References
- Alexander, Christine, and Jane Sellars. 1995. The Art of the Brontës. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Armstrong, Mary A. 2005. “Reading a Head: Jane Eyre, Phrenology, and the Homoerotics of Legibility.” Victorian Literature and Culture 33 (1):107–32. doi:10.1017/S1060150305000756.
- Armstrong, Nancy. 1987. Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Bodenheimer, Rosemarie. 1988. The Politics of Story in Victorian Social Fiction. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Brontë, Charlotte. (1849) 2008. Shirley. Edited by Margaret Smith, Herbert Rosengarten, and Janet Gezari, US ed. New York: OUP Oxford.
- Cobbe, Frances Power. 1863. Essays on the Pursuits of Women. London: E. Faithfull. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011600702.
- Dames, Nicholas. 1996. “The Clinical Novel: Phrenology and ‘Villette’.” NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction 29 (3):367–90. doi:10.2307/1345594.
- Dames, Nicholas. 2001. Amnesiac Selves: Nostalgia, Forgetting, and British Fiction, 1810–1870. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Davies, Emily. 1866. The Higher Education of Women: By Emily Davies. London; New York: Alexander Strahan, Publisher. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CPCWPH242587294/NCCO?sid=summon&xid=68b1c489&pg=18.
- Gardner, Julia. 1998. “‘Neither Monsters nor Temptresses nor Terrors’: Representing Desire in Charlotte Brontë’s ‘Shirley’.” Victorian Literature and Culture 26 (2):409–20. doi:10.1017/S1060150300002485
- Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar. 1979. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth Century Literary Imagination. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Greg, William R. 1862. “Why Are Women Redundant?” National Review April 14, 1862.
- Harman, Barbara Leah. 1998. The Feminine Political Novel in Victorian England. Victorian Literature and Culture Series. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
- Jack, Ian. 1970. “Physiognomy, Phrenology and Characterisation in the Novels of Charlotte Brontë.” Bronte Society Transactions 13: 337–91.
- Lavater, Johann Caspar. (1755) 1890. Essays on Physiognomy. London: Ward, Lock, and Company.
- Liggins, Emma. 2014. Odd Women? Spinsters, Lesbians and Widows in British Women’s Fiction, 1850s–1930s. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Marcus, Sharon. 2009. Between Women: Friendship, Desire, and Marriage in Victorian England. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Midorikawa, Emily, and Emma Claire Sweeney. 2017. A Secret Sisterhood: The Hidden Friendships of Austen, Bronte, Eliot and Woolf. London: Quarto.
- Moglen, Helene. 1976. Charlotte Brontë: The Self Conceived. 1st ed. New York: Norton.
- Mulvey, Laura. 1975. “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema.” Screen 16 (3): 6–18. doi:10.1093/screen/16.3.6.
- Senseman, Wilfrid M. 1952. “Charlotte Brontë’s Use of Physiognomy and Phrenology.” Papers of the Michigan Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 37: 475–86.
- Shuttleworth, Sally. 1996. Charlotte Brontë and Victorian Psychology. Cambridge Studies in Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511582226.
- Smith, Margaret, ed. 1995. The Letters of Charlotte Brontë: With a Selection of Letters by Family and Friends, Vol. 1: 1829–1847. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995–2004. https://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/display/10.1093/actrade/9780198185970.book.1/actrade-9780198185970-book-1.
- Smith, Margaret, ed. 2000. The Letters of Charlotte Brontë: With a Selection of Letters by Family and Friends, Vol. 2: 1848–1851. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995–2004. http://oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/view/10.1093/actrade/9780198185987.book.1/actrade-9780198185987-book-1.
- Smith, Margaret, ed. 2004. The Letters of Charlotte Brontë: With a Selection of Letters by Family and Friends, Vol. 3: 1852–1855. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995–2004. http://oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/view/10.1093/actrade/9780198185994.book.1/actrade-9780198185994-book-1.
- Spurzheim, J. G., H. Corbould, and Nahum Capen. 1836. Phrenology, in Connexion with Study of Physiognomy. Third American edition, Improved. Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon.
- Stevens, Joan. 1972. Mary Taylor, Friend of Charlotte Brontë: Letters from New Zealand and Elsewhere. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Taylor, Harriet, and John Stuart Mill. (1851). 1853. Enfranchisement of Women. Syracuse: n.p.
- Taylor, Mary. 1870. The First Duty of Women. London: Emily Faithfull. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/APUIRR286060081/NCCO?sid=gale_marc&xid=04a3293c&pg=217.
- Tytler, Graeme. 1982. Physiognomy in the European Novel: Faces and Fortunes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Tytler, Graeme. 2011. “Physiognomy and the Treatment of Love in Shirley.” Brontë Studies 36 (3): 263–76.
- Tytler, Graeme. 2016. “Physiognomy and the Treatment of Beauty in Jane Eyre.” Brontë Studies 41 (4): 300–311.
- Tytler, Graeme. 2019. “Physiognomy in The Professor.” Brontë Studies 44 (4): 339–50. doi:10.1080/14748932.2019.1643083.