676
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

6-(N-benzoylamino)purine as a novel and potent inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: Inhibition mechanism and molecular modeling studies

, , &
Pages 317-324 | Received 23 Nov 2004, Accepted 28 Feb 2005, Published online: 04 Oct 2008

References

  • Hille R, Nishino T. Flavoprotein structure and mechanism. 4. Xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase. FASEB J 1995; 9: 995–1003
  • Krenitsky TA, Spector T, Hall WW. Xanthine oxidase from human liver: purification and characterization. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 247: 108–119
  • McWhirter RB, Hille R. The reductive half-reaction of xanthine oxidase. Identification of spectral intermediates in the hydroxylation of 2-hydroxy-6-methylpurine. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 23724–23731
  • Elion GB. The purine path to chemotherapy. Science 1989; 244: 41–47
  • McCord JM. Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury. New Engl J Med 1985; 312: 159–163
  • Nakamura M. Allopurinol-insensitive oxygen radical formation by milk xanthine oxidase systems. J Biochem (Tokyo) 1991; 110: 450–456
  • Sorbera LA, Revel L, Rabasseda X, Castaner J. TMX-67 Treatment of gout and hyperuricemia—Xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Drug Future 2001; 26: 32–38
  • Okamoto K, Nishino T. Mechanism of inhibition of xanthine oxidase with a new tight binding inhibitor. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 7816–7821
  • Oettl K, Reibnegger G. Pteridines as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase: structural requirements Biochim. Biophys Acta 1999; 1430: 387–395
  • Okamoto K, Eger BT, Nishino T, Kondo S, Pai EF. An extremely potent inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase. Crystal structure of the enzyme-inhibitor complex and mechanism of inhibition. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 1848–1855
  • Ishibuchi S, Morimoto H, Oe T, Ikebe T, Inoue H, Fukunari A, Kamezawa M, Yamada I, Naka Y. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 1-phenylpyrazoles as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11: 879–882
  • Lin CM, Chen CS, Chen CT, Liang YC, Lin JK. Molecular modeling of flavonoids that inhibits xanthine oxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 294: 167–172
  • Van Hoorn DE, Nijveldt RJ, Van Leeuwen PA, Hofman Z, M'Rabet L, De Bont DB, Van Norren K. Accurate prediction of xanthine oxidase inhibition based on the structure of flavonoids. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 451: 111–118
  • Cos P, Ying L, Calomme M, Hu JP, Cimanga K, Poel BV, Pieters L, Vlietinck AJ, Berghe DV. Structure-activity relationship and classification of flavonoids as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and superoxide scavengers. J Nat Prod 1998; 61: 71–76
  • Okamoto K, Matsumoto K, Hille R, Eger BT, Pai EF, Nishino T. The crystal structure of xanthine oxidoreductase during catalysis: implications for reaction mechanism and enzyme inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 7931–7936
  • Hille R, Stewart RC. The inhibition of xanthine oxidase by 8-bromoxanthine. J Biol Chem 1984; 259: 1570–1576
  • Rastelli G, Costantino L, Albasini A. A model of the interaction of substrates and inhibitors with xanthine oxidase. J Am Chem Soc 1997; 119: 3007–3016
  • Hernandez B, Orozco M, Luque FJ. Tautomerism of xanthine and alloxanthine: a model for substrate recognition by xanthine oxidase. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1996; 10: 535–544
  • Escribano J, Gracia-Canovas F, Gracia-Carmona F. A kinetic study of hypoxanthine oxidation by milk xanthine oxidase. Biochem J 1988; 254: 829–833
  • Hodges GR, Young MJ, Paul T, Ingold KU. How should xanthine oxidase-generated superoxide yields be measured?. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 29: 434–441
  • Liochev SI, Fridovich I. Copper, zinc superoxide dismutase and H2O2. Effects of bicarbonate on inactivation and oxidations of NADPH and urate, and on consumption of H2O2. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 34674–34678
  • Godner BLJ, Doel JJ, Goult TA, Eisenthal R, Harrison R. Suicide inactivation of xanthine oxidoreductase during reduction of inorganic nitrite to nitrite oxide. Biochem J 2001; 358: 325–333
  • SYBYL 6.9 Molecular Modelling Software; Tripos Associates Inc.: 1699 S. Hanley, St. Louis MI 63144, USA.
  • Abola EE, Berstein FC, Bryant SH, Koetzle TF, Weng J. Protein Data Bank. Crystallographic Databases-Information Content, Software Systems, Scientific Applications, FH Allen, G Berjerhoff, RR Sievers. Data Commission of the International Union of Crystallography, Bonn 1987; 107–132
  • Clark M, Cramer RD, Van opdenbosch N. Validation of the general purpose Tripose 5.2 Force Field. J Comp Chem 1989; 10: 982–1012
  • Rarey M, Kramer B, Lengauer T, Kleb GA. A fast flexible docking method using an incremental construction algorithm. J Mol Biol 1996; 261: 470–489
  • Halgren T. Merck Molecular Force Field. II. MMFF94 van der Waals and electrostatic parameters for intermolecular interactions. J Comp Chem 1996; 17: 520–552
  • Enroth C, Eger BY, Okamoto K, Nishino T, Pai EF. Crystal structures of bovine milk xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase: structure-based mechanism of conversion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 10723–10728

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.