References
- Hirtz D, Thurman DJ, Gwinn-Hardy K, et al. How common are the common neurologic disorders? Neurology. 2007;68:326–337.
- Mani J. Combination therapy in epilepsy: what, when, how and what not! J Assoc Physicians India. 2013;61:40–44.
- Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:314–319.
- Mohanraj R, Brodie MJ. Diagnosing refractory epilepsy: response to sequential treatment schedules. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13:277–282.
- Brodie MJ, Barry SJ, Bamagous GA, et al. Patterns of treatment response in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Neurology. 2012;78:1548–1554.
- Martinez-Lizana E, Gil-Lopez F, Donaire A, et al. Outcome of treatment changes in patients with drug-resistant chronic epilepsy: A tertiary center experience. J Epilepsy Res. 2017;136:97–102.
- Kwan P, Arzimanoglou A, Berg AT, et al. Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus proposal by the ad hoc task force of the ILAE commission on therapeutic strategies. Epilepsia. 2010;51:1069–1077.
- Lopez Gonzalez FJ, Rodriguez Osorio X, Gil-Nagel Rein A, et al. Drug-resistant epilepsy: definition and treatment alternatives. Neurologia. 2015;30:439–446.
- Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Epilepsy after the first drug fails: substitution or add-on? Seizure. 2000;9:464–468.
- Louis EKS. Truly “rational” polytherapy: maximizing efficacy and minimizing drug interactions, drug load, and adverse effects. CurrNeuropharmacol. 2009;7:96–105.
- Brodie MJ. Medical therapy of epilepsy: when to initiate treatment and when to combine? J Neurol. 2005;252:125–130.
- Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, et al. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017;69:186–222.
- Legge AW, Detyniecki K, Javed A, et al. Comparative efficacy of unique antiepileptic drug regimens in focal epilepsy: an exploratory study. Epilepsy Res. 2018;142:73–80.
- Slater J, Chung S, Huynh L. Efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in the adjunctive treatment of refractory partial-onset seizures: meta-analysis of pivotal trials. Epilepsy Res. 2018;143:120–129.
- Tallarida RJ. An overview of drug combination analysis with isobolograms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006;319:1–7.
- Błaszczyk B, Miziak B, Czuczwar P, et al. A viewpoint on rational and irrational fixed-drug combinations. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018;11:761–771.
- Berenbaum MC. What is synergy? Pharmacol Rev. 1989;41:93–141.
- Sarhan EM, Walker MC, Selai C. Evidence for efficacy of combination of antiepileptic drugs in treatment of epilepsy. J Neurol Res. 2015;5:267–276.
- Bourgeois BF. Combination of valproate and ethosuximide: antiepileptic and neurotoxic interaction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1988;247:1128-1132.
- Bourgeois BFD. Methods for assessing pharmacodynamics interactions. In: Majkowski J, Bourgeois B, Patsalos P, Mattson R, editors. Antiepileptic drugs combination therapy and interactions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005. p. 193–207.
- Tallarida RJ. Statistical analysis of drug combinations for synergism. Pain. 1992;49:93–97.
- Bourgeois BFD. Pharmacodynamic principles and mechanisms of drug interactions. In: Majkowski J, Bourgeois B, Patsalos P, Mattson R, editors.Antiepileptic drugs combination therapy and interactions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005. p. 181–192.
- Temkin MR. Antiepileptogenesis and seizure prevention trials with antiepileptic drugs: metanalysis of controlled trials. Epilepsia. 2001;42:515–524.
- Schmidt D. Drug treatment strategies for epilepsy revisited: starting early or late? One drug or several drugs? Epileptic Disord. 2016;18:356–366.
- Schmidt D, Schachter SC. Drug treatment of epilepsy in adults. BMJ. 2014;348:254.
- French JA, Faught E. Rational polytherapy. Epilepsia. 2009;50:501–509.
- Rowan AJ, Meijer JW, de Beer-pawlikowski N, et al. Valproate ethosuximide combination therapy for refractory absence seizures. Arch Neurol. 1983;40:797–802.
- Cereghino JJ, Brock JT, Van Meter JC, et al. The efficacy of carbamazepine combinations in epilepsy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1975;18:733–741.
- Leach JP, Brodie MJ. Synergism with GABA-ergic drugs in refractory epilepsy. Lancet. 1994;343:1650.
- Brodie MJ, Mumford JP. Double-blind substitution of vigabatrin and valproate in carbamazepine-resistant partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1999;34:199–205.
- Stephen LJ, Sills GJ, Brodie MJ. Lamotrigine and topiramate may be a useful combination. Lancet. 1998;351:958–959.
- Margolis JM, Chu BC, Wang ZJ, et al. Effectiveness of antiepileptic drug combination therapy for partial-onset seizures based on mechanisms of action. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71:985–993.
- Pisani F, Oteri G, Russo MF, et al. The efficacy of valproate-lamotrigine comedication in refractory complex partial seizures: evidence for a pharmacodynamic interaction. Epilepsia. 1999;40:1141–1146.
- Villanueva V, Lopez-Gomariz E, Lopez-Trigo J, et al. Rational polytherapy with lacosamide in clinical practice: results of a Spanish cohort analysis RELACOVA. Epilepsy Behav. 2012;23:298–304.
- Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Combination therapy in epilepsy. When and what to use. Drugs. 2006;66:1817–1829.
- Armijo JA, Herranz JL. Rational combination therapy in epilepsy. III. Possible associations between antiepileptic drugs. Rev Neurol. 2007;45:236–244.
- Deckers CL, Czuczwar SJ, Hekster YA, et al. Selection of antiepileptic drug polytherapy based on mechanisms of action: the evidence reviewed. Epilepsia. 2000;41:1364–1374.
- Czornyj L, Cáceres Guido P, Bramuglia G, et al. High incidence of persistent subtherapeutic levels of the most common AEDs in children with epilepsy receiving polytherapy. Epilepsy Res. 2018;148:107–114.
- Zaccara G, Franciotta D, Perucca E. Idiosyncratic adverse reactions to antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2007;48:1223–1244.
- Messenheimer J, Mullens EL, Giorgi L, et al. Safety review of adult clinical trial experience with lamotrigine. Drug Saf. 1998;18:281–296.
- Johannessen CU, Jahnnessen SI. Valproate: past, present, and future. CNS Drug Rev. 2003;9:199–216.
- Perucca E. Clinically relevant drug interactions with antiepileptic drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;61:246–255.
- Verrotti A, Loiacono G, Laus M, et al. Hormonal and reproductive disturbances in epileptic male patients: emerging issues. Reprod Toxicol. 2011;31:517–527.
- Pack A. Bone health in people with epilepsy: is it impaired and what are the risk factors? Seizure. 2008;17:181–186.
- Mintzer S, Mattson RH. Should enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs be considered first-line agents? Epilepsia. 2009;50:42–50.
- Morrell MJ, Flynn KL, Done S, et al. Sexual dysfunction, sex steroid hormone abnormalities and depression in women with epilepsy treated with antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Behav. 2005;6:360–365.
- Aliyu H, Ayo JO, Ambali SF, et al. Heamatobiochemical alterations induced by carbamazepine and phenytoin: mini review. Biochem Pharmacol. 2016;5:219.
- Kaufman DW, Kelly JP, Jurgelon JM. Drugs in the aetiology of agranulocytosis and aplastic anaemia. Eur J Haematol. 1996;60:23–3053.
- Ben Menachem E. Weight issues for people with epilepsy: a review. Epilepsia. 2007;48:42–45.
- Johannessen Landmark C, Patsalos PN. Drug interactions involving the new second- and third-generation antiepileptic drugs. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010;10:119–140.
- Wroe S. Zonisamide and renal calculi in patients with epilepsy: how big an issue? Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23:1765–1773.
- Loring DW, Marino S, Meador KJ. Neuropsychological and behavioural effect of antiepilepsy drugs. Neuropsychol Rev. 2007;17:413–425.
- Stephen LJ, Brodie MJ. Pharmacotherapy of epilepsy. Newly approved and developmental agents. CNS Drugs. 2011;25:89–107.
- Landmark CJ. Antiepileptic drugs in nonepilepsy disorders: relations between mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy. CNS Drugs. 2008;22:27–47.
- Kaufman KR. Antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Epilepsy Behav. 2011;21:1–11.
- Stephen LJ, Brodie MJ. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy versus polytherapy: pursuing seizure freedom and tolerability in adults. Curr Opin Neurol. 2012;25:164–172.
- KusznirVitturi B, Barreto Cabral F, MellaCukiert C. Outcomes of pregnant women with refractory epilepsy. Seizure. 2019;69:251–257.
- Holmes LB, Harvey EA, Coull BA, et al. The teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1132–1138.
- Tomson T, Battino D, Bonizzoni E, et al.; For the EURAP study group. Dose dependent risk of malformations with antiepileptic drugs: an analysis of data from the EURAP epilepsy and pregnancy registry. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:609–617.
- Vajda FJE, O’Brien TJ, Graham JE, et al. Antiepileptic drug polytherapy in pregnant women with epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2018;138:115–121.
- Stephen LJ, Brodie MJ. Epilepsy in elderly people. Lancet. 2000;355:1441–1446.
- Brodie MJ, Stephen LJ. Outcomes in elderly patients with newly diagnosed and treated epilepsy. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2007;81:254–263.
- Ben-Menachem E. Medical management of refractory epilepsy–practical treatment with novel antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2014;55:3–8.
- Lee SK. Old versus new: why do we need new antiepileptic drugs? J Epilepsy Res. 2014;4:39.
- Beyenburg S, Stavem K, Schmidt D. Placebo-corrected efficacy of modern antiepileptic drugs for refractory epilepsy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2010;51:7–26.
- Contin M, Bisulli F, Santucci M, et al. Effect of valproic acid on perampanel pharmacokinetics in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2018;59:103–108.
- Gruber CM, Mosier JM, Grant P, et al. Objective comparison of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin in epileptic patients. Neurology. 1956;6:640–645.
- Hakkaraineii H. Carbamazepine vs.diphenylhydantoin vs. their combination in adult epilepsy. Neurology. 1980;30:354.
- Walker JE, Koon P. Carbamazepine versus valproate versus combined therapy for refractory partial complex seizures with secondary generalization. Epilepsia. 1988;29:693.
- Deckers CL, Hekster YA, Keyser A, et al. Monotherapy versus polytherapy for epilepsy: a multicenter double-blind randomized study. Epilepsia. 2001;42:1387–1394.
- Murri L, Iudice A. Vigabatrin as first add-on treatment in carbamazepine-resistant patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 1995;162:40–42.
- Tanganelli P, Regesta G. Vigabatrin vs. carbamazepine monotherapy in newly diagnosed focal epilepsy: a randomized response conditional cross-over study. Epilepsy Res. 1996;25:257–262.
- Mireles R, Leppik IE. Valproate and clonazepam comedication in patients with intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1985;26:122–126.
- Stephen LJ, Sills GJ, Brodie MJ. Topiramate in refractory epilepsy: a prospective observational study. Epilepsia. 2000;41:977–980.
- Brodie MJ, Yuen AWC; 105 Study Group. Lamotrigine substitution study: evidence for synergism with valproate? Epilepsy Res. 1997;26:423–432.
- Besag FM, Berry DJ, Pool F, et al. Carbamazepine toxicity with lamotrigine: pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction? Epilepsia. 1998;39:183–187.
- Kanner AM, Frey M. Adding valproate to lamotrigine: a study of their pharmacokinetic interaction. Neurology. 2000;55:588–591.
- Moeller JJ, Rahey SR, Sadler RM. Lamotrigine-valproic acid combination therapy for medically refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009;50:475–479.
- Kinirons P, McCarthy M, Doherty CP, et al. Predicting drug-resistant patients who respond to add-on therapy with levetiracetam. Seizure. 2006;15(6):387–392.
- Larsen Burns M, Nikanorova M, Baftiu A, et al. Pharmacokinetic variability and clinical use of lacosamide in children and adolescents in Denmark and Norway. Ther Drug Monit. 2019;41:340–347.
- Chung S, Ben-Menachem E, Sperling MR, et al. Examining the clinical utility of lacosamide: pooled analyses of three phase II/III clinical trials. CNS Drugs. 2010;24:1041–1054.
- Brigo F, Ausserer H, Tezzon F, et al. When one plus one makes three: the quest for rational antiepileptic polytherapy with supraadditive anticonvulsant efficacy. Epilepsy Behav. 2013;27:439–442.
- Sake JK, Hebert D, Isojarvi J, et al. A pooled analysis of lacosamide clinical trial data grouped by mechanism of action of concomitant antiepileptic drugs. CNS Drugs. 2010;24:1055–1068.
- Beydoun A, D’Souza J, Hebert D, et al. Lacosamide: pharmacology, mechanisms of action and pooled efficacy and safety data in partial-onset seizures. Expert Rev Neurother. 2009;9:33–42.
- Chang XC, Yuan H, Wang Y, et al. Eslicarbazepine acetate add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;10:CD008907.
- Marson AG, Kadir ZA, Hutton JL, et al. Gabapentin add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(3):CD001415.
- Pulman J, Jette N, Dykeman J, et al. Topiramate add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(2):CD001417.
- Carmichael K, Pulman J, Lakhan SE, et al. Zonisamide add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(12):CD001416.
- Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al. ILAE treatment guidelines: evidence-based analysis of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2006;47:1094–1120.