Prostate cancer: more effective use of underutilized postoperative radiation therapy

References

• Sanda MG, Cadeddu JA, Kirkby E, et al. Clinically localized prostate cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO guideline. Part II: recommended approaches and details of specific care options. J Urol. 2018;199(4):990–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornford P, Bellmunt J, Bolla M, et al. EAU-ESTRO-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part II: treatment of relapsing, metastatic, and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2017 Apr;71(4):630–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Prostate cancer; 2019 [cited 2019 Dec 6]. Available from: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Swanson GP, Lerner SP. Positive margins after radical prostatectomy: implications for failure and role of adjuvant treatment. Urol Oncol. 2013 Jul;31(5):531–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passoni NM, Fajkovic H, Xylinas E, et al. Prognosis of patients with pelvic lymph node (LN) metastasis after radical prostatectomy: value of extranodal extension and size of the largest LN metastasis. BJU Int. 2014 Oct;114(4):503–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touijer KA, Mazzola CR, Sjoberg DD, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with lymph node metastasis treated with radical prostatectomy without adjuvant androgen-deprivation therapy. Eur Urol. 2014 Jan;65(1):20–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisansky TM, Thompson IM, Valicenti RK, et al. Adjuvant and salvage radiotherapy after prostatectomy: ASTRO/AUA guideline amendment 2018–2019. J Urol. 2019 Sep;202(3):533–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson IM, Valicenti RK, Albertsen P, et al. Adjuvant and salvage radiotherapy after prostatectomy: AUA/ASTRO guideline. J Urol. 2013 Aug;190(2):441–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson AJ, Kattan MW, Eastham JA, et al. Defining biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: a proposal for a standardized definition. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Aug 20;24(24):3973–3978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toussi A, Stewart-Merrill SB, Boorjian SA, et al. Standardizing the definition of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy-what prostate specific antigen cut point best predicts a durable increase and subsequent systemic progression? J Urol. 2016 Jun;195(6):1754–1759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morlacco A, Karnes RJ. Early salvage radiation therapy post-prostatectomy: key considerations. Future Oncol. 2016 Nov;12(22):2579–2587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalbasi A, Swisher-McClure S, Mitra N, et al. Low rates of adjuvant radiation in patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer with high-risk pathologic features. Cancer. 2014 Oct 1;120(19):3089–3096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surcel CI, Sooriakumaran P, Briganti A, et al. Preferences in the management of high-risk prostate cancer among urologists in Europe: results of a web-based survey. BJU Int. 2015 Apr;115(4):571–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balakrishnan AS, Zhao S, Cowan JE, et al. Trends and predictors of adjuvant therapy for adverse features following radical prostatectomy: an analysis from cancer of the prostate strategic urologic research endeavor. Urology. 2019 Sep;131:157–165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bolla M, van Poppel H, Tombal B, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer: long-term results of a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). Lancet. 2012 Dec 8;380(9858):2018–2027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Paradelo J, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathological T3N0M0 prostate cancer significantly reduces risk of metastases and improves survival: long-term followup of a randomized clinical trial. J Urol. 2009 Mar;181(3):956–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegel T, Bartkowiak D, Bottke D, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy versus wait-and-see after radical prostatectomy: 10-year follow-up of the ARO 96-02/AUO AP 09/95 trial. Eur Urol. 2014 Aug;66(2):243–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly T, Hickey BE, Lehman M, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Dec 7;12:Cd007234.
   Google Scholar
• De Bari B, Fiorentino A, Arcangeli S, et al. From radiobiology to technology: what is changing in radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2014 May;14(5):553–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackman G, Taari K, Tammela TL, et al. Randomised trial of adjuvant radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy versus radical prostatectomy alone in prostate cancer patients with positive margins or extracapsular extension. Eur Urol. 2019 Nov;76(5):586–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moinpour CM, Hayden KA, Unger JM, et al. Health-related quality of life results in pathologic stage C prostate cancer from a Southwest Oncology Group trial comparing radical prostatectomy alone with radical prostatectomy plus radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jan 1;26(1):112–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfister D, Bolla M, Briganti A, et al. Early salvage radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2014 Jun;65(6):1034–1043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stish BJ, Pisansky TM, Harmsen WS, et al. Improved metastasis-free and survival outcomes with early salvage radiotherapy in men with detectable prostate-specific antigen after prostatectomy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Nov 10;34(32):3864–3871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briganti A, Wiegel T, Joniau S, et al. Early salvage radiation therapy does not compromise cancer control in patients with pT3N0 prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: results of a match-controlled multi-institutional analysis. Eur Urol. 2012 Sep;62(3):472–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossati N, Karnes RJ, Boorjian SA, et al. Long-term impact of adjuvant versus early salvage radiation therapy in pT3N0 prostate cancer patients treated with radical prostatectomy: results from a multi-institutional series. Eur Urol. 2017 Jun;71(6):886–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang WL, Tendulkar RD, Niemierko A, et al. Comparison between adjuvant and early-salvage postprostatectomy radiotherapy for prostate cancer with adverse pathological features. JAMA Oncol. 2018 May 10;4(5):e175230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker C, Clarke N, Logue J, et al. RADICALS (radiotherapy and androgen deprivation in combination after local surgery). Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2007 Apr;19(3):167–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker C, Clarke NW, Cook A, et al. LBA49_PRTiming of radiotherapy (RT) after radical prostatectomy (RP): first results from the RADICALS RT randomised controlled trial (RCT) [NCT00541047]. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(Supplement_5):v883–v884.
   Google Scholar
• Richaud P, Sargos P, Henriques de Figueiredo B, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy of prostate cancer. Cancer radiotherapie. 2010 Oct;14(6–7):500–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearse M, Fraser-Browne C, Davis ID, et al. A phase III trial to investigate the timing of radiotherapy for prostate cancer with high-risk features: background and rationale of the radiotherapy – adjuvant versus early salvage (RAVES) trial. BJU Int. 2014 Mar;113(Suppl 2):7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kneebone A, Fraser-Browne C, Delprado W, et al. A phase III multi-centre randomised trial comparing adjuvant versus early salvage radiotherapy following a radical prostatectomy: results of the TROG 08.03 and ANZUP “RAVES” trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2019;105(1):S37–S38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vale CL, Brihoum M, Chabaud S, et al. LBA48_PRAdjuvant or salvage radiotherapy for the treatment of localised prostate cancer? A prospectively planned aggregate data meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(Supplement_5):v883.
   Google Scholar
• Swanson GP, Goldman B, Tangen CM, et al. The prognostic impact of seminal vesicle involvement found at prostatectomy and the effects of adjuvant radiation: data from Southwest Oncology Group 8794. J Urol. 2008 Dec;180(6):2453–7;discussion 2458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moschini M, Sharma V, Gandaglia G, et al. Long-term utility of adjuvant hormonal and radiation therapy for patients with seminal vesicle invasion at radical prostatectomy. BJU Int. 2017 Jul;120(1):69–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Kwast TH, Bolla M, Van Poppel H, et al. Identification of patients with prostate cancer who benefit from immediate postoperative radiotherapy: EORTC 22911. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Sep 20;25(27):4178–4186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottke D, Golz R, Storkel S, et al. Phase 3 study of adjuvant radiotherapy versus wait and see in pT3 prostate cancer: impact of pathology review on analysis. Eur Urol. 2013 Aug;64(2):193–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yossepowitch O, Briganti A, Eastham JA, et al. Positive surgical margins after radical prostatectomy: a systematic review and contemporary update. Eur Urol. 2014 Feb;65(2):303–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhindi B, Carlson RE, Mason RJ, et al. Long-term follow-up of a matched cohort study evaluating the role of adjuvant radiotherapy for organ-confined prostate cancer with a positive surgical margin. Urology. 2017 Nov;109:145–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi L, Nini A, Bianchi M, et al. The role of prostate-specific antigen persistence after radical prostatectomy for the prediction of clinical progression and cancer- specific mortality in node-positive prostate cancer patients. Eur Urol. 2016 Jun;69(6):1142–1148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandaglia G, Briganti A, Clarke N, et al. Adjuvant and salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy in prostate cancer patients. Eur Urol. 2017 Nov;72(5):689–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartkowiak D, Siegmann A, Bohmer D, et al. The impact of prostate-specific antigen persistence after radical prostatectomy on the efficacy of salvage radiotherapy in patients with primary N0 prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2019 Nov;124(5):785–791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdollah F, Karnes RJ, Suardi N, et al. Impact of adjuvant radiotherapy on survival of patients with node- positive prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Dec 10;32(35):3939–3947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusthoven CG, Carlson JA, Kavanagh BD. External validation of the benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy for pathologic N1M0 prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jun 10;33(17):1987–1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rexer H, Bartkowiak D. Adjuvant radiotherapy for lymph-node-positive prostate cancer with low tumor load after radical prostatectomy: multicenter randomized phase III study of the effect of adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with prostate cancer with or without a positive margin after radical prostatectomy (RP) and lymph node metastasis with low tumor load (micrometastases, </= 2 lymph node macrometastases). ART-2 - study AP 61/10 of the AUO. Der Urologe Ausg A. 2017 Aug;56(8):1040–1043.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D’Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Jama. 1998 Sep 16;280(11):969–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boorjian SA, Karnes RJ, Rangel LJ, et al. Impact of prostate-specific antigen testing on the clinical and pathological outcomes after radical prostatectomy for Gleason 8-10 cancers. BJU Int. 2008 Feb;101(3):299–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooperberg MR, Pasta DJ, Elkin EP, et al. The University of California, San Francisco cancer of the prostate risk assessment score: a straightforward and reliable preoperative predictor of disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2005 Jun;173(6):1938–1942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson AJ, Scardino PT, Eastham JA, et al. Postoperative nomogram predicting the 10-year probability of prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Oct 1;23(28):7005–7012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell’Oglio P, Suardi N, Boorjian SA, et al. Predicting survival of men with recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Eur J Cancer. 2016 Feb;54:27–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdollah F, Suardi N, Cozzarini C, et al. Selecting the optimal candidate for adjuvant radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer: a long-term survival analysis. Eur Urol. 2013 Jun;63(6):998–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma V, Nehra A, Colicchia M, et al. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging is an independent predictor of salvage radiotherapy outcomes after radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2018 Jun;73(6):879–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trabulsi EJ, Rumble RB, Jadvar H, et al. Optimum imaging strategies for advanced prostate cancer: ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Jan 15:Jco1902757. DOI:10.1200/JCO.19.02757.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calais J, Ceci F, Eiber M, et al. (18)F-fluciclovine PET-CT and (68)Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT in patients with early biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy: a prospective, single-centre, single-arm, comparative imaging trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Sep;20(9):1286–1294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colicchia M, Morlacco A, Cheville JC, et al. Genomic tests to guide prostate cancer management following diagnosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2017 Apr;17(4):367–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erho N, Crisan A, Vergara IA, et al. Discovery and validation of a prostate cancer genomic classifier that predicts early metastasis following radical prostatectomy. PloS One. 2013;8(6):e66855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross AE, Feng FY, Ghadessi M, et al. A genomic classifier predicting metastatic disease progression in men with biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2014 Mar;17(1):64–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karnes RJ, Bergstralh EJ, Davicioni E, et al. Validation of a genomic classifier that predicts metastasis following radical prostatectomy in an at risk patient population. J Urol. 2013 Dec;190(6):2047–2053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Den RB, Yousefi K, Trabulsi EJ, et al. Genomic classifier identifies men with adverse pathology after radical prostatectomy who benefit from adjuvant radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Mar 10;33(8):944–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Den RB, Feng FY, Showalter TN, et al. Genomic prostate cancer classifier predicts biochemical failure and metastases in patients after postoperative radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014 Aug 1;89(5):1038–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedland SJ, Choeurng V, Howard L, et al. Utilization of a genomic classifier for prediction of metastasis following salvage radiation therapy after radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2016 Oct;70(4):588–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein EA, Santiago-Jimenez M, Yousefi K, et al. Molecular analysis of low grade prostate cancer using a genomic classifier of metastatic potential. J Urol. 2017 Jan;197(1):122–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spratt DE, Yousefi K, Deheshi S, et al. Individual patient-level meta-analysis of the performance of the decipher genomic classifier in high-risk men after prostatectomy to predict development of metastatic disease. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 20;35(18):1991–1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Broeck T, Moris L, Gevaert T, et al. Validation of the Decipher test for predicting distant metastatic recurrence in men with high-risk nonmetastatic prostate cancer 10 years after surgery. Eur urol oncol. 2019 Sep;2(5):589–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spratt DE, Dai DLY, Den RB, et al. Performance of a prostate cancer genomic classifier in predicting metastasis in men with prostate-specific antigen persistence postprostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2018 Jul;74(1):107–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalela D, Santiago-Jimenez M, Yousefi K, et al. Genomic Classifier augments the role of pathological features in identifying optimal candidates for adjuvant radiation therapy in patients with prostate cancer: development and internal validation of a multivariable prognostic model. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 20;35(18):1982–1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore JL, Du Plessis M, Santiago-Jimenez M, et al. Decipher test impacts decision making among patients considering adjuvant and salvage treatment after radical prostatectomy: interim results from the multicenter prospective PRO-IMPACT study. Cancer. 2017 Aug 1;123(15):2850–2859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marascio J, Spratt DE, Zhang J, et al. Prospective study to define the clinical utility and benefit of Decipher testing in men following prostatectomy. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2019 Nov 12. DOI:10.1038/s41391-019-0185-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao SG, Chang SL, Spratt DE, et al. Development and validation of a 24-gene predictor of response to postoperative radiotherapy in prostate cancer: a matched, retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Nov;17(11):1612–1620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuzick J, Swanson GP, Fisher G, et al. Prognostic value of an RNA expression signature derived from cell cycle proliferation genes in patients with prostate cancer: a retrospective study. Lancet Oncol. 2011 Mar;12(3):245–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen J, Rosner IL, Brand TC, et al. A Biopsy-based 17-gene genomic prostate score predicts recurrence after radical prostatectomy and adverse surgical pathology in a racially diverse population of men with clinically low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2015 Jul;68(1):123–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar