856
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Can the International Criminal Court prevent sexual violence in armed conflict?

&

References

  • Amnesty International (2016). International Criminal Court: Bemba verdict a historic step forward for victims of sexual violence. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/03/international-criminal-court-bemba-verdict-a-historic-step-forward-for-victims-of-sexual-violence/
  • Akers, R. (2009). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance. New York: Routledge.
  • Apel, R. (2013). Sanctions, perceptions, and crime: Implications for criminal deterrence. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 29(1), 67–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-012-9170-1
  • Appel, B. (2018). In the shadow of the International Criminal Court? Does the ICC deter human rights violations? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 62(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002716639101
  • Asal, V., & Nagel, R. (2021). Control over bodies and territories: Insurgent territorial control and sexual violence. Security Studies, 30(1), 136–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2021.1885726
  • Askin, K. (2003). Prosecuting wartime rape and other gender-related crimes under international law: Extraordinary advances, enduring obstacles. Berkeley Journal of International Law, 21(2), 288–349.
  • Aukerman, M. (2001). Extraordinary evil, ordinary crimes: A framework for understanding transitional justice. Harvard Human Rights Journal, 15, 39–98.
  • Ba, O. (2020). States of justice: The politics of the International Criminal Court. Cambridge University Press.
  • Baaz, M. E., & Stern, M. (2009). Why do soldiers rape? Masculinity, violence, and sexuality in the armed forces in the Congo (DRC). International Studies Quarterly, 53(2), 495–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2009.00543.x
  • Bassiouni, M. C. (2015). The ICC’s twelfth anniversary crisis: Growing pains or institutional deficiency? In C.C. Jalloh and A. Marong (Eds.), Promoting accountability under international law for gross human rights violations in Africa, 91–102. Brill Nijhoff.
  • Benson, M., & Gizelis, T. (2020). A gendered imperative: Does sexual violence attract UN attention in civil wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 64(1), 167–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002719841125
  • Berry, M., & Lake, M. (2021). Women’s rights after war: On gender interventions and enduring hierarchies. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 17(1), 459–481. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-113020-085456
  • Broache, M. (2016). International criminal prosecutions and atrocities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A case study of the FDLR. The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 7(1), 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2016.1148534
  • Butler, C. K., Gluch, T., & Mitchell, N. J. (2007). Security forces and sexual violence: A cross-national analysis of a principal-agent problem. Journal of Peace Research, 44(6), 669–687. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343307082058
  • Cohen, D. (2013). Explaining rape during civil war: Cross-national evidence (1980-2009). American Political Science Review, 107(3), 461–477. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055413000221
  • Cohen, D. (2016). Rape during civil war. Cornell University Press.
  • Cohen, D., & Hoover Green, A. (2012). Dueling incentives: Sexual violence in Liberia and the politics of human rights advocacy. Journal of Peace Research, 49(3), 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343312436769
  • Cohen, D., & Nordås, R. (2014). Sexual violence in armed conflict: Introducing the SVAC dataset, 1989-2009. Journal of Peace Research, 51(3), 418–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343314523028
  • Cohen, D., & Nordås, R. (2015). Do states delegate shameful violence to militias? Patterns of sexual violence in recent armed conflicts. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59(5), 877–898. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002715576748
  • Cohen, D., Nordås, R. (2021). Sexual violence in armed conflict dataset, version 3.0. http://sexualviolencedata.org
  • Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C., Lindberg, S., Teorell, J., Alizada, N., Altman D., Bernhard, M., Cornell, A., Fish, M.S., Gastaldi L., Gjerløw, H., Glynn, A., Hicken, A., Hindle, G., Ilchenko, N., Krusell, J., Luhrmann, A., …Ziblatt, D. (2021). “V-Dem [Country -Year/Country -Date] Dataset v11.1.” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21.
  • Crawford, K. (2017). Wartime sexual violence: From silence to condemnation as a weapon of war. Georgetown University Press.
  • Cronin-Furman, K. (2013). Managing expectations: International criminal trials and the prospects for deterrence of mass atrocity. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 7(3), 434–454. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijt016
  • Davies, S., & True, J. (2017). Norm entrepreneurship in foreign policy: William Hague and the prevention of sexual violence in armed conflict. Foreign Policy Analysis, 13(3), 701–721. https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orw065
  • Enloe, C. (2000). Maneuvers: The international politics of militarizing women’s lives. University of California Press.
  • Goodliffe, J., & Hawkins, D. (2006). Explaining commitment: States and the Convention against Torture. The Journal of Politics, 68(2), 358–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00412.x
  • Gotschall, J. (2004). Explaining wartime rape. Journal of Sex Research, 41(2), 129–136.
  • Gruber, A. (2009). Rape, feminism, and the war on crime. Washington Law Review, 84(4), 581–560.
  • Haddad, H. (2011). Mobilizing the will to prosecute: Crimes of rape at the Yugoslav and Rwandan tribunals. Human Rights Review, 12(1), 109–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-010-0163-x
  • Hashimoto, B. (2020). Autocratic consent to international law: The case of the International Criminal Court’s jurisdiction, 1998-2017. International Organization, 74(2), 331. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000065
  • Hillebrecht, C. (2016). The deterrent effects of the International Criminal Court: Evidence from Libya. International Interactions, 42(4), 616–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2016.1185713
  • Hoover Green, A. (2016). The commander’s dilemma: creating and controlling armed group violence. Journal of Peace Research, 53(5), 619–632. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343316653645
  • Hoover Green, A. (2018). The commander’s dilemma: Violence and restraint in wartime. Cornell University Press.
  • Houge, A. B., & Lohne, K. (2017). End impunity! Reducing conflict-related sexual violence to a problem of law. Law & Society Review, 51(4), 755–789. https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12294
  • International Criminal Court (2002). Rules of procedure and evidence. ICC Doc ICC-ASP/1/3 (part II-A).
  • International Criminal Court (2012). ICC prosecutor Fatou Bensouda appoints Brigid Inder, head of the Women’s Initiatives for Gender Justice, as Special Gender Advisor: https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr833&ln=en
  • International Criminal Court (2014). Office of the Prosecutor: Policy paper on sexual and gender-based crimes.
  • International Criminal Court (2016). Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, regarding the conviction of Mr Jean-Pierre Bemba: “This case has highlighted the critical need to eradicate sexual and gender-based crimes as weapons in conflict.” https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=otp-stat-bemba-21-03-2016&ln=en
  • International Criminal Court (2022a). Cases. https://www.icc-cpi.int/cases
  • International Criminal Court (2022b). Situations under investigation: https://www.icc-cpi.int/pages/situation.aspx
  • Jo, H., & Simmons, B. (2016). Can the International Criminal Court deter atrocity? International Organization, 70(3), 443–475. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818316000114
  • Hillebrecht, C., & Straus, S. (2017). Who pursues the perpetrators? State cooperation with the ICC. Human Rights Quarterly, 39(1), 162–188. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2017.0006
  • Kim, H., & Sikkink, K. (2010). Explaining the deterrence effect of human rights prosecutions for transitional countries. International Studies Quarterly, 54(4), 939–963. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00621.x
  • Kirby, P. (2013). How is rape a weapon of war? Feminist international relations, modes of critical explanation and the study of wartime sexual violence. European Journal of International Relations, 19(4), 797–821. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066111427614
  • Kreft, A. (2022). “This patriarchal, machista and unequal culture of ours”: Obstacles to confronting conflict-related sexual violence. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxac018
  • Krcmaric, D. (2020). The justice dilemma: Leaders and exile in an era of accountability. Cornell University Press.
  • Meger, S. (2010). Rape of the Congo: Understanding sexual violence in the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 28(2), 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001003736728
  • Meger, S. (2016). Rape, loot, pillage: The political economy of sexual violence in armed conflict. Oxford University Press.
  • McAllister, J. (2020). Deterring wartime atrocities: Hard lessons from the Yugoslav tribunal. International Security, 44(3), 84–128. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00370
  • Mendeloff, D. (2018). Punish or persuade? The compellence logic of International Criminal Court intervention in cases of ongoing civilian violence. International Studies Review, 20(3), 395–421. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/vix042
  • Meernik, J. (2015). The International Criminal Court and the deterrence of human rights atrocities. Civil Wars, 17(3), 318–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2015.1100350
  • Nagel, R. (2021). Conflict-related sexual violence and the re-escalation of lethal violence. International Studies Quarterly, 65(1), 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa086
  • Nagel, R., & Doctor, A. (2020). Conflict-related sexual violence and rebel group fragmentation. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 64(7-8), 1226–1253. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002719899443
  • Nagin, D. (2013). Deterrence: A review of the evidence by a criminologist for economists. Annual Review of Economics, 5(1), 83–105. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-072412-131310
  • Nordås, R. (2013). Preventing conflict-related sexual violence. PRIO Policy Brief 2. https://www.prio.org/publications/7330
  • Pettersson, T., & Öberg, M. (2020). Organized violence, 1989-2019. Journal of Peace Research, 57(4), 597–613. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343320934986
  • Prorok, A. (2017). The (In)compatibility of peace and justice? The International Criminal Court and civil conflict termination. International Organization, 71(2), 213–243. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818317000078
  • Robinson, D., & MacNeil, G. (2016). The tribunals and the renaissance of international criminal law: Three themes. American Journal of International Law, 110(2), 191–211. https://doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.110.2.0191
  • Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. (1998, July 17). Entered into force July 1, 2022. UN Doc A/CONF.183/9.
  • Savelsberg, J. (2010). Crime and human rights: Criminology of genocide and atrocities. Sage.
  • Sikkink, K. (2011). The justice cascade: How human rights prosecutions are changing world politics. Norton.
  • Simmons, B. (2009). Mobilizing for human rights. Cambridge University Press.
  • Stark, L., & Wessells, M. (2012). Sexual violence as a weapon of war. JAMA, 308(7), 677–678. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.9733
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2022). SIPRI Military Expenditure Database, 1949–2021. https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex
  • Temkin, J. (2000). Prosecuting and defending rape: Perspectives from the bar. Journal of Law and Society, 27(2), 219–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6478.00152
  • Tiemessen, A. (2014). The International Criminal Court and the politics of prosecutions. The International Journal of Human Rights, 18(4-5), 444–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2014.901310
  • Von Stein, J. (2016). Making promises, keeping promises: Democracy, ratification, and compliance in international human rights law. British Journal of Political Science, 46(3), 655–679. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123414000489
  • Wood, E. (2006). Variation in sexual violence during war. Politics & Society, 34(3), 307–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329206290426
  • Wood, E. (2018). Rape as a practice of war: Toward a typology of political violence. Politics & Society, 46(4), 513–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329218773710
  • World Bank (2022). DataBank. https://databank.worldbank.org/home.aspx

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.