287
Views
30
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Immunological aspects of botulinum toxin therapy

&
Pages 487-494 | Received 26 Jan 2016, Accepted 15 Nov 2016, Published online: 28 Nov 2016

References

  • Schantz EJ. Historical perspective. In: Jankovic J, Hallett M, editors. Therapy with botulinum toxin. New York, Basel, Hong Kong: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1994. p. XXIII–XXVI. ​
  • Scott AB. Foreword. In: Jankovic J, Hallett M, editors. Therapy with botulinum toxin. New York, Basel, Hong Kong: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1994. p. VII–IX.
  • Dressler D. Clinical applications of botulinum toxin. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2012;15:325–336.
  • Biglan AW, Gonnering R, Lockhart LB, et al. Absence of antibody production in patients treated with botulinum A toxin. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;101:232–235.
  • Gonnering RS. Negative antibody response to long-term treatment of facial spasm with botulinum toxin. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988;105:313–315.
  • Dressler D. Clinical presentation and management of antibody-induced failure of botulinum toxin therapy. Mov Disord. 2004;19(Suppl 8):S92–S100.
  • Dong M, Yeh F, Tepp WH, et al. SV2 is the protein receptor for botulinum neurotoxin A. Science. 2006;312:592–596.
  • Mahrhold S, Rummel A, Bigalke H, et al. The synaptic vesicle protein 2C mediates the uptake of botulinum neurotoxin A into phrenic nerves. FEBS Lett. 2006;580:2011–2014.
  • Benoit RM, Frey D, Hilbert M, et al. Structural basis for recognition of synaptic vesicle protein 2C by botulinum neurotoxin A. Nature. 2014;505:108–111.
  • Nishiki T, Kamata Y, Nemoto Y, et al. Identification of protein receptor for Clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin in rat brain synaptosomes. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:10498–10503.
  • Dong M, Richards DA, Goodnough MC, et al. Synaptotagmins I and II mediate entry of botulinum neurotoxin B into cells. J Cell Biol. 2003;162:1293–1303.
  • Hugues R, Whaler BC. Influence of nerve ending activity and of drugs on the rate of paralysis of rat diaphragm preparations by Cl. Botulinum type A toxin. J Physiol. 1962;160:221–233.
  • Hesse S, Jahnke MT, Luecke D, et al. Short-term electrical stimulation enhances the effectiveness of botulinum toxin in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in hemiparetic patients. Neurosci Lett. 1995;201:37–40.
  • Eleopra R, Tugnoli V, De Grandis D. The variability in the clinical effect induced by botulinum toxin type A: the role of muscle activity in humans. Mov Disord. 1997;12:89–94.
  • Pellizzari R, Rossetto O, Schiavo G, et al. Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins: mechanism of action and therapeutic uses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1999;354:259–268.
  • Schiavo G, Santucci A, Dasgupta BR, et al. Botulinum neurotoxins serotypes A and E cleave SNAP-25 at distinct COOH-terminal peptide bonds. FEBS Lett. 1993;335:99–103.
  • Binz T, Blasi J, Yamasaki S, et al. Proteolysis of SNAP-25 by types E and A botulinal neurotoxins. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:1617–1620.
  • Foran P, Lawrence GW, Shone CC, et al. Botulinum neurotoxin C1 cleaves both syntaxin and SNAP-25 in intact and permeabilized chromaffin cells: correlation with its blockade of catecholamine release. Biochemistry. 1996;35:2630–2636.
  • Schiavo G, Benfenati F, Poulain B, et al. Tetanus and botulinum-B neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release by proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin. Nature. 1992;359:832–835.
  • Schiavo G, Rossetto O, Catsicas S, et al. Identification of the nerve terminal targets of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, D, and E. J Biol Chem. 1993;268:23784–23787.
  • Schiavo G, Shone CC, Rossetto O, et al. Botulinum neurotoxin serotype F is a zinc endopeptidase specific for VAMP/synaptobrevin. J Biol Chem. 1993;268:11516–11519.
  • Yamasaki S, Baumeister A, Binz T, et al. Cleavage of members of the synaptobrevin/VAMP family by types D and F botulinal neurotoxins and tetanus toxin. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:12764–12772.
  • Duchen LW. An electron microscopic study of the changes induced by botulinum toxin in the motor end-plates of slow and fast skeletal muscle fibres of the mouse. J Neurol Sci. 1971;14:47–60.
  • Duchen LW. Changes in the electron microscopic structure of slow and fast skeletal muscle fibres of the mouse after the local injection of botulinum toxin. J Neurol Sci. 1971;14:61–74.
  • Meunier FA, Schiavo G, Molgó J. Botulinum neurotoxins: from paralysis to recovery of functional neuromuscular transmission. J Physiol Paris. 2002;96:105–113.
  • de Paiva A, Meunier FA, Molgo J, et al. Functional repair of motor endplates after botulinum neurotoxin type A poisoning: biphasic switch of synaptic activity between nerve sprouts and their parent terminals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:3200–3205.
  • Brin MF, Dressler D, Aoki R. Pharmacology of botulinum toxin therapy. In: Jankovic J, Comella C, Brin MF, editors. Dystonia: etiology, clinical features, and treatment. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004. p. 93–112.
  • Filippi GM, Errico P, Santarelli R, et al. Botulinum A toxin effects on rat jaw muscle spindles. Acta Otolaryngol. 1993;113:400–404.
  • Rosales RL, Dressler D. On muscle spindles, dystonia and botulinum toxin. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17(Suppl 1):71–80.
  • Rosales RL, Arimura K, Takenaga S, et al. Extrafusal and intrafusal muscle effects in experimental botulinum toxin-A injection. Muscle Nerve. 1996;19:488–496.
  • Kaji R, Rothwell JC, Katayama M, et al. Tonic vibration reflex and muscle afferent block in writer’s cramp. Ann Neurol. 1995;38:155–162.
  • Kaji R, Kohara N, Katayama M, et al. Muscle afferent block by intramuscular injection of lidocaine for the treatment of writer’s cramp. Muscle Nerve. 1995;18:234–235.
  • Wiegand H, Erdmann G, Wellhoner HH. 125I-labelled botulinum A neurotoxin: pharmacokinetics in cats after intramuscular injection. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1976;292:161–165.
  • Antonucci F, Rossi C, Gianfranceschi L, et al. Long-distance retrograde effects of botulinum neurotoxin A. J Neurosci. 2008;28:3689–3696.
  • Restani L, Antonucci F, Gianfranceschi L, et al. Evidence for anterograde transport and transcytosis of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A). J Neurosci. 2011;31:15650–1569.
  • Ishikawa H, Mitsui Y, Yoshitomi T, et al. Presynaptic effects of botulinum toxin type A on the neuronally evoked response of albino and pigmented rabbit iris sphincter and dilator muscles. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2000;44:106–109.
  • Purkiss J, Welch M, Doward S, et al. Capsaicin-stimulated release of substance P from cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons: involvement of two distinct mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000;59:1403–1406.
  • Welch MJ, Purkiss JR, Foster KA. Sensitivity of embryonic rat dorsal root ganglia neurons to Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins. Toxicon. 2000;38:245–258.
  • Cui M, Li Z, You S, et al. Mechanisms of the antinociceptive effect of subcutaneous botox: inhibition of peripheral and central nociceptive processing. Arch Pharmacol. 2002;365:R17.
  • McMahon H, Foran P, Dolly J. Tetanus toxin and botulinum toxins type A and B inhibit glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, aspartate, and met-enkephalin release from synaptosomes: clues to the locus of action. J Biol Chem. 1992;267:21338–21343.
  • Durham PL, Cady R, Cady R. Regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide secretion from trigeminal nerve cells by botulinum toxin type A: implications for migraine therapy. Headache. 2004;44:35–42.
  • Shone CC, Melling J. Inhibition of calcium-dependent release of noradrenaline from PC12 cells by botulinum type-A neurotoxin. Long-term effects of the neurotoxin on intact cells. Eur J Biochem. 1992;207:1009–1016.
  • Aurora SK, Winner P, Freeman MC, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: pooled analyses of the 56-week PREEMPT clinical program. Headache. 2011;51:1358–1373.
  • Mahowald ML, Krug HE, Singh JA, et al. Intra-articular botulinum toxin type A: a new approach to treat arthritis joint pain. Toxicon. 2009;54:658–667.
  • Dressler D, Foster K. Pharmacology of botulinum toxins. In: Dressler D, Altenmüller E, Krauss JK, editors. Treatment of dystonia. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; in press.
  • Frevert J, Dressler D. Complexing proteins in botulinum toxin type A drugs: a help or a hindrance? Biologics. 2010;4:325–332.
  • Rossetto O, Pirazzini M, Montecucco C. Botulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insights. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2014;12:535–549.
  • Dressler D. Botulinum toxin drugs: brief history and outlook. J Neural Transm. 2016;123:277–279.
  • Dressler D, Adib Saberi F, Benecke R. Botulinum toxin type B for treatment of axillar hyperhidrosis. J Neurol. 2002;249:1729–1732.
  • Sharon N, Lis H. History of lectins: from hemagglutinins to biological recognition molecules. Glycobiology. 2004;14:53R–62R.
  • Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R. Regulation of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system. Science. 2010;327:291–295.
  • Wang L, Sun Y, Yang W, et al. Type A botulinum neurotoxin complex proteins differentially modulate host response of neuronal cells. Toxicon. 2014;82:52–60.
  • Ranoux D, Gury C, Fondarai J, et al. Respective potencies of botox and dysport: a double blind, randomised, crossover study in cervical dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat. 2002;72:459–462.
  • Benecke R, Jost WH, Kanovsky P, et al. A new botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins for treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology. 2005;64:1949–1951.
  • Dressler D. Routine use of Xeomin® in patients pre-treated with Botox®. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(Suppl 2):2–5.
  • Roggenkämper P, Jost WH, Bihari K, et al., for the NT 201 Blepharospasm Study Team. Efficacy and safety of a new botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins in the treatment of blepharospasm. J Neural Transm. 2006;113:303–312.
  • Dressler D. Comparing botox and xeomin for axillar hyperhidrosis. J Neural Transm. 2010;117:317–319.
  • Dressler D, Mander G, Fink K. Equivalent potency of Xeomin® and Botox®. Mov Disord. 2012;119:13–15.
  • Comella CL, Jankovic J, Shannon KM, et al., Dystonia Study Group. Comparison of botulinum toxin serotypes A and B for the treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology. 2005;65:1423–1429.
  • Dressler D, Benecke R. Autonomic side effects of botulinum toxin type B treatment of cervical dystonia and hyperhidrosis. Eur Neurol. 2003;49:34–38.
  • Dressler D, Muenchau A, Bhatia KP, et al. Antibody induced botulinum toxin therapy failure: can it be overcome by increased botulinum toxin doses? Eur Neurol. 2002;47:118–121.
  • Dressler D. Complete secondary botulinum toxin therapy failure in blepharospasm. J Neurol. 2000;247:809–810.
  • Dressler D. New formulation of BOTOX®: complete antibody-induced therapy failure in hemifacial spasm. J Neurol. 2004;251:360–360.
  • Dressler D, Wohlfahrt K, Meyer-Rogge E, et al. Antibody-induced failure of botulinum toxin a therapy in cosmetic indications. Dermatol Surg. 2010;36(Suppl 4):2182–2187.
  • Dressler D, Bigalke H. Botulinum toxin antibody titres after cessation of botulinum toxin therapy. Mov Disord. 2002;17:170–173.
  • Siegel LS. Human immune response to botulinum pentavalent (ABCDE) toxoid determined by a neutralization test and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1988;26:2351–2356.
  • Dressler D. Botulinum toxin therapy. Stuttgart, New York (NY): Thieme Verlag; 2000.
  • Jankovic J, Vuong KD, Ahsan J. Comparison of efficacy and immunogenicity of original versus current botulinum toxin in cervical dystonia. Neurology. 2003;60:1186–1188.
  • Brin MF, Fahn S, Moskowitz C, et al. Localized injections of botulinum toxin for the treatment of focal dystonia and hemifacial spasm. Mov Disord. 1987;2:237–254.
  • Moore AP, Blumhardt LD. A double blind trial of botulinum toxin “A” in torticollis, with one year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat. 1991;54:813–816.
  • Anderson TJ, Rivest J, Stell R, et al. Botulinum toxin treatment of spasmodic torticollis. J R Soc Med. 1992;85:524–529.
  • Zuber M, Sebald M, Bathien N, et al. Botulinum antibodies in dystonic patients treated with type A botulinum toxin: frequency and significance. Neurology. 1993;43:1715–1718.
  • Kessler KR, Skutta M, Benecke R. Long-term treatment of cervical dystonia with botulinum toxin A: efficacy, safety, and antibody frequency. German Dystonia Study Group. J Neurol. 1999;246:265–274.
  • Müller K, Mix E, Adib Saberi F, et al. Prevalence of neutralizing antibodies in patients treated with botulinum toxin type A for spasticity. J Neural Transm. 2009;116:579–585.
  • Greene P, Fahn S, Diamond B. Development of resistance to botulinum toxin type A in patients with torticollis. Mov Disord. 1994;9:213–217.
  • Jankovic J, Schwartz K. Response and immunoresistance to botulinum toxin injections. Neurology. 1995;45:1743–1746.
  • Dressler D, Dirnberger G. Botulinum toxin therapy: risk factors for therapy failure. Mov Disord. 2000;15(suppl 2):51–51.
  • Dressler D, Hallett M. Immunological aspects of botox, dysport and myobloc/neuroBloc. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13(Suppl 1):11–15.
  • Dressler D, Bigalke H. Antibody-induced failure of botulinum toxin type B therapy in de novo patients. Eur Neurol. 2004;52:132–135.
  • Dressler D. Five-year experience with incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®): the first botulinum toxin drug free of complexing proteins. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:385–389.
  • Pickett A, Panjwani N, OKeeffe RS. Potency of type A botulinum toxin preparations in clinical use. 40th Annual Meeting of the Interagency Botulism Research Coordinating Committee (IBRCC), Nov. Atlanta, USA; 2003.
  • Setler P. The biochemistry of botulinum toxin type B. Neurology. 2000;55(Suppl.5):S22S28.
  • Dressler D. IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®). In: Stacy MA, editors. Handbook of dystonia. New York (NY): Informa Healthcare; 2012. p. 469–476.
  • Dressler D, Gessler F, Tacik P, et al. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of botulinum toxin-antibodies. Mov Disord. 2014;29:1322–1324.
  • Dressler D, Dirnberger G. Botulinum toxin antibody testing: comparison between an immunoprecipitation assay and the mouse diaphragm assay. Eur Neurol. 2001;45:257–260.
  • Dressler D, Dirnberger G, Bhatia K, et al. Botulinum toxin antibody testing: comparison between the mouse diaphragm bioassay and the mouse lethality bioassay. Mov Disord. 2000;15:973–976.
  • Kessler KR, Benecke R. The EBD test-a clinical test for the detection of antibodies to botulinum toxin type A. Mov Disord. 1997;12:95–99.
  • Hanna PA, Jankovic J. Mouse bioassay versus Western blot assay for botulinum toxin antibodies: correlation with clinical response. Neurology. 1998;50:1624–1629.
  • Dressler D, Bigalke H, Rothwell JC. The sternocleidomastoid test: an in-vivo assay to investigate botulinum toxin antibody formation in man. J Neurol. 2000;247:630–632.
  • Birklein F, Walther D, Bigalke H, et al. Sudomotor testing predicts the presence of neutralizing botulinum A toxin antibodies. Ann Neurol. 2002;52:68–73.
  • Voller B, Moraru E, Auff E, et al. Ninhydrin sweat test: a simple method for detecting antibodies neutralizing botulinum toxin type A. Mov Disord. 2004;19:943–947.
  • Dressler D, Zettl U, Bigalke H, et al. Can intravenous immunoglobulin improve antibody mediated botulinum toxin therapy failure?. Mov Disord. 2000;15:1279–1281.
  • Naumann M, Toyka KV, Mansouri Taleghani B, et al. Depletion of neutralising antibodies resensitises a secondary non-responder to botulinum A neurotoxin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat. 1998;65:924–927.
  • Duane DD, Monroe J, Morris RE. Mycophenolate in the prevention of recurrent neutralizing botulinum toxin A antibodies in cervical dystonia. Mov Disord. 2000;15:365–366.
  • Dressler D, Benecke R, Bigalke H. Botulinum toxin type B (NeuroBloc®) in patients with botulinum toxin type A antibody-induced therapy failure. J Neurol. 2003;250:967–969.
  • Greene PE, Fahn S. Use of botulinum toxin type F injections to treat torticollis in patients with immunity to botulinum toxin type A. Mov Disord. 1993;8:479–483.
  • Houser MK, Sheean GL, Lees AJ. Further studies using higher doses of botulinum toxin type F for torticollis resistant to botulinum toxin type A. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat. 1998;64:577–580.
  • Dressler D, Altenmueller E, Bhidayasiri R, et al. Strategies for treatment of dystonia. J Neural Transm. 2016;123:251–258.
  • Dressler D, Adib Saberi F, Kollewe K, et al. Safety aspects of incobotulinumtoxinA high dose therapy. J Neural Transm. 2014;122:327–333.
  • Dressler D, Adib SF. Immunological safety of incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®) therapy with reduced interinjection intervals. J Neural Transm. 2016. [Epub ahead of print] ​

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.