References
- Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265–269.
- Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. The World Health Organization. cited 2021 04 15. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it#:~:text=Official%20names%20have%20been%20announced,%2DCoV%2D2)
- Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270–273.
- Guan W-J, Ni Z-Y, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708–1720.
- Chan JF-W, Yuan S, Kok K-H, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514–523.
- Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506.
- Morens DM, Breman JG, Calisher CH, et al. The origin of COVID-19 and why it matters. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(3):955–959.
- Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Diseases. 2020;20(5):533–534.
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cited 2021 04 2. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects.html
- Supply shortages impacting COVID-19 and non-COVID testing. American Society for Microbiology. cited 2021 4 2. https://asm.org/Articles/2020/September/Clinical-Microbiology-Supply-Shortage-Collecti-1
- Azar AM. Determination of public health emergency. Fed Regist. 2020;85(26):7316–7317.
- For current SARS-CoV-2 in vitro diagnostic EUAs. The US food and drug administration. cited 2021 04 15. https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-legal-regulatory-and-policy-framework/emergency-use-authorization
- FDA permits marketing of first SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test using traditional premarket review process. The US Food and Drug Administration. cited 2021 04 15. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-permits-marketing-first-sars-cov-2-diagnostic-test-using-traditional-premarket-review-process
- Hanson KE, Caliendo AM, et al. The infectious diseases society of America guidelines on the diagnosis of COVID-19: molecular diagnostic testing. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 22 Published online. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab048.
- Sethurama N, Stanleyraj S, Ryo A, et al. Interpreting diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2. JAMA. 2020;323(22):2249–2251.
- Interim Guidance for Antigen Testing for SARS-CoV-2. The centers for disease control and prevention. cited 2021 04 15. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/resources/antigen-tests-guidelines.html
- Hanson KE, Caliendo AM, Arias CA, et al. The infectious diseases society of America guidelines on the diagnosis of COVID-19: serologic testing. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 12 Published online. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1343.
- Razonable RR, Hayden RT. Clinical utility of viral load in management of cytomegalovirus infection after solid organ transplantation. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013;26(4):703–727.
- Hassan S, Mittal C, Amer S. Currently recommended BK virus (BKV) plasma viral load cutoff of ≥4 log10/mL underestimates the diagnosis of BKV-associated nephropathy: a single transplant center experience. Transpl Infect Dis. 2014;16(1):55–60.
- Boan P, Hewison C, Swaminathan R, et al. Optimal use of plasma and urine BK viral loads for screening and predicting BK nephropathy. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):342.
- Van Kampen JJA, van de Vijver DAMC, Fraaij PLA, et al. Duration and key determinants of infectious virus shedding in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Nat Comm. 2021;12(1):267.
- Li T-Z, Cao Z-H, Chen Y, et al. Duration of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA shedding and factors associated with prolonged viral shedding in patients with COVID‐19. J Med Virol. 2021;93(1):506–512.
- Tarhini H, Recoing A, Bridier-Nahmias A, Rahi M, et al. Long term SARS-CoV-2 infectiousness among three immunocompromised patients: from prolonged viral shedding to SARS-CoV-2 superinfection. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Feb 8. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab075.
- Aydillo T, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Aslam S, et al. Shedding of viable SARS-CoV-2 after immunosuppressive therapy for cancer. N Eng J Med. 2020;383(26):26.
- Baang JH, Smith C, Mirabelli C, et al. Prolonged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 replication in an immunocompromised patient. J Infect Disease. 2021;223(1):23–27.
- Choi B, Choudhary MC, Regan J, et al. Persistence and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an Immunocompromised host. N Eng J Med. 2020;383(23):23.
- Cevik M, Tate M, Lloyd O, et al. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV viral load dynamics, duration of viral shedding, and infectiousness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Microbe. 2021;2(1):e13–22.
- Wolfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. 2020;581(7809):465–470.
- Walsh AK, Jordan K, Clyne B, et al. SARS-CoV-2 detection, viral load and infectivity over the course of an infection. J of Infection. 2020;81(3):357–371.
- COVID-19 Test Uses: FAQs on Testing for SARS-CoV-2. The US food and drug administration. [ cited 2021 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices/covid-19-test-uses-faqs-testing-sars-cov-2
- Rhoads D, Peaper DR, She R., et al. College of American Pathologists (CAP) microbiology committee perspective: caution must be used in interpreting the cycle threshold (Ct) value. Clin Infect Dis. [2020 Aug 12]. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1199
- Perera RAPM, Tso E, Tsang OTY, et al. SARS-CoV-2 virus culture and subgenomic RNA for respiratory specimens from patients with mild coronavirus disease. Emerg Infect Diseases. 2020;26(11):2701–2704.
- Bentley E, Mee ET, Routley S, et al. Collaborative study for the establishment of a WHO international standard for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The World Health Organization. WHO/BS/2020.2402.
- WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. 2020. Main outcomes of the meeting of the WHO expert committee on biological standardization held on 9 and 10 December 2020. 2020 Dec 9-10. The World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
- SARS-CoV-2 Reference Panel Comparative Data. The US food and drug administration. Cited 4 02 2021. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices/sars-cov-2-reference-panel-comparative-data
- WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. 2016. Collaborative study to establish a World Health Organization international reference panel for dengue virus types 1 to 4 RNA for nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT)-based assays. 2016 Oct 17-21. The World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Hayden RT, Sun Y, Tang L, et al. Progress in quantitative viral load testing: variability and impact of the WHO Quantitative International Standards. J Clin Micro. 2017Feb; 55(2): 423–430. Epub 2016 Nov 16;
- Hayden RT, Preiksaitis J, Tong Y, et al. Commutability of the 1st WHO international standard for human cytomegalovirus. J Clin Micro. 2015Oct; 53(10): 3325–3333. Epub 2015 Aug 12
- Trypsteen W, van Cleemput J, van Snippenberg W, et al. On the whereabouts of SARS-CoV-2 in the human body: a systematic review. PLoS Pathog. 2020;16(10):e1009037.
- Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1843–1844.