Molecular imaging and advanced MRI findings following immunotherapy in patients with brain tumors

References

• Okada H, Weller M, Huang R, et al. Immunotherapy response assessment in neuro-oncology: a report of the RANO working group. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(15):e534–e542.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galldiks N, Kocher M, Ceccon G, et al. Imaging challenges of immunotherapy and targeted therapy in patients with brain metastases: response, progression, and pseudoprogression. Neuro Oncol. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen JV, Alomari AK, Vortmeyer AO, et al. Melanoma brain metastasis Pseudoprogression after Pembrolizumab treatment. Cancer Immunol Res. 2016;4(3):179–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galldiks N, Dunkl V, Stoffels G, et al. Diagnosis of pseudoprogression in patients with glioblastoma using O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;42(5):685–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langen KJ, Galldiks N, Hattingen E, et al. Advances in neuro-oncology imaging. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017;13(5):279–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahluwalia MS, Wen PY. Antiangiogenic therapy for patients with glioblastoma: current challenges in imaging and future directions. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2011;11(5):653–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhermain FG, Hau P, Lanfermann H, Jacobs AH, van den Bent MJ. Advanced MRI and. PET imaging for assessment of treatment response in patients with gliomas. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(9):906–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar AJ, Leeds NE, Fuller GN, et al. Malignant gliomas: MR imaging spectrum of radiation therapy- and chemotherapy-induced necrosis of the brain after treatment. Radiology. 2000;217(2):377–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasten BB, Udayakumar N, Leavenworth JW, et al. Current and future imaging methods for evaluating response to immunotherapy in neuro-oncology. Theranostics. 2019;9(17):5085–5104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohmann P, Werner JM, Shah NJ, et al. Combined amino acid positron emission tomography and advanced magnetic resonance imaging in glioma patients. Cancers (Basel). 2019;11:2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert NL, Weller M, Suchorska B, et al. Response assessment in neuro-oncology working group and European Association for neuro-oncology recommendations for the clinical use of PET imaging in gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 2016;18(9):1199–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galldiks N, Langen KJ, Albert NL, et al. PET imaging in patients with brain metastasis-report of the RANO/PET group. Neuro Oncol. 2019;21(5):585–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields AF, Grierson JR, Dohmen BM, et al. Imaging proliferation in vivo with [F-18]FLT and positron emission tomography. Nat Med. 1998;4(11):1334–1336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller M, Roth P, Preusser M, et al. Vaccine-based immunotherapeutic approaches to gliomas and beyond. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017;13(6):363–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher T, Bunse L, Pusch S, et al. A vaccine targeting mutant IDH1 induces antitumour immunity. Nature. 2014;512(7514):324–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller M, Butowski N, Tran DD, et al. Rindopepimut with temozolomide for patients with newly diagnosed, EGFRvIII-expressing glioblastoma (ACT IV): a randomised, double-blind, international phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(10):1373–1385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phuphanich S, Wheeler CJ, Rudnick JD, et al. Phase I trial of a multi-epitope-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2013;62(1):125–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceschin R, Kurland BF, Abberbock SR, et al. Parametric response mapping of apparent diffusion coefficient as an imaging biomarker to distinguish pseudoprogression from true tumor progression in peptide-based vaccine therapy for pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015;36(11):2170–2176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrabec M, Van Cauter S, Himmelreich U, et al. MR perfusion and diffusion imaging in the follow-up of recurrent glioblastoma treated with dendritic cell immunotherapy: a pilot study. Neuroradiology. 2011;53(10):721–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenberg L, Englund E, Wirestam R, et al. Dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging combined with contrast-enhanced MR imaging in the follow-up of immunogene-treated glioblastoma multiforme. Acta Radiol. 2006;47(8):852–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floeth FW, Wittsack HJ, Engelbrecht V, et al. Comparative follow-up of enhancement phenomena with MRI and Proton MR Spectroscopic Imaging after intralesional immunotherapy in glioblastoma–report of two exceptional cases. Zentralbl Neurochir. 2002;63(1):23–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiba Y, Kinoshita M, Okita Y, et al. Use of (11)C-methionine PET parametric response map for monitoring WT1 immunotherapy response in recurrent malignant glioma. J Neurosurg. 2012;116(4):835–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristin Schmitz A, Sorg RV, Stoffels G, et al. Diagnostic impact of additional O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine ((18)F-FET) PET following immunotherapy with dendritic cell vaccination in glioblastoma patients. Br J Neurosurg. 2019;1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonios JP, Soto H, Everson RG, et al. Detection of immune responses after immunotherapy in glioblastoma using PET and MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017;114(38):10220–10225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagley SJ, Desai AS, Linette GP, et al. CAR T-cell therapy for glioblastoma: recent clinical advances and future challenges. Neuro Oncol. 2018;20(11):1429–1438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown CE, Alizadeh D, Starr R, et al. Regression of glioblastoma after chimeric antigen receptor T-Cell therapy. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(26):2561–2569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S, O’Rourke DM, Chawla S, et al. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of anti-EGFRvIII chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Br J Cancer. 2019;120(1):54–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keu KV, Witney TH, Yaghoubi S, et al. Reporter gene imaging of targeted T cell immunotherapy in recurrent glioma. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9:373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preusser M, Lim M, Hafler DA, et al. Prospects of immune checkpoint modulators in the treatment of glioblastoma. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11(9):504–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin L, Li X, Stroiney A, et al. Advanced MRI assessment to predict benefit of anti-programmed cell death 1 protein immunotherapy response in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Neuroradiology. 2017;59(2):135–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen NC, Yee MK, Tuchayi AM, et al. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy response assessment with F-18 Fluorothymidine Positron-emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging in melanoma brain metastasis: a pilot study. Front Oncol. 2018;8:18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kebir S, Rauschenbach L, Galldiks N, et al. Dynamic O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET imaging for the detection of checkpoint inhibitor-related pseudoprogression in melanoma brain metastases. Neuro Oncol. 2016;18(10):1462–1464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galldiks N, Abdulla DSY, Scheffler M, et al. Treatment monitoring of immunotherapy and targeted therapy using FET PET in patients with melanoma and lung cancer brain metastases: initial experiences. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(37_suppl):e13525.
   Google Scholar
• England CG, Ehlerding EB, Hernandez R, et al. Preclinical pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies of 89Zr-labeled pembrolizumab. J Nucl Med. 2017;58(1):162–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee S, Lesniak WG, Nimmagadda S. Noninvasive imaging of immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1 in tumors and metastases for guiding immunotherapy. Mol Imaging. 2017;16:1536012117718459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemeijer AN, Leung D, Huisman MC, et al. Whole body PD-1 and PD-L1 positron emission tomography in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):4664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja J, Ludwig JM, Gettinger SN, et al. Oncolytic virus immunotherapy: future prospects for oncology. J Immunother Cancer. 2018;6(1):140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Desjardins A, Gromeier M, Herndon JE 2nd, et al. Recurrent glioblastoma treated with recombinant poliovirus. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(2):150–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth PA, Abate-Daga D. Oncolytic virotherapy for malignant gliomas. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(14):1440–1442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs A, Voges J, Reszka R, et al. Positron-emission tomography of vector-mediated gene expression in gene therapy for gliomas. Lancet. 2001;358(9283):727–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dempsey MF, Wyper D, Owens J, et al. Assessment of 123I-FIAU imaging of herpes simplex viral gene expression in the treatment of glioma. Nucl Med Commun. 2006;27(8):611–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law I, Albert NL, Arbizu J, et al. Joint EANM/EANO/RANO practice guidelines/SNMMI procedure standards for imaging of gliomas using PET with radiolabelled amino acids and [(18)F]FDG: version 1.0. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019;46(3):540–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellingson BM, Bendszus M, Boxerman J, et al. Consensus recommendations for a standardized brain tumor imaging protocol in clinical trials. Neuro Oncol. 2015;17(9):1188–1198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welker K, Boxerman J, Kalnin A, et al. ASFNR recommendations for clinical performance of MR dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion imaging of the brain. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015;36(6):E41–E51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsop DC, Detre JA, Golay X, et al. Recommended implementation of arterial spin-labeled perfusion MRI for clinical applications: A consensus of the ISMRM perfusion study group and the European consortium for ASL in dementia. Magn Reson Med. 2015;73(1):102–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boire A, Brandsma D, Brastianos PK, et al. Liquid biopsy in central nervous system metastases: a RANO review and proposals for clinical applications. Neuro Oncol. 2019;21(5):571–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar