References
- Ascherio A, Schwarzschild MA. The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease: risk factors and prevention. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(12):1257–1272. Epub 2016/ 10/19. PubMed PMID: 27751556.
- Dorsey ER, Sherer T, Okun MS, et al. The emerging evidence of the Parkinson pandemic. J Parkinsons Dis. 2018;8(s1):S3–S8. Epub 2018/ 12/26. PubMed PMID: 30584159; PMCID: PMC6311367.
- Reich SG, Savitt JM. Parkinson’s disease. Med Clin North Am. 2019;103(2):337–350. Epub 2019/ 02/02. PubMed PMID: 30704685.
- Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rub U, et al. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24(2):197–211. PubMed PMID: 12498954.
- Factor SA. Parkinson’s disease: motor fluctuations. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 1999;1(1):21–32. Epub 2000/ 11/30. PubMed PMID: 11096692.
- Ahlskog JE, Muenter MD. Frequency of levodopa-related dyskinesias and motor fluctuations as estimated from the cumulative literature. Mov Disord. 2001;16(3):448–458. Epub 2001/ 06/08. PubMed PMID: 11391738.
- van der Velden RMJ, Broen MPG, Kuijf ML, et al. Frequency of mood and anxiety fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease patients with motor fluctuations: A systematic review. Mov Disord. 2018;33(10):1521–1527. Epub 2018/ 09/19. PubMed PMID: 30225905.
- Dewey, Jr RB Jr., Hutton JT, LeWitt PA, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of subcutaneously injected apomorphine for parkinsonian off-state events. Arch Neurol. 2001;58(9):1385–1392. Epub 2001/ 09/18. PubMed PMID: 11559309.
- Nutt JG. On-off phenomenon: relation to levodopa pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Ann Neurol. 1987;22(4):535–540. Epub 1987/ 10/01. PubMed PMID: 3324948.
- Luquin MR, Scipioni O, Vaamonde J, et al. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease: clinical and pharmacological classification. Mov Disord. 1992;7(2):117–124. . PubMed PMID: 1350058.
- Hauser RA, Hsu A, Kell S, et al. Extended-release carbidopa-levodopa (IPX066) compared with immediate-release carbidopa-levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease and motor fluctuations: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(4):346–356. Epub 2013/ 03/15. PubMed PMID: 23485610.
- Factor SA. Current status of symptomatic medical therapy in Parkinson’s disease. Neurotherapeutics. 2008;5(2):164–180. Epub 2008/ 04/09. PubMed PMID: 18394561; PMCID: PMC5084161.
- LeWitt PA, Hauser RA, Pahwa R, et al. Safety and efficacy of CVT-301 (levodopa inhalation powder) on motor function during off periods in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(2):145–154. Epub 2019/ 01/22. PubMed PMID: 30663606.
- LeWitt PA. Subcutaneously administered apomorphine: pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Neurology. 2004;62(6Suppl 4):S8–11. Epub 2004/ 03/24. PubMed PMID: 15037665.
- Apomorphine: SM. North American clinical experience. Neurology. 2004;62(6Suppl 4):S18–21. Epub 2004/ 03/24. PubMed PMID: 15037667.
- Dewey RB Jr. Management of motor complications in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 2004;62(6Suppl 4):S3–7. Epub 2004/ 03/24. PubMed PMID: 15037664.
- Schwab RS, Amador LV, Lettvin JY. Apomorphine in Parkinson’s disease. Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1951;56:251–253. Epub 1951/ 01/01. PubMed PMID: 14913646.
- Factor SA. Dopamine agonists. Med Clin North Am. 1999;83(2):415–43, vi–vii. Epub 1999/ 03/27. PubMed PMID: 10093586.
- Factor SA. Literature review: intermittent subcutaneous apomorphine therapy in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 2004;62(6Suppl 4):S12–7. Epub 2004/ 03/24. PubMed PMID: 15037666.
- Papavasiliou PS, Cotzias GC, Rosal VL, et al. Treatment of parkinsonism with N-n-propyl norapomorphine and levodopa (with or without carbidopa). Arch Neurol. 1978;35(12):787–791. Epub 1978/ 12/01. PubMed PMID: 363104.
- Bowron A. Practical considerations in the use of apomorphine injectable. Neurology. 2004;62(6Suppl 4):S32–6. Epub 2004/ 03/24. PubMed PMID: 15037670.
- Trenkwalder C, Chaudhuri KR, Garcia Ruiz PJ, et al. Expert consensus group report on the use of apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease–Clinical practice recommendations. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21(9):1023–1030. Epub 2015/ 07/21. PubMed PMID: 26189414.
- Swope DM. Rapid treatment of “wearing off” in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 2004;62(6Suppl 4):S27–31. Epub 2004/ 03/24. PubMed PMID: 15037669.
- Hauser RA, Isaacson S, Clinch T. Tigan/Apokyn Study I. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of trimethobenzamide to control nausea and vomiting during initiation and continued treatment with subcutaneous apomorphine injection. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(11):1171–1176. Epub 2014/ 09/23. PubMed PMID: 25239603.
- Katzenschlager R, Poewe W, Rascol O, et al. Apomorphine subcutaneous infusion in patients with Parkinson’s disease with persistent motor fluctuations (TOLEDO): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(9):749–759. Epub 2018/ 07/30. PubMed PMID: 30055903.
- Barbosa P, Lees AJ, Magee C, et al. A retrospective evaluation of the frequency of impulsive compulsive behaviors in Parkinson’s disease patients treated with continuous waking day apomorphine pumps. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2017;4(3):323–328. Epub 2016/ 08/11. PubMed PMID: 30363495; PMCID: PMC6174511.
- Koller W, Stacy M. Other formulations and future considerations for apomorphine for subcutaneous injection therapy. Neurology. 2004;62(6Suppl 4):S22–6. Epub 2004/ 03/24. PubMed PMID: 15037668.
- Drapier S, Eusebio A, Degos B, et al. Quality of life in Parkinson’s disease improved by apomorphine pump: the OPTIPUMP cohort study. J Neurol. 2016;263(6):1111–1119. Epub 2016/ 04/10. PubMed PMID: 27060084.
- Borgemeester RW, Drent M, van Laar T. Motor and non-motor outcomes of continuous apomorphine infusion in 125 Parkinson’s disease patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;23:17–22. Epub 2015/ 12/29. PubMed PMID: 26709292.
- Olanow CW, Factor SA, Espay AJ, et al. Apomorphine sublingual film for off episodes in Parkinson’s disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(2):135–144. Epub 2019/ 12/11. PubMed PMID: 31818699.
- Durif F, Deffond D, Dordain G, et al. Apomorphine and diphasic dyskinesia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1994;17(1):99–102. Epub 1994/ 02/01. PubMed PMID: 8149366.
- Montastruc JL, Rascol O, Senard JM, et al. Sublingual apomorphine in Parkinson’s disease: a clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1991;14(5):432–437. Epub 1991/ 10/01. PubMed PMID: 1742752.
- Bilbault T, Taylor S, Walker R, et al. Buccal mucosal irritation studies of sublingual apomorphine film (APL-130277) in Syrian golden hamsters. Ther Deliv. 2016;7(9):611–618. Epub 2016/ 08/11. PubMed PMID: 27506115.
- Hauser RA, Olanow CW, Dzyngel B, et al. Sublingual apomorphine (APL-130277) for the acute conversion of OFF to ON in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2016;31(9):1366–1372. Epub 2016/ 07/20. PubMed PMID: 27430123.
- Langston JW, Widner H, Goetz CG, et al. Core assessment program for intracerebral transplantations (CAPIT). Mov Disord. 1992;7(1):2–13. . PubMed PMID: 1557062.
- Factor SA, Ondo WG, Isaacson S, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy study of apomorphine sublingual film for treatment of “Off” episodes in patients with Parkinson’s disease 2020.
- Hui JS, Fox SH, Neeson W, et al. Open-label titration of apomorphine sublingual film in patients with Parkinson’s disease and “OFF” episodes. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020;79:110–116. Epub 2020/ 09/15. PubMed PMID: 32927285..
- Bhidayasiri R, Chaudhuri KR, LeWitt P, et al. Effective delivery of apomorphine in the management of Parkinson disease: practical considerations for clinicians and Parkinson nurses. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2015;38(3):89–103.