Disulfiram moderately restores impaired hepatic redox status of rats subchronically exposed to cadmium

References

• ATSDR. Toxicological profile for cadmium. Agency for toxic substances and disease registry. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Ogasawara Y, Takeda Y, Takayama H, et al. Significance of the rapid increase in GSH levels in the protective response to cadmium exposure through phosphorylated Nrf2 signaling in Jurkat T-cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014;69:58–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Toxicology Program. Tenth report on carcinogenesis. Research Triangle Park, NC: Department of Health and Human Services 2000;3:42–44.
   Google Scholar
• Smith CJ, Livingston SD, Doolittle DJ. An international literature survey of “IARC group I carcinogens” reported in mainstream cigarette smoke. Food Chem Toxicol 1997;35:1107–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaikh ZA, Vu TT, Zaman K. Oxidative stress as a mechanism of chronic cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity and protection by antioxidants. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999;154:2256–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djukic M, Jovanovic M, Ninkovic M, et al. Protective role of glutathione reductase in paraquat induced neurotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2012;199:74–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arroyo VS, Flores KM, Ortiz LB, Gomez-Quiroz LE, Gutierrez-Ruiz MC. Liver and cadmium toxicity. J Drug Metab Toxicol 2012;S5:001. doi: 10.4172/2157-7609.S5-001.
   Google Scholar
• Sunderman FW. Nickel and copper mobilization by sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. J Clin Pharmacol 1964;4:154–61.
   Google Scholar
• Skrott Z, Cvek B. Diethyldithiocarbamate complex with copper: the mechanism of action in cancer cells. Mini Rev Med Chem 2012;12:1184–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccari A, Ferraro L, Saba P, et al. Differential mechanisms in the effects of disulfiram and diethyldithiocarbamate intoxication on striatal release and vesicular transport of glutamate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998;285:961–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djukic M, Miljkovic B, Nedeljkovic M, et al. Concentrations of two disulfiram metabolites: diethyldithiocarbamic acid and copper bis(diethyldithiocarbamate) in plasma samples of alcoholics after oral single dose of disulfiram. Toxicol Lett 1998;95:76.
   Google Scholar
• Barth KS, Malcolm RJ. Disulfiram: an old therapeutic with new applications. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2010;9:5–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rüegg MA, Meinen S. Histopathology in hematoxylin & eosin stained muscle sections. In: SOP (ID) Number MDC1A_M.1.2.004. Basel, Switzerland: Biozentrum; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Auclair C, Voisin E, Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction. In: Greenwald RA, ed. Handbook of methods for oxygen radicals research. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc.; 1985:123–32.
   Google Scholar
• Beers RF, Sizer IW. A spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. J Biol Chem 1952;195:133–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begic A, Djuric A, Gobeljic B, et al. The simple isocratic HPLC-UV method for the simultaneous determination of reduced and oxidized glutathione in animal tissue. Acta Chromatogr. [Epub ahead of print]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1326.2017.29.1.5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;193:265–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filipic M. Mechanisms of cadmium induced genomic instability. Mutat Res 2012;733:69–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair AR, Degheselle O, Smeets K, et al. Cadmium induced pathologies: where is the oxidative balance lost (or not)? Int J Mol Sci 2013;14:6116–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flora SJ, Mittal M, Mehta A. Heavy metal induced oxidative stress & its possible reversal by chelation therapy. Indian J Med Res 2008;128:501–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamano T, Kosanke SD, Rikans LE. Attenuation of cadmium-induced liver injury in senescent male Fischer 344 rats: role of metallothionein and glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999;161:225–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayama F, Yoshida T, Elwell MR, Luster MI. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995;131:224–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosicka-Maciag E, Kurpios-Piec D, Grzela T, et al. Protective effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine against disulfiram-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in V79 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010;248:210–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigam D, Shukla GS, Agarwal AK. Glutathione depletion and oxidative damage in mitochondria following exposure to cadmium in rat liver and kidney. Toxicol Lett 1999;106:151–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagamine T, Nakazato K, Suzuki K, et al. Analysis of tissue cadmium distribution in chronic cadmium-exposed mice using in-air micro-PIXE. Biol Trace Elem Research 2007;117:115–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honma T, Suda M. Correlation of lethal doses of industrial chemicals between oral or intraperitoneal administration and inhalation exposure. Ind Health 1998;36:273–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djuric A, Begic A, Gobeljic B, et al. Oxidative stress, bioelements and androgen status in testes of rats subacutely exposed to cadmium. Food Chem Toxicol 2015;86:25–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabekuraa T, Koizumia Y, Nakaoa M, et al. Delay of cataract development in hereditary cataract UPL rats by disulfiram and aminoguanidine. Exp Eye Res 2003;76:169–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badawy A, Bano S. Elevation of kynurenine metabolites in rat liver and serum: a potential additional mechanism of the alcohol aversive and anti-cancer effects of disulfiram? Alcohol Alcohol 2015;51:20–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Qu W, Kadiiska MB. Role of oxidative stress in cadmium toxicity and carcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009;238:209–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb M, Role of metallothionenin in cadmium metabolism. In: Foulkes EC, ed. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol. 80: Cadmium. New York: Springer Verlag; 1986:281–355.
   Google Scholar
• Funakoshi T, Ueda K, Shimada H, Kojima S. Effects of dithiocarbamates on toxicity of cadmium in rat primary hepatocyte cultures. Toxicology 1997;116:99–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez E, Arce C, Oset-Gasque MJ, et al. Cadmium induces reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation in cortical neurons in culture. Free Radic Biol Med 2006;40:940–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrovski˘ S. Effect of disulfiram on the free amino acids pool of the brain tissue of the rats. Farmakol Toksicol 1987;50:30–33.
   Google Scholar
• Iljin K, Ketola K, Vainio P, et al. High-throughput cell-based screening of 4910 known drugs and drug-like small molecules identifies disulfiram as an inhibitor of prostate cancer cell growth. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:6070–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thirumoorthy N, Shyam Sunder A, Manisenthil Kumar K, et al. A review of metallothionein isoforms and their role in pathophysiology. World J Surg Oncol 2011;9:54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles NM, Watts AB, Giles GI, et al. Metal and redox modulation of cysteine protein function. Chem Biol 2003;10:677–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lihua L, Huanjie Y, Chen D, et al. Disulfiram promotes the conversion of carcinogenic cadmium to a proteasome inhibitor with pro-apoptotic activity in human cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008;229:206–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ognjanovic BI, Markovic SD, Pavlovic SZ, et al. Effect of chronic cadmium exposure on antioxidant defense system in some tissues of rats: protective effects of selenium. Physiol Res 2008;57:403–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kini RD, Tripathi Y, Raghuveer CV, et al. Role of vitamin C as an antioxidant in cadmium chloride induced testicular damage. Int J Appl Biol Pharm Technol 2011;2:484–88.
   Google Scholar
• Maret W, Wedd A. Binding, transport and storage of metal ions in biological cells. In: RSC Mettalobiology. Chapter 12; 2014:333–57.
   Google Scholar
• Jurczuk M, Brzóska MM, Rogalska J, Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J. Iron body status of rats chronically exposed to cadmium and ethanol. Alcohol Alcohol 2003;38:202–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stohs SJ, Bagchi D, Hassoun E, Bagchi M. Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of chromium and cadmium ions. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2000;19:201–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brady JF, Xiao F, Wang MH, et al. Effects of disulfiram on hepatic P450IIE1, other microsomal enzymes, and hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991;108:366–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishiyama H, Hoglen NC, Sipes IG. Diethyldithiocarbamate enhances production of nitric oxide and TNF-alpha by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rat Kupffer cells. Toxicol Sci 2000;55:206–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiazzi CC, Manfredini V, Barcellos da Silva FE, et al. c-Oryzanol protects against acute cadmium-induced oxidative damage in mice testes. Food Chem Toxicol 2013;55:526–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casalino E, Calzaretti G, Sablano C, Landriscina C. Molecular inhibitory mechanisms of antioxidant enzymes in rat liver and kidney by cadmium. Toxicology 2002;179:37–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller L. Consequences of cadmium toxicity in rat hepatocytes: mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid peroxidation. Toxicology 1986;40:285–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mankhetkorn S, Abedinzadeh Z, Houee-Levin C. Antioxidant action of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate: reaction with hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical. Free Radic Biol Med 1994;17:517–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Kershaw WC, Klaassen CD. Rat primary hepatocyte cultures are a good model for examining metallothionein-induced tolerance to cadmium toxicity. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 1990;26:75–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Yan T, Yang JQ, Oberley TD, Oberley LW. The role of cellular glutathione peroxidase redox regulation in the suppression of tumor cell growth by manganese superoxide dismutase. Cancer Res 2000;60:3927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassi AM, Ledda S, Penco S, et al. Changes of CYP1A1, GST, and ALDH3 enzymes in hepatoma cell lines undergoing enhanced lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;29:1186–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frye RF, Tammara B, Cowart TD, Bramer SL. Effect of disulfiram-mediated CYP2E1 inhibition on the disposition of vesnarinone. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39:1177–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Qian SY, Guo Q, et al. Cadmium generates reactive oxygen- and carbon centered-radical species in rats: Insights from in vivo spin-trapping studies. Free Radic Biol Med 2008;45:475–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurczuk M, Brzóska MM, Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J, et al. Antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney of rats exposed to cadmium and ethanol. Food Chem Toxicol 2004;42:429–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adikwu E, Deo O, Geoffrey OBP. Hepatotoxicity of cadmium and roles of mitigating agents. Br J Pharmacol Toxicol 2013;4:222–31.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive, and Kidney Diseases; 2011. Available from: http://www.livertox.nlm.nih.gov/Disulfiram.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Habeebu SS, Liu J, Liu Y, Klaassen CD. Metallothionein-null mice are more sensitive than wild-type mice to liver injury induced by repeated exposure to cadmium. Toxicol Sci 2000;55:223–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moura CF, Ribeiro FA, Handan BA, et al. Grape juice concentrate protects rat liver against cadmium intoxication: histopathology, cytochrome C and metalloproteinases expression. Drug Res 2016;66:339–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Checconi P, Squarbanti R, Celestino I, et al. The environmental pollutant cadmium promotes influenza virus replication in MDCK cells by altering their redox state. Int J Mol Sci 2013;14:4148–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoll RE, White JF, Miya TS, Bousquet WF. Effects of cadmium on nucleic acid and protein synthesis in rat liver. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1976;37:61–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar