: spectrum of imaging findings and pathological grading. Eur J Radiol. 2015;84:2103–2109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horiguchi S, Kato H, Shiraha H, et al. Dynamic computed tomography is useful for prediction of pathological grade in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32:925–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi TW, Kim JH, Yu MH, et al. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: prediction of the tumor grade using CT findings and computerized texture analysis. Acta Radiol. 2018;59:383–392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canellas R, Burk KS, Parakh A, et al. Prediction of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor grade based on CT features and texture analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2018;210:341–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada S, Fujii T, Suzuki K, et al. Preoperative identification of a prognostic factor for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors using multiphase contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Pancreas. 2016;45:198–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toshima F, Inoue D, Komori T, et al. Is the combination of MR and CT findings useful in determining the tumor grade of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors? Jpn J Radiol. 2017;35:242–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim DW, Kim HJ, Kim KW, et al. Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the pancreas at dynamic enhanced CT: comparison between grade 3 neuroendocrine carcinoma and grade 1/2 neuroendocrine tumour. Eur Radiol. 2015;25:1375–1383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanno Y, Matsumoto I, Zen Y, et al. Pancreatic duct involvement in well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors is an independent poor prognostic factor. Ann Surg Oncol. 2017;24:1127–1133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim DW, Kim HJ, Kim KW, et al. Prognostic value of CT findings to predict survival outcomes in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: a single institutional study of 161 patients. Eur Radiol. 2016;26:1320–1329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappelli C, Boggi U, Mazzeo S, et al. Contrast enhancement pattern on multidetector CT predicts malignancy in pancreatic endocrine tumours. Eur Radiol. 2015;25:751–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui Y, Li ZW, Li XT, et al. Dynamic enhanced CT: is there a difference between liver metastases of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget. 2017;8:108146–108155.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arai T, Kobayashi A, Fujinaga Y, et al. Contrast-enhancement ratio on multiphase enhanced computed tomography predicts recurrence of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor after curative resection. Pancreatology. 2016;16:397–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assadipour Y, Azoury SC, Schaub NN, et al. Significance of preoperative radiographic pancreatic density in predicting pancreatic fistula after surgery for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Am J Surg. 2016;212:40–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huttner FJ, Koessler-Ebs J, Hackert T, et al. Meta-analysis of surgical outcome after enucleation versus standard resection for pancreatic neoplasms. Br J Surg. 2015;102:1026–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massironi S, Rossi RE, Zilli A, et al. A wait-and-watch approach to small pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: prognosis and survival. Oncotarget. 2016;7:18978–18983.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sallinen VJ, Le LTTY, Tieftrunk E, et al. Prognosis of sporadic resected small (</=2 cm) nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors - a multi-institutional study. HPB (Oxford). In press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regenet N, Carrere N, Boulanger G, et al. Is the 2-cm size cutoff relevant for small nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a French multicenter study. Surgery. 2016;159:901–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen RT, Norton JA. Treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: some clarity but continued controversy. Pancreas. 2017;46:589–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartsch DK, Albers MB. Controversies in surgery for multiple endocrine neoplasia type-1- associated Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Int J Endo Oncol. 2015;2:263–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frucht H, Doppman JL, Norton JA, et al. Gastrinomas: comparison of MR imaging with CT, angiography and US. Radiology. 1989;171:713–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotfalizadeh E, Ronot M, Wagner M, et al. Prediction of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour grade with MR imaging features: added value of diffusion-weighted imaging. Eur Radiol. 2017;27:1748–1759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surov A, Meyer HJ, Wienke A. Associations between apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and KI 67 in different tumors: a meta-analysis. part 1: aDCmean. Oncotarget. 2017;8:75434–75444.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo C, Chen X, Xiao W, et al. Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms at magnetic resonance imaging: comparison between grade 3 and grade 1/2 tumors. Onco Targets Ther. 2017;10:1465–1474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besa C, Ward S, Cui Y, et al. Neuroendocrine liver metastases: value of apparent diffusion coefficient and enhancement ratios for characterization of histopathologic grade. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;44:1432–1441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo C, Zhuge X, Chen X, et al. Value of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in predicting World Health Organization grade in G1/G2 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Oncol Lett. 2017;13:4141–4146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulali F, Semiz-Oysu A, Demir M, et al. Role of diffusion-weighted MR imaging in predicting the grade of nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2018;99:301–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canellas R, Lo G, Bhowmik S, et al. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: correlations between MRI features, tumor biology, and clinical outcome after surgery. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2018;47:425–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfredi R, Bonatti M, Mantovani W, et al. Non-hyperfunctioning neuroendocrine tumours of the pancreas: MR imaging appearance and correlation with their biological behaviour. Eur Radiol. 2013;23:3029–3039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang KM, Kim SH, Lee SJ, et al. The value of gadoxetic acid-enhanced and diffusion-weighted MRI for prediction of grading of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Acta Radiol. 2014;55:140–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klau M, Mayer P, Bergmann F, et al. Correlation of histological vessel characteristics and diffusion-weighted imaging intravoxel incoherent motion-derived parameters in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Invest Radiol. 2015;50:792–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari NA, Ramalho M, Semelka RC, et al. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the detection and characterization of solid pancreatic nodules: an update. World J Radiol. 2015;7:361–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo C, Chen X, Wang Z, et al. Differentiation of pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using magnetic resonance imaging: the value of contrast-enhanced and diffusion weighted imaging. Oncotarget. 2017;8:42962–42973.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jeon SK, Lee JM, Joo I, et al. Nonhypervascular pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: differential diagnosis from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas at MR imaging-retrospective cross-sectional study. Radiology. 2017;284:77–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias D, Lefevre JH, Duvillard P, et al. Hepatic metastases from neuroendocrine tumors with a “thin slice” pathological examination: they are many more than you think. Ann Surg. 2010;251:307–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d’Assignies G, Fina P, Bruno O, et al. High sensitivity of diffusion-weighted MR imaging for the detection of liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors: comparison with T2-weighted and dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 2013;268:390–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moryoussef F, De Mestier L, Belkebir M, et al. Impact of liver and whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI for neuroendocrine tumors on patient management: a pilot study. Neuroendocrinology. 2017;104:264–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira JA, Rosado E, Bali M, et al. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: correlation between histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient maps and tumor grade. Abdom Imaging. 2015;40:3122–3128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Robertis R, D’Onofrio M, Zamboni G, et al. Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: clinical value of diffusion-weighted imaging. Neuroendocrinology. 2016;103:758–770.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrio M, Czernin J, Fanti S, et al. The impact of somatostatin receptor-directed PET/CT on the management of patients with neuroendocrine tumor: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nucl Med. 2017;58:756–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodei L, Ambrosini V, Herrmann K, et al. Current concepts in (68)Ga-DOTATATE imaging of neuroendocrine neoplasms: interpretation, biodistribution, dosimetry, and molecular strategies. J Nucl Med. 2017;58:1718–1726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Essen M, Sundin A, Krenning EP, et al. Neuroendocrine tumours: the role of imaging for diagnosis and therapy. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014;10:102–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwekkeboom DJ, Krenning EP. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2016;30:179–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strosberg J, El-Haddad G, Wolin E, et al. Phase 3 trial of (177)Lu-Dotatate for midgut neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:125–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Adrichem RC, Kamp K, Van Deurzen CH, et al. Is there an additional value of using somatostatin receptor subtype 2a immunohistochemistry compared to somatostatin receptor scintigraphy uptake in predicting gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor response? Neuroendocrinology. 2016;103:560–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine R, Krenning EP. Clinical history of the theranostic radionuclide approach to neuroendocrine tumors and other types of cancer: historical review based on an interview of Eric P. Krenning by Rachel Levine. J Nucl Med. 2017;58:3S–9S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibril F, Reynolds JC, Doppman JL, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: its sensitivity compared with that of other imaging methods in detecting primary and metastatic gastrinomas: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125:26–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibril F, Jensen RT. Diagnostic uses of radiolabelled somatostatin-receptor analogues in gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors. Dig Liver Dis. 2004;36:S106–S120.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gibril F, Doppman JL, Reynolds JC, et al. Bone metastases in patients with gastrinomas: a prospective study of bone scanning, somatostatin receptor scanning, and MRI in their detection, their frequency, location and effect of their detection on management. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:1040–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander RA, Jensen RT. Pancreatic endocrine tumors. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer: principles and practice of oncology. Philadelphia: : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001. p. 1788–1813.
   Google Scholar
• Asnacios A, Courbon F, Rochaix P, et al. Indium-111-pentetreotide scintigraphy and somatostatin receptor subtype 2 expression: new prognostic factors for malignant well-differentiated endocrine tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:963–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diakatou E, Alexandraki KI, Tsolakis AV, et al. Somatostatin and dopamine receptor expression in neuroendocrine neoplasms: correlation of immunohistochemical findings with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy visual scores. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015;83:420–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezziddin S, Logvinski T, Yong-Hing C, et al. Factors predicting tracer uptake in somatostatin receptor and mibg scintigraphy of metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:223–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thang SP, Lung MS, Kong G, et al. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) in European neuroendocrine tumour society (ENETS) grade 3 (G3) neuroendocrine neoplasia (NEN) - a single-institution retrospective analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;45:262–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fendler WP, Barrio M, Spick C, et al. 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT interobserver agreement for neuroendocrine tumor assessment: results of a prospective study on 50 patients. J Nucl Med. 2017;58:307–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad V, Sainz-Esteban A, Arsenic R, et al. Role of (68)Ga somatostatin receptor PET/CT in the detection of endogenous hyperinsulinaemic focus: an explorative study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43:1593–1600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibril F, Reynolds JC, Chen CC, et al. Specificity of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: a prospective study and the effects of false positive localizations on management in patients with gastrinomas. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:539–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaga LYI, Wagner J, Funari MBG. 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT in nonneuroendocrine tumors: a pictorial essay. Clin Nucl Med. 2017;42:e313–e316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal K, Esmail AA, Gnanasegaran G, et al. Pitfalls and limitations of radionuclide imaging in endocrinology. Semin Nucl Med. 2015;45:440–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofman MS, Lau WF, Hicks RJ. Somatostatin receptor imaging with 68Ga DOTATATE PET/CT: clinical utility, normal patterns, pearls, and pitfalls in interpretation. Radiographics. 2015;35:500–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rufini V, Inzani F, Stefanelli A, et al. The accessory spleen is an important pitfall of 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT in the workup for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm. Pancreas. 2017;46:157–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collarino A, Del Ciello A, Perotti G, et al. Intrapancreatic accessory spleen detected by 68Ga DOTANOC PET/CT and 99mTc-colloid SPECT/CT scintigraphy. Clin Nucl Med. 2015;40:415–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ait BA, Verges B, Petit JM, et al. Uptake in the pancreatic uncinate process on the 111In-octreotide scintigraphy: how to distinguish physiological from pathological uptake? Nucl Med Commun. 2017;38:737–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brabander T, Teunissen J, Kwekkeboom D. Physiological uptake in the pancreatic head on somatostatin receptor scintigraphy using [111In-DTPA]octreotide: incidence and mechanism. Clin Nucl Med. 2017;42:15–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadakis GZ, Millo C, Sadowski SM, et al. Breast fibroadenoma with increased activity on 68Ga DOTATATE PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2017;42:145–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild D, Bomanji JB, Benkert P, et al. Comparison of 68Ga-DOTANOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT within patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:364–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnbeck CB, Knigge U, Kjaer A. PET tracers for somatostatin receptor imaging of neuroendocrine tumors: current status and review of the literature. Future Oncol. 2014;10:2259–2277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berzaczy D, Giraudo C, Haug AR, et al. Whole-body 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/MRI versus 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT in patients with neuroendocrine tumors: a prospective study in 28 patients. Clin Nucl Med. 2017;42:669–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velikyan I, Sundin A, Sorensen J, et al. Quantitative and qualitative intrapatient comparison of 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE: net uptake rate for accurate quantification. J Nucl Med. 2014;55:204–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J, Kan Y, Ge BH, et al. Diagnostic role of Gallium-68 DOTATOC and Gallium-68 DOTATATE PET in patients with neuroendocrine tumors: a meta-analysis. Acta Radiol. 2014;55:389–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deppen SA, Blume J, Bobbey AJ, et al. 68Ga-DOTATATE compared with 111In-DTPA-octreotide and conventional imaging for pulmonary and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nucl Med. 2016;57:872–878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope TA, Bergsland EK, Bozkurt MF, et al. Appropriate use criteria for somatostatin receptor PET imaging in neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2018;59:66–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberg K, Sundin A. Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Front Horm Res. 2016;45:142–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda K, Kawabe K, Lee L, et al. Diagnostic performance of 48-hour fasting test and insulin surrogates in patients with suspected insulinoma. Pancreas. 2017;46:476–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoura E, Michopoulou S, Mohmaduvesh M, et al. The impact of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT imaging on management of patients with neuroendocrine tumors: experience from a national referral center in the United Kingdom. J Nucl Med. 2016;57:34–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojtahedi A, Thamake S, Tworowska I, et al. The value of (68)Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT in diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors compared to current FDA approved imaging modalities: a review of literature. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;4:426–434.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merola E, Pavel ME, Panzuto F, et al. Functional imaging in the follow-up of enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: clinical usefulness and indications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:1486–1494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etchebehere EC, De Oliveira SA, Gumz B, et al. 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT, 99mTc-HYNIC-octreotide SPECT/CT, and whole-body MR imaging in detection of neuroendocrine tumors: a prospective trial. J Nucl Med. 2014;55:1598–1604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metz DC, Jensen RT. Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors:; pancreatic endocrine tumors. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1469–1492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naswa N, Sharma P, Soundararajan R, et al. Diagnostic performance of somatostatin receptor PET/CT using (68)Ga-DOTANOC in gastrinoma patients with negative or equivocal CT findings. Abdom Imaging. 2013;38:552–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgat C, Velayoudom-Cephise FL, Schwartz P, et al. Evaluation of Ga-DOTA-TOC PET/CT for the detection of duodenopancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in patients with MEN1. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43:1258–1266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enzler T, Fojo T. Long-acting somatostatin analogues in the treatment of unresectable/metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Semin Oncol. 2017;44:141–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frucht H, Norton JA, London JF, et al. Detection of duodenal gastrinomas by operative endoscopic transillumination: a prospective study. Gastroenterology. 1990;99:1622–1627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cingarlini S, Ortolani S, Salgarello M, et al. Role of combined 68Ga-DOTATOC and 18F-FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the diagnostic workup of pancreas neuroendocrine tumors: implications for managing surgical decisions. Pancreas. 2017;46:42–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farchione A, Rufini V, Brizi MG, et al. Evaluation of the added value of diffusion-weighted imaging to conventional magnetic resonance imaging in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and comparison with 68Ga-DOTANOC positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Pancreas. 2016;45:345–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froeling V, Rottgen R, Collettini F, et al. Detection of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET) using semi-quantitative [68Ga]DOTATOC PET in combination with multiphase contrast-enhanced CT. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;58:310–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partelli S, Rinzivillo M, Maurizi A, et al. The role of combined Ga-DOTANOC and (18)FDG PET/CT in the management of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology. 2014;100:293–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid-Tannwald C, Schmid-Tannwald CM, Morelli JN, et al. Comparison of abdominal MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging to 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT in detection of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40:897–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Binnebeek S, Vanbilloen B, Baete K, et al. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of (111)In-pentetreotide SPECT and (68)Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT: A lesion-by-lesion analysis in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumours. Eur Radiol. 2016;26:900–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deppen SA, Liu E, Blume JD, et al. Safety and efficacy of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT for diagnosis, staging, and treatment management of neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2016;57:708–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadowski SM, Neychev V, Millo C, et al. Prospective study of 68Ga-DOTATATE positron emission tomography/computed tomography for detecting gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and unknown primary sites. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:588–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee I, Paeng JC, Lee SJ, et al. Comparison of diagnostic sensitivity and quantitative indices between (68)Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT and (111)In-Pentetreotide SPECT/CT in neuroendocrine tumors: a preliminary report. Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;49:284–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haug AR, Cindea-Drimus R, Auernhammer CJ, et al. Neuroendocrine tumor recurrence: diagnosis with 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT. Radiology. 2014;270:517–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schraml C, Schwenzer NF, Sperling O, et al. Staging of neuroendocrine tumours: comparison of [(68)Ga]DOTATOC multiphase PET/CT and whole-body MRI. Cancer Imaging. 2013;13:63–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirosh A, Papadakis GZ, Millo C, et al. Prognostic Utility of Total (68)Ga-DOTATATE-avid tumor volume in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Gastroenterology. 2018;154:998-1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campana D, Ambrosini V, Pezzilli R, et al. Standardized uptake values of (68)Ga-DOTANOC PET: a promising prognostic tool in neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:353–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrosini V, Campana D, Polverari G, et al. Prognostic value of 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT SUVmax in patients with neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. J Nucl Med. 2015;56:1843–1848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann K, Czernin J, Wolin EM, et al. Impact of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT on the management of neuroendocrine tumors: the referring physician’s perspective. J Nucl Med. 2015;56:70–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Termanini B, Gibril F, Reynolds JC, et al. Value of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: A prospective study in gastrinoma of its effect on clinical management. Gastroenterology. 1997;112:335–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calais J, Czernin J, Eiber M, et al. Most of the intended management changes after (68)Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT are implemented. J Nucl Med. 2017;58:1793–1796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spanu A, Schillaci O, Piras B, et al. Non-functioning gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tumors: a (111)In-pentetreotide SPECT/CT diagnostic study. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;7:181–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwekkeboom DJ, De Herder WW, Kam BL, et al. Treatment with the radiolabeled somatostatin analog [177 Lu-DOTA 0,Tyr3]octreotate: toxicity, efficacy, and survival. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2124–2130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezziddin S, Opitz M, Attassi M, et al. Impact of the Ki-67 proliferation index on response to peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011;38:459–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kratochwil C, Stefanova M, Mavriopoulou E, et al. SUV of [68Ga]DOTATOC-PET/CT Predicts Response Probability of PRRT in neuroendocrine tumors. Mol Imaging Biol. 2015;17:313–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naswa N, Sharma P, Gupta SK, et al. Dual tracer functional imaging of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors using 68Ga-DOTA-NOC PET-CT and 18F-FDG PET-CT: competitive or complimentary? Clin Nucl Med. 2014;39:e27–e34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma P, Naswa N, Kc SS, et al. Comparison of the prognostic values of Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT and F-FDG PET/CT in patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41:2194–2202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binderup T, Knigge U, Loft A, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography predicts survival of patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:978–985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindie E. The NETPET score: combining FDG and somatostatin receptor imaging for optimal management of patients with metastatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Theranostics. 2017;7:1159–1163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan DL, Pavlakis N, Schembri GP, et al. Dual somatostatin receptor/FDG PET/CT imaging in metastatic neuroendocrine tumours: proposal for a novel grading scheme with prognostic significance. Theranostics. 2017;7:1149–1158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilica B, Waitz D, Stevanovic V, et al. Direct comparison of (68)Ga-DOTA-TOC and (18)F-FDG PET/CT in the follow-up of patients with neuroendocrine tumour treated with the first full peptide receptor radionuclide therapy cycle. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43:1585–1592.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duran HJ, Ielpo B, Diaz E, et al. Predictive prognostic value of local and distant recurrence of F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors with reference to World Health Organization classifications (2004, 2010). case series study. Int J Surg. 2016;29:176–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnbeck CB, Knigge UP, Langer S, et al. Prognostic value of 18F-FLT PET in patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms: a prospective head-to-head comparison with 18F-FDG PET and Ki67 in 100 patients. J Nucl Med. 2016;57:1851–1857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squires MH III, Adsay NV, Schuster DM, et al. Octreoscan versus FDG-PET for neuroendocrine tumor staging: a biological approach. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22:2295–2301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezziddin S, Adler L, Sabet A, et al. Prognostic stratification of metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms by 18F-FDG PET: feasibility of a metabolic grading system. J Nucl Med. 2014;55:1260–1266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HS, Choi JY, Choi DW, et al. Prognostic value of volume-based metabolic parameters measured by (18)F-FDG PET/CT of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;48:180–186.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bahri H, Laurence L, Edeline J, et al. High prognostic value of 18F-FDG PET for metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a long-term evaluation. J Nucl Med. 2014;55:1786–1790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdulrezzak U, Kurt YK, Kula M, et al. Combined imaging with 68Ga-DOTA-TATE and 18F-FDG PET/CT on the basis of volumetric parameters in neuroendocrine tumors. Nucl Med Commun. 2016;37:874–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panagiotidis E, Alshammari A, Michopoulou S, et al. Comparison of the impact of 68Ga-DOTATATE and 18F-FDG PET/CT on clinical management in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2017;58:91–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muscatiello N, Salcuni A, Macarini L, et al. Treatment of a pancreatic endocrine tumor by ethanol injection guided by endoscopic ultrasound. Endoscopy. 2008;40(Suppl 2):E258–E259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thapa P, Ranade R, Ostwal V, et al. Performance of 177Lu-DOTATATE-based peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: a multiparametric response evaluation correlating with primary tumor site, tumor proliferation index, and dual tracer imaging characteristics. Nucl Med Commun. 2016;37:1030–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansovini M, Severi S, Ianniello A, et al. Long-term follow-up and role of FDG PET in advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine patients treated with 177Lu-D OTATATE. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:490–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomimaru Y, Eguchi H, Tatsumi M, et al. Clinical utility of 2-[(18)F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography in predicting World Health Organization grade in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Surgery. 2015;157:269–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toumpanakis C, Kim MK, Rinke A, et al. Combination of cross-sectional and molecular imaging studies in the localization of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology. 2014;99:63–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjaer A, Knigge U. Use of radioactive substances in diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015;50:740–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlefors H, Sundin A, Garske U, et al. Whole-body (11)C-5-hydroxytryptophan positron emission tomography as a universal imaging technique for neuroendocrine tumors: comparison with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and computed tomography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:3392–3400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlefors H, Sundin A, Eriksson B, et al. PET-guided surgery - high correlation between Positron Emission Tomography with 11C-5-Hydroxytryptophane (5-HTP) and surgical findings in abdominal neuroendocrine tumours. Cancers (Basel). 2012;4:100–112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Imperiale A, Bahougne T, Goichot B, et al. Dynamic 18F-FDOPA PET findings after carbidopa premedication in 2 adult patients with insulinoma-related hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Clin Nucl Med. 2015;40:682–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helali M, Addeo P, Heimburger C, et al. Carbidopa-assisted 18F-fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine PET/CT for the localization and staging of non-functioning neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors. Ann Nucl Med. 2016;30:659–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild D, Fani M, Behe M, et al. First clinical evidence that imaging with somatostatin receptor antagonists is feasible. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:1412–1417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild D, Fani M, Fischer R, et al. Comparison of somatostatin receptor agonist and antagonist for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy: a pilot study. J Nucl Med. 2014;55:1248–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginj M, Zhang H, Waser B, et al. Radiolabeled somatostatin receptor antagonists are preferable to agonists for in vivo peptide receptor targeting of tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:16436–16441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fani M, Nicolas GP, Wild D. Somatostatin receptor antagonists for imaging and therapy. J Nucl Med. 2017;58:61S–66S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolas GP, Schreiter N, Kaul F, et al. Sensitivity comparison of (68)Ga-OIPS202 and (68)Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a prospective phase II imaging study. J Nucl Med. 2018;59:915-921.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolas GP, Beykan S, Bouterfa H, et al. Safety, biodistribution, and radiation dosimetry of (68)Ga-OPS202 in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a prospective phase I imaging study. J Nucl Med. 2018;59:909-914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalm SU, Nonnekens J, Doeswijk GN, et al. Comparison of the therapeutic response to treatment with a 177-lutetium labeled somatostatin receptor agonist and antagonist in preclinical models. J Nucl Med. 2016;57:260–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christ E, Wild D, Ederer S, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor imaging for the localisation of insulinomas: a prospective multicentre imaging study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2013;1:115–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo Y, Pan Q, Yao S, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor PET/CT with 68Ga-NOTA-exendin-4 for detecting localized insulinoma: a prospective cohort study. J Nucl Med. 2016;57:715–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawicki LM, Deuschl C, Beiderwellen K, et al. Evaluation of 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/MRI for whole-body staging of neuroendocrine tumours in comparison with 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT. Eur Radiol. 2017;27:4091–4099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Asselt SJ, Brouwers AH, Van Dullemen HM, et al. EUS is superior for detection of pancreatic lesions compared with standard imaging in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;81:159–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James PD, Tsolakis AV, Zhang M, et al. Incremental benefit of preoperative EUS for the detection of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;81:848–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas-Marques L, Murat A, Delemer B, et al. Prospective endoscopic ultrasonographic evaluation of the frequency of nonfunctioning pancreaticoduodenal endocrine tumors in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:266–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manta R, Nardi E, Pagano N, et al. Pre-operative diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors with endoscopic ultrasonography and computed tomography in a large series. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2016;25:317–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puli SR, Kalva N, Bechtold ML, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A systematic review and meta analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:3678–3684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazici C, Boulay BR. Evolving role of the endoscopist in management of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23:4847–4855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park DH, Choi JH, Oh D, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided ethanol ablation for small pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: results of a pilot study. Clin Endosc. 2015;48:158–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugimoto M, Takagi T, Hikichi T, et al. Efficacy of endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor grading. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21:8118–8124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weynand B, Borbath I, Bernard V, et al. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour grading on endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration: high reproducibility and inter-observer agreement of the Ki-67 labelling index. Cytopathology. 2014;25:389–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutsen L, Jouret-Mourin A, Borbath I, et al. Accuracy of pancreatic neuro-endocrine tumour grading by endoscopic ultrasound-fine-needle aspiration: analysis of a large cohort and perspectives for improvement. Neuroendocrinology. 2018;106:158-166.
   Google Scholar
• Hasegawa T, Yamao K, Hijioka S, et al. Evaluation of Ki-67 index in EUS-FNA specimens for the assessment of malignancy risk in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Endoscopy. 2014;46:32–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Lin JP, Shi LH, et al. How reliable is the Ki-67 cytological index in grading pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors? A meta-analysis. J Dig Dis. 2016;17:95–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimori N, Osoegawa T, Lee L, et al. Efficacy of endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration for the diagnosis and grading of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2016;51:245–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishna SG, Bhattacharya A, Li F, et al. Diagnostic differentiation of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor from other neoplastic solid pancreatic lesions during endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration. Pancreas. 2016;45:394–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hijioka S, Hara K, Mizuno N, et al. Diagnostic performance and factors influencing the accuracy of EUS-FNA of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. J Gastroenterol. 2016;51:923–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell JM, Pang JC, Kim GE, et al. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: accurate grading with Ki-67 index on fine-needle aspiration specimens using the WHO 2010/ENETS criteria. Cancer Cytopathol. 2014;122:770–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laskiewicz L, Jamshed S, Gong Y, et al. The diagnostic value of FNA biopsy in grading pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Cytopathol. 2018;126:170–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uehara H, Sueyoshi H, Takada R, et al. Optimal number of needle passes in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for pancreatic lesions. Pancreatology. 2015;15:392–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa T, Itoh A, Kawashima H, et al. Usefulness of EUS combined with contrast-enhancement in the differential diagnosis of malignant versus benign and preoperative localization of pancreatic endocrine tumors. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71:951–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leem G, Chung MJ, Park JY, et al. Clinical value of contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic and gallbladder masses. Clin Endosc. 2018;51:80–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eguchi H, Tanemura M, Marubashi S, et al. Arterial stimulation and venous sampling for glucagonomas of the pancreas. Hepatogastroenterology. 2011;59:276–279.
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein S, Morgan T, Poder L, et al. Value of intraoperative sonography in pancreatic surgery. J Ultrasound Med. 2015;34:1307–1318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugg SL, Norton JA, Fraker DL, et al. A prospective study of intraoperative methods to diagnose and resect duodenal gastrinomas. Ann Surg. 1993;218:138–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall NC, Nichols SD, Povoski SP, et al. Intraoperative use of a portable large field of view gamma camera and handheld gamma detection probe for radioguided localization and prediction of complete surgical resection of gastrinoma: proof of concept. J Am Coll Surg. 2015;221:300–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadowski SM, Millo C, Neychev V, et al. Feasibility of radio-guided surgery with (6)(8)Gallium-DOTATATE in patients with gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(Suppl 3):S676–S682.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dogeas E, Chong CCN, Weiss MJ, et al. Can echogenic appearance of neuroendocrine liver metastases on intraoperative ultrasonography predict tumor biology and prognosis?. HPB (Oxford). 2018;20:237-243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thom AK, Norton JA, Doppman JL, et al. Prospective study of the use of intraarterial secretin injection and portal venous sampling to localize duodenal gastrinomas. Surgery. 1992;112(#6):1002–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunikowska J, Slodkowski M, Koperski L, et al. Radioguided surgery in patient with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour followed by PET/CT scan as a new approach of complete resection evaluation–case report. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur. 2014;17:110–114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, Kulig J, Szybinski P, et al. Radio-guided surgery with the use of [99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC]octreotate in intra-operative detection of neuroendocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:1545–1555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuccurullo V, Di Stasio GD, Mansi L. Radioguided surgery with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs: not only in GEP-NETs. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur. 2017;20:49–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archier A, Heimburger C, Guerin C, et al. (18)F-DOPA PET/CT in the diagnosis and localization of persistent medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43:1027–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okabayashi T, Shima Y, Sumiyoshi T, et al. Diagnosis and management of insulinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:829–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vezzosi D, Bennet A, Rochaix P, et al. Octreotide in insulinoma patients: efficacy on hypoglycemia, relationships with Octreoscan scintigraphy and immunostaining with anti-sst2A and anti-sst5 antibodies. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;152:757–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portela-Gomes GM, Stridsberg M, Grimelius L, et al. Differential expression of the five somatostatin receptor subtypes in human benign and malignant insulinomas - predominance of receptor subtype 4. Endocr Pathol. 2007;18:79–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma P, Arora S, Karunanithi S, et al. Somatostatin receptor based PET/CT imaging with 68Ga-DOTA-Nal3-octreotide for localization of clinically and biochemically suspected insulinoma. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;60:69–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomberg BA, Moghbel MC, Saboury B, et al. The value of radiologic interventions and (18)F-DOPA PET in diagnosing and localizing focal congenital hyperinsulinism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Imaging Biol. 2013;15:97–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakuz TS, Berger E, El-Rabadi K, et al. Clinical value of (18)F-FDOPA PET/CT with contrast enhancement and without carbidopa premedication in patients with insulinoma. Anticancer Res. 2018;38:353–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imperiale A, Sebag F, Vix M, et al. 18F-FDOPA PET/CT imaging of insulinoma revisited. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;42:409–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, Sowa-Staszczak A, Tomaszuk M, et al. GLP-1 and exendin-4 for imaging endocrine pancreas. A review. labelled glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues: past, present and future. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;59:152–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowa-Staszczak A, Trofimiuk-Muldner M, Stefanska A, et al. 99mTc Labeled Glucagon-Like Peptide-1-Analogue (99mTc-GLP1) scintigraphy in the management of patients with occult insulinoma. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0160714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson B, Nostedt J, Girgis S, et al. Insulinoma or non-insulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia? A diagnostic dilemma. J Surg Case Rep. 2016;2016:11.
   Google Scholar
• Preechasuk L, Pongpaibul A, Kunavisarut T. Non-insulinoma pancreatogeneous hypoglycemia syndrome with false-positive somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: a case report and review of literature. J Med Assoc Thai. 2016;99:354–359.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ito T, Igarashi H, Uehara H, et al. Pharmacotherapy of zollinger-ellison syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacotherapy. 2013;14:307–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collen MJ, Howard JM, McArthur KE, et al. Comparison of ranitidine and cimetidine in the treatment of gastric hypersecretion. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100:52–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Termanini B, Gibril F, Sutliff VE III, et al. Effect of long-term gastric acid suppressive therapy on serum vitamin B12 levels in patients with zollinger-ellison syndrome. Am J Med. 1998;104:422–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen RT, Niederle B, Mitry E, et al. Gastrinoma (duodenal and pancreatic). Neuroendocrinology. 2006;84:173–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berna MJ, Hoffmann KM, Serrano J, et al. Serum gastrin in zollinger-ellison syndrome: I. prospective study of fasting serum gastrin in 309 patients from the national institutes of health and comparison with 2229 cases from the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2006;85:295–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy PK, Venzon DJ, Feigenbaum KM, et al. Gastric secretion in zollinger-ellison syndrome: correlation with clinical expression, tumor extent and role in diagnosis - A prospective NIH study of 235 patients and review of the literature in 984 cases. Medicine(Baltimore). 2001;80:189–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen RT. Zollinger-ellison syndrome. In: Doherty GM, Skogseid B, eds. Surgical endocrinology: clinical syndromes. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001. p. 291–344.
   Google Scholar
• Von Schrenck T, Howard JM, Doppman JL, et al. Prospective study of chemotherapy in patients with metastatic gastrinoma. Gastroenterology. 1988;94:1326–1334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber HC, Venzon DJ, Lin JT, et al. Determinants of metastatic rate and survival in patients with zollinger-ellison syndrome: a prospective long-term study. Gastroenterology. 1995;108:1637–1649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krampitz GW, Norton JA. Current management of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Adv Surg. 2013;47:59–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alexander HR, Fraker DL, Norton JA, et al. Prospective study of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and its effect on operative outcome in patients with zollinger-ellison syndrome. Ann Surg. 1998;228:228–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton JA, Fraker DL, Alexander HR, et al. Value of surgery in patients with negative imaging and sporadic zollinger-ellison syndrome. Ann Surg. 2012;256:509–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton JA, Alexander HA, Fraker DL, et al. Possible primary lymph node gastrinomas: occurrence, natural history and predictive factors: A prospective study. Ann Surg. 2003;237:650–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maton PN, Gardner JD, Jensen RT. Cushing’s syndrome in patients with zollinger-ellison syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraker DL, Norton JA, Alexander HR, et al. Surgery in zollinger-ellison syndrome alters the natural history of gastrinoma. Ann Surg. 1994;220:320–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito T, Cadiot G, Jensen RT. Diagnosis of zollinger-ellison syndrome: increasingly difficult. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:5495–5503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton JA, Fraker DL, Alexander HR, et al. Surgery to cure the zollinger-ellison syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:635–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbeyn VA, Norton JA, Benya RV, et al. Assessment and prediction of long-term cure in patients with zollinger-ellison syndrome: the best approach. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119:199–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berna MJ, Hoffmann KM, Long SH, et al. Serum gastrin in zollinger-ellison syndrome: II. prospective study of gastrin provocative testing in 293 patients from the national institutes of health and comparison with 537 cases from the literature. evaluation of diagnostic criteria, proposal of new criteria, and correlations with clinical and tumoral features. Medicine (Baltimore). 2006;85:331–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benya RV, Metz DC, Venzon DJ, et al. Zollinger-ellison syndrome can be the initial endocrine manifestation in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1. Am J Med. 1994;97:436–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibril F, Schumann M, Pace A, et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and zollinger-ellison syndrome. A prospective study of 107 cases and comparison with 1009 patients from the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2004;83:43–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peghini PL, Annibale B, Azzoni C, et al. Effect of chronic hypergastrinemia on human enterochromaffin-like cells: insights from patients with sporadic gastrinomas. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:68–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berna MJ, Annibale B, Marignani M, et al. A prospective study of gastric carcinoids and enterochromaffin-like cells changes in multple endocrine neoplaisa type 1 and zollinger-ellison syndrome: identification of risk factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:1582–1591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito T, Igarashi H, Uehara H, et al. Causes of death and prognostic factors in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: a prospective study: comparison of 106 MEN1/zollinger-ellison syndrome patients with 1613 literature MEN1 patients with or without pancreatic endocrine tumors. Medicine (Baltimore). 2013;92:135–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anlauf M, Garbrecht N, Henopp T, et al. Sporadic versus hereditary gastrinomas of the duodenum and pancreas: distinct clinico-pathological and epidemiological features. World J. 2006;12:5440–5446.
   Google Scholar
• Vezzosi D, Cardot-Bauters C, Bouscaren N, et al. Long-term results of the surgical management of insulinoma patients with MEN1: a Groupe d’etude des Tumeurs Endocrines (GTE) retrospective study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172:309–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Laat JM, Pieterman CR, Weijmans M, et al. Low accuracy of tumor markers for diagnosing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:4143–4151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polenta V, Slater EP, Kann PH, et al. Preoperative imaging overestimates the tumor size in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. World J Surg. 2018;42:1440–1447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbe C, Murat A, Dupas B, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging versus endoscopic ultrasonography for the detection of pancreatic tumours in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Dig Liver Dis. 2012;44:228–234.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sadowski SM, Millo C, Cottle-Delisle C, et al. Results of (68)Gallium-DOTATATE PET/CT Scanning in Patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1. J Am Coll Surg. 2015;221:509–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froeling V, Elgeti F, Maurer MH, et al. Impact of Ga-68 DOTATOC PET/CT on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia. Ann Nucl Med. 2012;26:738–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lastoria S, Marciello F, Faggiano A, et al. Role of Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Endocrine. 2016;52:488–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albers MB, Librizzi D, Lopez CL, et al. Limited value of Ga-68-DOTATOC-PET-CT in routine screening of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. World J Surg. 2017;41:1521–1527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keutgen XM, Hammel P, Choyke PL, et al. Evaluation and management of pancreatic lesions in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2016;13:537–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park TY, Lee SK, Park JS, et al. Clinical features of pancreatic involvement in von Hippel-Lindau disease: a retrospective study of 55 cases in a single center. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015;50:360–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlesworth M, Verbeke CS, Falk GA, et al. Pancreatic lesions in von Hippel-Lindau disease? A systematic review and meta-synthesis of the literature. J Gastrointest Surg. 2012;16:1422–1428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad V, Tiling N, Denecke T, et al. Potential role of (68)Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT in screening for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43:2014–2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Asselt SJ, Brouwers AH, Van Dullemen HM, et al. Potential value of EUS in pancreatic surveillance of VHL patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;174:611–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitano M, Millo C, Rahbari R, et al. Comparison of 6–18F-fluoro-L-DOPA, 18F-2-deoxy-D-glucose, CT, and MRI in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Surgery. 2011;150:1122–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulke MH, Benson AB III, Bergsland E, et al. Neuroendocrine tumors, version 2012. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2012;10:724–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulke MH, Shah MH, Benson AB III, et al. Neuroendocrine tumors, version 1.2015. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2015;13:78–108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neuzillet C, Vullierme MP, Couvelard A, et al. Difficult diagnosis of atypical cystic pancreatic lesions in von Hippel-Lindau disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2010;34:140–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisbrod AB, Kitano M, Thomas F, et al. Assessment of tumor growth in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in von Hippel Lindau syndrome. J Am Coll Surg. 2014;218:163–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satoh K, Sadowski SM, Dieckmann W, et al. (18)F-FDG PET/CT volumetric parameters are associated with tumor grade and metastasis in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in von hippel-lindau disease. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23:714–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadowski SM, Weisbrod AB, Ellis R, et al. Prospective evaluation of the clinical utility of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET CT scanning in patients with von hippel-lindau-associated pancreatic lesions. J Am Coll Surg. 2014;218:997–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kok J, Lin M, Wong V, et al. [18F]FDG PET/CT in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours associated with von Hippel Lindau Syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;70:657–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh YX, Chok AY, Zheng HL, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinicopathologic characteristics of cystic versus solid pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Surgery. 2014;156:83–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridtitid W, Halawi H, DeWitt JM, et al. Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: outcomes of preoperative endosonography-guided fine needle aspiration, and recurrence during long-term follow-up. Endoscopy. 2015;47:617–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paiella S, Marchegiani G, Miotto M, et al. Are cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors an indolent entity? results from a single-center surgical series. Neuroendocrinology. 2018;106:234–241.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park HS, Kim SY, Hong SM, et al. Hypervascular solid-appearing serous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: differential diagnosis with neuroendocrine tumours. Eur Radiol. 2016;26:1348–1358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho HC, Eloubeidi MA, Siddiqui UD, et al. Endosonographic and cyst fluid characteristics of cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: a multicentre case series. Dig Liver Dis. 2013;45:750–753.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singhi AD, Chu LC, Tatsas AD, et al. Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36:1666–1673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra V, Nayar MK, Leeds JS, et al. Diagnostic performance of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)/endoscopic ultrasound–fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) cytology in solid and cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2015;24:69–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakai Y, Isayama H, Itoi T, et al. Role of endoscopic ultrasonography in pancreatic cystic neoplasms: where do we stand and where will we go? Dig Endosc. 2014;26:135–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales-Oyarvide V, Yoon WJ, Ingkakul T, et al. Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: the value of cytology in preoperative diagnosis. Cancer Cytopathol. 2014;122:435–444.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hurtado-Pardo L, Cienfuegos A, Ruiz-Canela M, et al. Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (cPNETs): a systematic review and meta-analysis of case series. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2017;109:778–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallinen V, Haglund C, Seppanen H. Outcomes of resected nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: do size and symptoms matter? Surgery. 2015;158:1556–1563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadot E, Reidy-Lagunes DL, Tang LH, et al. Observation versus resection for small asymptomatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a matched case-control study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23:1361–1370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg AM, Friedmann P, Del Rivero J, et al. Resection versus expectant management of small incidentally discovered nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Surgery. 2016;159:302–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao JC, Hassan M, Phan A, et al. One hundred years after “carcinoid”: epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3063–3072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sancho V, Di Florio A, Moody TW, et al. Bombesin receptor-mediated imaging and cytotoxicity: review and current status. Curr Drug Deliv. 2011;8:79–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno P, Ramos-Alvarez I, Moody TW, et al. Bombesin related peptides/receptors and their promising therapeutic roles in cancer imaging, targeting and treatment. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2016;20:1055–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder RP, Van Weerden WM, Krenning EP, et al. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-based targeting using bombesin analogues is superior to metabolism-based targeting using choline for in vivo imaging of human prostate cancer xenografts. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011;38:1257–1266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond E, Dahan L, Raoul JL, et al. Sunitinib Malate for the Treatment of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:501–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplin ME, Pavel M, Cwikla J, et al. Lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:224–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao JC, Fazio N, Singh S, et al. Everolimus for the treatment of advanced, non-functional neuroendocrine tumours of the lung or gastrointestinal tract (RADIANT-4): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2016;387:968–977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao JC, Shah MH, Ito T, et al. Everolimus for Advanced Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:514–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar