References
- Amaya, A., Bach, R., Keusch, F., & Kreuter, F. (2021). New data sources in social science research: Things to know before working with Reddit data. Social Science Computer Review, 39(5), 943–960. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439319893305
- Bandurski, D. (2021, July 8). The “lying flat” movement standing in the way of China’s innovation drive. TachStream. https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/the-lying-flat-movement-standing-in-the-way-of-chinas-innovation-drive/
- BBC. (2021, June 3). China’s new “tang ping” trend aims to highlight pressures of work culture. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57348406
- Berman, N., & Rizzo, F. (2019). Unlocking Hikikomori: An interdisciplinary approach. Journal of Youth Studies, 22(6), 791–806. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2018.1544416
- Bynner, J., & Parsons, S. (2002). Social exclusion and the transition from school to work: The case of young people not in education, employment, or training (NEET). Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60(2), 289–309. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1868
- Campbell, S. (2022, July 16). Reddit statistics 2022: How many Reddit users are there? https://thesmallbusinessblog.net/reddit-statistics/
- Castells, M. (2000). The rise of the network society (The information age: Economy, society and culture, volume 1). Wiley-Blackwell.
- Chen, E. (2021, July 3). These Chinese millennials are “chilling,” and Beijing isn’t happy. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/03/world/asia/china-slackers-tangping.html
- Cieslik, K., Barford, A., & Vira, B. (2021). Young people not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) in sub-Saharan Africa: Sustainable Development Target 8.6 missed and reset. Journal of Youth Studies, 25(8), 1126–1147. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2021.1939287.
- Cuzzocrea, V. (2019). Moratorium or waithood? Forms of time-taking and the changing shape of youth. Time & Society, 28(2), 567–586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X18763680
- Danner, M., Guégnard, C., & Maguire, S. (2021). Understanding economic inactivity and NEET status among young women in the UK and France. Journal of Education and Work, 34(7–8), 839–854. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2021.1997017
- Davidovic, I. (2022, February 16). Lying flat: Why some Chinese are putting work second By Ivana Davidovic Business reporter, BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-60353916
- De Luca, G., Mazzocchi, P., Quintano, C., & Rocca, A. (2019). Italian NEETs in 2005–2016: Have the recent labour market reforms produced any effect? CESifo Economic Studies, 65(2), 154–176. https://doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ifz004
- Economist. (2021, July 3). China urges its people to struggle. Some say no. https://www.economist.com/china/2021/07/03/china-urges-its-people-to-struggle-some-say-no
- Gonzalez-Fuentes, M. (2019). Millennials’ national and global identities as drivers of materialism and consumer ethnocentrism. The Journal of Social Psychology, 159(2), 170–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2019.1570904
- Grigonis, H. K. (2018, March 15). Reddit scatters in-feed sponsored posts inside its mobile apps. https://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/reddit-ads-promoted-posts/
- Herzog, C., Handke, C., & Hitters, E. (2019). Analyzing talk and text II: Thematic analysis. In H. Van den Bulck, M. Puppis, K. Donders, & L. Van Audenhove (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of methods for media policy research (pp. 385–401). Palgrave Macmillan.
- Horiguchi, S. (2017). Unhappy” and isolated youth in the midst of social change: Representations and subjective experiences of hikikomori in contemporary Japan. In B. G. Holthus, & W. Manzenreiter (Eds.), Life course, happiness and well-being in Japan (pp. 57–71). Routledge.
- Husu, H. M., & Välimäki, V. (2017). Staying inside: Social withdrawal of the young, Finnish ‘Hikikomori’. Journal of Youth Studies, 20(5), 605–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2016.1254167
- James, P., & Steger, M. B. (2017). Globalization and global consciousness: Levels of connectivity. In R. Robertson & D. Buhari-Gulmez (Eds.), Global culture: Consciousness and connectivity (pp. 21–39). Routledge.
- Jeong, S. (2021, August 8). Exhausted and without hope, East Asian youth are “lying flat”. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/28/economy/china-japan-korea-youth-intl-dst-hnk/index.html
- Kato, T. A., Kanba, S., & Teo, A. R. (2018). Hikikomori: Experience in Japan and international relevance. World Psychiatry, 17(1), 105. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20497
- Kelly, J. (2021, December 30). “Lying flat,” “antiwork” and the “Great Resignation” spreads worldwide as young people protest against system. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackkelly/2021/12/30/lying-flat-antiwork-and-the-great-resignation-spreads-worldwide-as-young-people-protest-against-system/
- Kiss, L., Fotheringhame, D., & Quilan-Davidson, M. (2021). Latin American young NEETs: Brazil as a case study for systemic risks of youth social exclusion. Journal of Youth Studies, 25(10), 1386–1410. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2021.196510.
- Kuo, L. (2021, June 5). Young Chinese take a stand against pressures of modern life – By lying down. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-lying-flat-stress/2021/06/04/cef36902-c42f-11eb-89a4-b7ae22aa193e_story.html
- Li, J. (2021a, December 7). “Lying flat” is officially one of China’s top mees of 2021. Quartz. https://archive.ph/20211207130200/https://qz.com/2099309/lying-flat-is-officially-one-of-chinas-top-memes-of-2021/
- Li, J. (2021b, June 8). Tang Ping: A niche Chinese Gen Z meme is ringing alarm bells for Beijing. Quartz. https://qz.com/2019322/why-lying-flat-a-niche-chinese-millennial-meme-alarms-beijing/
- Maxwell, D., Robinson, S. R., Williams, J. R., & Keaton, C. (2020). “A short story of a lonely guy”: A qualitative thematic analysis of involuntary celibacy using Reddit. Sexuality & Culture, 24(6), 1852–1874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09724-6
- Miyazaki, H. (2012). The temporality of no hope. In C. J. Greenhouse (Ed.), Ethnographies of neoliberalism (pp. 238–250). University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Norasakkunkit, V., Uchida, Y., & Toivonen, T. (2012). Caught between culture, society, and globalization: Youth marginalization in post-industrial Japan. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(5), 361–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00436.x
- Overell, R. (2018). Queer will: Hikikomori as willful subjects. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 19(2), 206–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649373.2018.1463069
- Pilkington, P. D., & Rominov, H. (2017). Fathers’ worries during pregnancy: A qualitative content analysis of Reddit. The Journal of Perinatal Education, 26(4), 208–218. https://doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.26.4.208
- Proferes, N., Jones, N., Gilbert, S., Fiesler, C., & Zimmer, M. (2021). Studying reddit: A systematic overview of disciplines, approaches, methods, and ethics. Social Media and Society, 7(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211019004.
- Robertson, R. (2011). Global connectivity and global consciousness. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(10), 1336–1345. http://doi.org/10.1177/0002764211409562.
- Rosenthal, B., & Zimmerman, D. L. (2012). Hikikomori: The Japanese phenomenon, policy, and culture. International Journal of Mental Health, 41(4), 82–95. https://doi.org/10.2753/IMH0020-7411410406
- Rudnyckyj, D., & Whitington, J. (2020). The ethnography of the global after globalization. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 10(3), 1042–1045. https://doi.org/10.1086/712095
- Scholte, J. A. (2008). Defining globalisation. World Economy, 31(11), 1471–1502. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01019.x.
- Scott, J., Fowler, D., McGorry, P., Birchwood, M., Killackey, E., Christensen, H., Glozier, N., Yung, A., Power, P., Nordentoft, M., Singh, S., Brietzke, E., Davidson, S., Conus, P., Bellivier, F., Delorme, R., Macmillan, I., Buchanan, J., Colom, F., Vieta, E., … Hickie, I. (2013). Adolescents and young adults who are not in employment, education, or training. BMJ, 347, f5270. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f5270.
- Semrush. (2022). Reddit.com June 2022 Traffic Stats. Retrieved July 31. https://www.semrush.com/website/reddit.com/overview/
- Singer, P., Flöck, F., Meinhart, C., Zeitfogel, E., & Strohmaier, M. (2014). Evolution of reddit: from the front page of the internet to a self-referential community. WWW '14 Companion: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web (pp. 517–522). http://doi.org/10.1145/2567948.2576943.
- Smith, K. (2015, April 15). Stagnant youth: The NEET, Freeter, and hikikomori phenomena. https://blogs.uoregon.edu/postbubbleculture/2015/04/05/stagnant-youth-the-neet-freeter-and-hikikomori-phenomena/
- Sowles, S. J., McLeary, M., Optican, A., Cahn, E., Krauss, M. J., Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E., & Cavazos-Rehg, P. A. (2018). A content analysis of an online pro-eating disorder community on Reddit. Body Image, 24, 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.01.001
- Sparrow, L. A., Antonellos, M., Gibbs, M., & Arnold, M. (2020). From “Silly” to “Scumbag”: Reddit discussion of a case of groping in a virtual reality game. In Proceedings of the 2020 DiGRA international conference: Play everywhere. The Digital Games Research Association. http://www.digra.org/wp-content/uploads/digital-library/DiGRA_2020_paper_272.Pdf
- Steger, M. B., & James, P. (2019). Globalization matters: Engaging the global in unsettled times. Cambridge University Press.
- Stępień, B., Lima, A. P., & Hinner, M. (2018). Are millennials a global cohort? Evidence from the luxury goods sector. Journal of Intercultural Management, 10(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.2478/joim-2018-0012
- Sukarieh, M., & Tannock, S. (2008). In the best interests of youth or neoliberalism? The World Bank and the New Global Youth Empowerment Project. Journal of Youth Studies, 11(3), 301–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260801946431
- Suzuki, M. (2020). Modern Hermits: Hikikomori [Unpublished PhD Thesis]. University of Oregon.
- The Star. (2021, July 15). Ditching the rat race, Chinese millennials choose to “lie flat”. https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/family/2021/07/15/ditching-the-rat-race-chinese-millennials-choose-to-039lie-flat039
- Toivonen, T., Norasakkunkit, V., & Uchida, Y. (2011). Unable to conform, unwilling to rebel? Youth, culture, and motivation in globalizing Japan. Frontiers in Psychology, 2(207), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00207.
- Uchida, Y., & Norasakkunkit, V. (2015). The NEET and Hikikomori spectrum: Assessing the risks and consequences of becoming culturally marginalized. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(1117), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01117.
- Xi, J. P. (2021, October 15). Making solid progress toward common prosperity (in Chinese). Qiushi. http://www.qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2021-10/15/c_1127959365.htm