References
- African Union. (1990). African charter on the rights and welfare of the child. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://au.int/en/treaties/african-charter-rights-and-welfare-child
- Arthur, M., Earle, A., Raub, A., Vincent, I., Atabay, E., Latz, I., Kranz, G., Nandi, A., & Heymann, J. (2018). Child marriage laws around the world: Minimum marriage age, legal exceptions, and gender disparities. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 39(1), 51–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2017.1375786
- Bailey-King, E. (2020, March 6). Three extraordinary women who are rewriting the rules for girls. Girls Not Brides. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/articles/meet-the-extraordinary-women-who-are-rewriting-the-rules-for-girls/
- Bob, C. (2005). The marketing of rebellion: Insurgents, media, and international activism. Cambridge University Press.
- Brysk, A. (2013). Speaking rights to power: Constructing political will. Oxford University Press.
- Carpenter, R. C. (2007). Setting the advocacy agenda: Theorizing issue emergence and nonemergence in transnational advocacy networks. International Studies Quarterly, 51(1), 99–120. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2007.00441.x
- Chaudhry, S., & Heiss, A. (2022). Closing space and the restructuring of global activism. In C. L. Pallas & E. A. Bloodgood (Eds.), Beyond the boomerang: From transnational advocacy networks to transcalar advocacy in international politics. (pp. 23–35). The University of Alabama Press.
- Child, Early and Forced Marriage and Sexuality Programs Working Group. (2019. June). Tackling the taboo: Sexuality and gender-transformative programmes to end child, early, and forced marriage and unions. https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/documents/905/Tackling-the-Taboo_-Full_English.pdf
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (1994). General recommendation no. 21: Equality in marriage and family relations. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CEDAW/Shared%20Documents/1_Global/A_49_38(SUPP)_4733_E.pdf
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (2006). Lebanon third periodic state party report. CEDAW/C/LBN/3. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW%2fC%2fLBN%2f3&Lang=en
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (2014). Joint General Recommendation No. 31 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women/General Comment No. 18 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on Harmful Practices. CEDAW/C/GC/31-CRC/C/GC/18. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/TBSearch.aspx?SymbolNo=CEDAW/C/GC/31/CRC/C/GC/18
- Committee on the Rights of the Child. (1993). Concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Bolivia. CRC/C/15/Add.1. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fGC%2f2003%2f4&Lang=en
- Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2003). General comment no. 4. CRC/GC/2003/4. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fGC%2f2003%2f4&Lang=en
- Dahya, A. (2020, May 26). An interview with child marriage activist Fraidy Reiss. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://womensmediacenter.com/fbomb/an-interview-with-child-marriage-activist-fraidy-reiss
- Efevbera, Y., & Bhabha, J. (2020). Defining and deconstructing girl child marriage and applications to global public health. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09545-0
- El País (2017, December 21). Sturla sobre la ley contra la violencia de género: ‘estoy en contra’. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.elpais.com.uy/informacion/sturla-ley-violencia-genero.html
- Finnemore, M., & Sikkink, K. (1998). International norm dynamics and political change. International Organization, 52(4), 887–917. doi:https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550789
- Gerth, J. (2018, March 2). If Kentucky parents are too stupid to stop child marriage, judges must step in. The Courier Journal. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/local/joseph-gerth/2018/03/02/child-marriage-kentucky-parents-rights -judges-republican-party/388424002/
- Girls Not Brides. (2019). Working with religious leaders to address child marriage. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/resource-centre/working-with-religious-leaders-to-address-child-marriage/
- Global Citizen. (2017, December 18). 10 celebrities who spoke up against child marriage in 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/celebrities-speaking-out-child-marriage-2017/
- Greene, M. E., Perlson, S. M., Hart, J., & Mullinax, M. (2018). The centrality of sexuality for understanding child, early and forced marriage. GreeneWorks and American Jewish World Service.
- Groves, W., Lance, N., & Stephens, M. (2019). New vows: Empowering communities to end child marriage. World Vision.
- Hertel, S. (2006). Unexpected power: Conflict and change among transnational activists. Cornell University Press.
- Keck, M. E., & Sikkink, K. (1998). Activists beyond borders: Advocacy networks in international politics. Cornell University Press.
- Kidman, R. (2017). Child marriage and intimate partner violence: A comparative study of 34 countries. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(2), 662–675.
- Kim, M., Longhofer, W., Boyle, E. H., & Nyseth, H. (2013). When do laws matter? National minimum-age-of-marriage laws, child rights, and adolescent fertility, 1989-2007. Law & Society Review, 47(3), 589–619. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12033
- Koski, A., & Clark, S. (2021). Child marriage in Canada. Population and Development Review, 47(1), 57–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12369
- Koski, A., & Heymann, J. (2018). Child marriage in the United States: How common is the practice, and which children are at greater risk? Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 50(2), 59–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1363/psrh.12055
- Kristof, N. (2017, 26 May). 11 years old, a mom, and pushed to marry her rapist in Florida. The New York Times. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/26/opinion/sunday/it-was-forced-on-me-child-marriage-in-the-us.html?mcubz=2& r=0
- Kuhar, R., & Paternotte, D. (Eds.). (2017). Anti-gender campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against equality. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
- Le Roux, E., & Palm, S. (2018). What lies beneath? Tackling the roots of religious resistance to ending child marriage. Girls Not Brides.
- Lusvardi, A. (2021). An end to the child bride: State legislative action on low-salience issues. Prepared for the 117th American Political Science Association's Annual Meeting & Exhibition, Sept. 30-Oct. 3, Seattle Washington.
- Murdie, A., Park, B., Hart, J., & Mullinax, M. (2019). Building momentum: Changes in advocacy discourse around early child marriage, 2011–2017. In A. Brysk & M. Stohl (Eds.), Contesting human rights. Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Nour, N. M. (2006). Health consequences of child marriage in Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(11), 1644–1649. doi:https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1211.060510
- Nour, N. M. (2009). Child marriage: A silent health and human rights issue. Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2(1), 51–56.
- Parsons, J., Edmeades, J., Kes, A., Petroni, S., Sexton, M., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Economic impacts of child marriage: A review of the literature. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 13(3), 12–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2015.1075757
- Raj, A., & Boehmer, U. (2013). Girl child marriage and its association with national rates of HIV, maternal health, and infant mortality across 97 countries. Violence against Women, 19(4), 536–551. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801213487747
- Santelli, J. S., Spindler, E., Moore, E., & McGovern, T. (2019). Criminalising sexuality or preventing child marriage: Legal interventions and girls’ empowerment. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 3(4), 206–208. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30370-5
- Sengupta, S. (2017, July 22). One by one, marry-your-rapist laws are falling in the Middle East. The New York Times. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/22/world/middleeast/marry-your-rapist-laws-middle-east.html?smid=url-share.
- Shawki, N. (2015). Norm-based advocacy and social change: An analysis of advocacy efforts to end child marriage. Social Alternatives, 34(4), 57–62.
- Sorhaindo, A. M. (2013). Exploratory research to assess the problem of child marriage in five Latin American countries: El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and southern Mexico. Population Council Report.
- Svanemyr, J., Scolaro, E., Blondeel, K., Chandra-Mouli, V., & Temmerman, M. (2013, October). The contribution of laws to change the practice of child marriage in Africa. Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization.
- Tahirih Justice Center. (2020, August). The alarming disconnect between age-based sex offenses and minimum marriage age. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.tahirih.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/FINAL-Aug-2020-Policy-Brief-Disconnect-btwn-Stat-Rape-and-Marriage-Age.pdf
- Tahirih Justice Center (2021, August 26). Making progress, but still falling short: The movement to end child marriage in America. Forced Marriage Initiative. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.tahirih.org/pubs/making-progress-but-still-falling-short-a-report-on-the-movement-to-end-child-marriage-in-america/
- Taylor, A.Y., Lauro, G., Segundo, M., Greene, M.E. (2015, July). “She goes with me in my boat.” Child and Adolescent Marriage in Brazil. Results from Mixed-Methods Research. Rio de Janeiro and Washington DC: Instituto Promundo & Promundo-US.
- Tharoor, I. (2016). Pakistan prevented from banning child marriages because it is ‘unIslamic’. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/pakistan-prevented-from-banning-child-marriages-because-it-is-unislamic-a6817066.html.
- Thoet, A. (2017). Activists in NJ push to ban child marriage before Christie leaves office. PBS NewsHour. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/activists-in-n-j-push-to-ban-child-marriage-before-christie-leaves-office.
- Tsui, A. (2017, July 6). In fights over child marriage laws, states resist calls for a total ban. PBS Frontline. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/in-fight-over-child-marriage-laws-states-resist-calls-for-a-total-ban/.
- Unchained At Last. (2021, April). United States’ child marriage problem: Study findings. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.unchainedatlast.org/united-states-child-marriage-problem-study-findings-april-2021/.
- United Nations. (2012, October 11). On world’s first international day of the girl child, UN calls for end to child marriage. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/10/423262-worlds-first-international-day-girl-child-un-calls-end-child-marriage.
- United Nations Children’s Fund. (2018). Latin America and the Caribbean: A decade lost in ending child marriage. UNICEF. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/latin-america-and-caribbean-decade-lost-ending-child-marriage.
- United Nations Children’s Fund. (2019, August). A profile of child marriage and early unions in Latin America and the Caribbean. UNICEF. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.unicef.org/lac/en/reports/profile-child-marriage-and-early-unions.
- United Nations Children’s Fund. (2021a, June). Child marriage: Child marriage threatens the lives, well-being, and futures of girls around the world. UNICEF. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-marriage.
- United Nations Children’s Fund. (2021b, October). Towards ending child marriage: Global trends and profiles of progress. UNICEF. https://data.unicef.org/resources/towards-ending-child-marriage/
- United Nations Children's Fund. (2021c, October). The State of the world's children. On my mind: Promoting, protecting and caring for children’s mental health. UNICEF. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-worlds-children-2021.
- United Nations General Assembly. (1965). Recommendation on consent to marriage, minimum age for marriage and registration of marriages. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/RecommendationOnConsentToMarriage.aspx.
- Vaggione, J. M. (2020). The conservative uses of law: The catholic mobilization against gender ideology. Social Compass, 67(2), 252–266. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0037768620907561
- Vilán, A. (2018). The domestic incorporation of human rights treaties. Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7728765v
- Plan International. (2017). Congreso hondureño eleva a 18 años la edad mínima para contraer matrimonio. Retrieved December 20, 2021 from https://plan-international.es/noticias/2017-07-14-honduras-eleva-18-anos-la-edad-minima-para-contraer-matrimonio.
- Wodon, Q., Male, C., Nayihouba, A., Onagoruwa, A., Savadogo, A., Yedan, A., & Petroni, S. (2017a). Economic impacts of child marriage: Global synthesis report. 116829. World Bank Group. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/530891498511398503/Economic-impacts-of-child-marriage-global-synthesis-report.
- Wodon, Q., Tavares, P., Fiala, O., Le Nestour, A., & Wise, L. (2017b, October). Ending child marriage: Child marriage laws and their limitations. World Bank.
- World Health Organization. (2020, January 31). Adolescent pregnancy. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy
- Yetter, D. (2018, March 1). Kentucky’s ‘child bride’ bill stalls as groups fight to let 13-year-olds wed. The Courier Journal. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/2018/03/01/child-marriage-kentucky-brides-parents-rights/385489002/
- Zaremberg, G., Tabbush, C., & Friedman, E. J. (2021). Feminism(s) and anti-gender backlash: lessons from Latin America. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 23(4), 527–534. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2021.1956093