Cardiovascular pleiotropic effects of statins and new onset diabetes: is there a common link: do we need to evaluate the role of KATP channels?

References

• Liao JK, Laufs U. Pleiotropic effects of statins. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;45:89–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 366(9493):1267–1278. Erratum in: Lancet 2005 Oct 15-21; 366(9494):1358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knopp RH, d’Emden M, Smilde JG, et al. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular end points in subjects with type 2 diabetes: the atorvastatin study for prevention of coronary heart disease endpoints in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (ASPEN). Diabetes Care. 2006;29(7):1478–1485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colhoun HM, Betteridege DJ, Durrington PN, et al. CARDS investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;3s64(9435):685–696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, et al.; ASCOT investigators. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9364):1149–1158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg RB, Mellies MJ, Sacks FM, et al. Cardiovascular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetic and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels: subgroup analyses in the cholesterol and recurrent events (CARE) trial. The Care Investigators. Circulation. 1998;98(23):2513–2519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd J, Barter P, R. C, et al.; for the treating to new targets investigators. Effect of lowering LDL cholesterol substantially below currently recommended levels in patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(6):1220–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyorala K, Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, et al. Cholesterol lowering with simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary heart disease: a subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Diabetes Care. 1997;20(4):614–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman DJ, Norrie J, Satter N, et al. Pravastatin and the development of diabetes mellitus: evidence for a protective treatment effect in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation. 2001;103(3):357–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344(8934):1383–1389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, et al.; Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF heart protection study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9374):2005–2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Results of the low-dose (20mg) pravastatin GISSI Prevenzione trial in 4271 patients with recent myocardial infarction: do stopped trials contribute to overall knowledge? GISSI Prevenzione Investigators (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico). Ital Heart J. 2000;1(12):810–820.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT). Jama. 2002;288(23):2998–3007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura H, Arakawa K, Itakura H, et al.; Mega Study Group. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan (MEGA Study): a prospective randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;368(9542):1155–1163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, et al.; Prosper study group. Prospective study of pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9346):1623–1630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker Paul M, Eleanor D, Fonseca Francisco AH, et al.; for the Jupiter study group. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2195–2207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro MR, Simon G, Cha SS, et al. Statin use, diabetes incidence and overall mortality in normoglycemic and impaired fasting glucose patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2016;31(5):502–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olotu BS, Shepherd MD, Novak S, et al. Use of statins and the risk of incident diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Cardiovsac Drugs. 2016;16(5):377–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajpathak SN, Kumbhani DJ, Cranadall J, et al. Statin therapy and risk of developing type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(10):1924–1929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keech A, Colquhoun D, Best J, et al. Secondary prevention of cardiovascular events with long-term pravastatin in patients with diabetes or impaired fasting glucose: results from the LIPID trial. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2713–2721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjekshus J, Apetrie E, Barrios V, et al.; Corona Group. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(22):2248–2261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, et al. Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomized statin trials. Lancet. 2010;375(9716):735–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cederberg H, Stancakova A, Yaluri N, et al. Increased risk of diabetes with statin treatment is associated with impaired insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion: a 6 years follow-up study of the METSIM cohort. Diabetologia. 2015;58(5):1109–1117. DOI:10.1007/s00125-015-3528-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarese EP, Buffon A, Andreotti F, et al. Meta-analysis of impact of different types and doses of statins on new-onset diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(8):1123–1130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preiss D, Seshasai SR, Welsh P, et al. Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis. Jama. 2011;305(24):2556–2564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein KA, Hart RL, Wood KC, et al.; HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. Statin use is associated with incident diabetes mellitus among patients in the HIV outpatient study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;69(3):306–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin ZF, Wang CY, Shen LJ, et al. Statin use and the risk for incident diabetes mellitus in patients with acute coronary syndrome after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Taiwan. Can J Diabetes. 2016;40(3):264–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattar N, Taskinen MR. Statins are diabetogenic-myth or reality? Atheroscler Suppl. 2012;13(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker WL, Talati R, White CM, et al. Differing effect of statins on insulin sensitivity in non-diabetics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;87(1):98–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moutzouri E, Liberopoulos E, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Comparision of the effects of simvastatin vs. rosuvastatin vs. simvastatin/ezetimibe on parameters of insulin resistance. Int J Clin Pract. 2011;65(11):1141–1148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toshihiko Y, Masanori N, Tomoko S, et al. Inhibition by simvastatin, but not pravastatin, of glucose-induced cytosolic Ca2+signaling and insulin secretion due to blockade of L-type Ca2+channels in rat islet β-cells. Br J Pharmacol. 1999;126(5):1205–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brault M, Ray J, Gomez YH, et al. Statin treatment and new-onset diabetes: a review of proposed mechanisms. Metabol Clin Exp. 2014;63(6):735–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noma A. ATP-regulated K+ channels in cardiac muscle. Nature. 1983;305(5930):147–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook DL, Hales CN. Intracellular ATP directly blocks K+ channels in pancreatic β-cells. Nature. 1984;311(5983):271–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashcroft SJ, Ashcroft FM. The Sulphonylurea receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992;1175(1):45–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols CG, Lederer WJ. Adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels in the cardiovascular system. Am J Physiol. 1991;261(6 Pt 2):H1675–1686.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quayle JM, Nelson MT, Standen NB. ATP-sensitive and inwardly-rectifying potassium channels in smooth muscle. Physiol Rev. 1977;77(4):1165–1232.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards G, Weston AH. The pharmacology of ATP sensitive potassium channels. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1993;33:597–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrino MG, Plant TD, Henquin JC. Effects of putative activators of K+ channels in mouse pancreatic β-cells. Br J Pharmacol. 1989;98(3):957–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faivre J-F, Findlay I. Effects of tolbutamide, glibenclamide and diazoxide upon action potentials recorded from rat ventricular muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1989;984(1):1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard Barrett J, McPherson Grant A. Characterization of KATP channels in intact mammalian skeletal muscle fibres. Br J Pharmacol. 1998;123(6):1103–1110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster JC, Marshall BA, Ensor N, et al. Targeted overactivitiy of β cells KATP channels induces profound neonatal diabetes. Cell Press. 2000;100(6):645–654.
   Google Scholar
• Alemzadeh R, Fledelius C, Bodvarsdottir T, et al. Attenuation of hyperinsulinemia by NN414, a SUR1/Kir 6.2 selective K-adenosine triphosphate channel opener, improves glucose tolerance and lipid profile in obese Zucker rats. Metabolism. 2004;53(4):441–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr RD, Brand CL, Bodvarsdottir TB, et al. NN414, a Sur1/Kir6.2-selective potassium channel opener, reduces blood glucose and improves glucose tolerance in the VDF Zucker rat. Diabetes. 2003;52(10):2513–2518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawabata H, Ryomoto T, Ishikawa K. Role of cardiac ATP sensitive K+ channels induced by HMG CoA reductase inhibitor in ischemic rabbit hearts. HypertensRes. 2001;24:573–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TM, Lin MS, Tsai CH, et al. Effects of pravastatin on ventricular remodeling by activation of myocardial KATP channels in infracted rats: role of 70-kDa S6 kinase. Basic Res Cardiol. 2007;102(2):171–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao N, Minatoguchi S, Kobayashi H, et al. Pravastatin reduces myocardial infarct size via increasing protein kinase C-dependent nitric oxide, decreasing oxyradicals and opening the mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels in rabbits. Circ J. 2007;71(10):1622–1628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto SW, Au ALS, Poon CCW, et al. Acute simvastatin inhibits KATP channels of porcine coronary artery myocytes. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e66404. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0066404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao JL, Yang YJ, Cui CJ, et al. Pretreatment with simvastatin reduces myocardial no-reflow by opening mitochondrial KATP channel. Br J Pharmacol. 2006;149(3):243–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uydes Dogan BS, Topal G, Takir S, et al. Relaxant effects of pravastatin, atorvastatin and cerivastatin on isolated rat aortic rings. Life Sci. 2005;76:1771–1786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gribble FM, Tucker SJ, Haug T, et al. Mg ATP activates the β-cells KATP channel by interaction with its SUR1 subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:7185–7190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TM, Lin MS, Chang NC. Effect of pravastatin on sympathetic reinnervation in postinfarcted rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007;293(6):H3167–H3626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gokce N, Keaney JF Jr, Hunter LM, et al. Risk stratification for postoperative cardiovascular events via noninvasive assessment of endothelial function: a prospective study. Circulation. 2002;105(13):1567–1572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Driscoll G, Green D, Taylor RR. Simvastatin, an HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, improves endothelial function within 1 month. Circulation. 1997;95:1126–1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchesi S, Lupattelli G, Siepi D, et al. Short-term atorvastatin treatment improves entothelial function in hypercholesterolemic women. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2000;36:617–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Gonzalez J, Raposo B, Rodriguez C, et al. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibition prevents endothelial NO synthase down regulation by atherogenic levels of native LDLs: balance between transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:804–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feron O, Dessy C, Desager JP, et al. Hydroxy-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibition promotes endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation through a decrease in caveolin abundance. Circulation. 2001;103(1):113–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takemoto M, Node K, Nakagami H, et al. Statins as antioxidant therapy for preventing cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. J Clin Invest. 2001;108(10):1429–1437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiklund O, Mattsson-Hulten L, Hurt-Camejo E, et al. Effects of simvastatin and atorvastatin on inflammation markers in plasma (Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden). J Intern Med. 2002;251:338–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joukhadar C, Klein N, Prinz M, et al. Similar effects of atorvastatin, simvastatin and pravastatin on thrombogenic and inflammatory parameters in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Thromb Haemost. 2001;85(1):47–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak B, Mulhaupt F, Myit S, et al. Statins as a newly recognized type of immunomodulator. Nat Med. 2000;6(12):1399–1402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aviram M, Hussein O, Rosenblat M, et al. Interactions of platelets, macrophages, and lipoproteins in hypercholesterolemia: antiatherogenic effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998;31(1):39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giroux LM, Davignon J, Naruszewicz M. Simvastatin inhibits the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins by activated human monocyte-derived macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993;1165(3):335–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobashigawa JA, Katznelson S, Laks H, et al. Effect of pravastatin on outcomes after cardiac transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(10):621–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivier LM, Krisans SK. Peroxisomal protein targeting and identification of peroxisomal targeting signals in cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1529(1–3):89–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passi S, Stancato A, Aleo E, et al. Statins lower plasma and lymphocyte ubiquinol/ubiquinone without affecting other antioxidants and PUFA. Biofactors. 2003;18(1–4):113–124. PMID: 14695926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford RH, Shear CL, Chremos AN. Expanded Clinical Evaluation of Lovastatin (EXCEL) study results: two years efficacy and safety follow-up. Am J Cardiol. 1994;74(7):667–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakazato R, Heidi Gransar DS, Berman VY, et al. Statins use; coronary artery plaque composition: results from the International Multicenter CONFIRM Registry. Atherosclerosis. 2012;225(1):148–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saremi A, Bahn G, Reaven PD. Progression of vascular calcification is increased with statin use in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT). Diabetes Care. 2012;35(11):2390–2392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machan CM, Hrynchak PK, Irving EL. Age related cataract is associated with type 2 diabetes and statin use. Optom Vis Sci. 2012;89(8):1165–1171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• No authors listed. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease; the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344(8934):1383–1389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar