References
- Arnesen, K. T., Hveem, J., Short, C. R., West, R. E., & Barbour, M. K. (2019). K-12 online learning journal articles: Trends from two decades of scholarship. Distance Education, 40(1), 32–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2018.1553566
- Bailie, J. L. (2011). Effective online instructional competencies as perceived by online university faculty and students: A sequel study. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 7(1), 82–89. https://jolt.merlot.org/vol7no1/bailie_0311.pdf
- Bakioğlu, A., & Can, E. (2007). Distance learners’ evaluation of management within the context of TV course programs. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Egitim Fakültesi Egitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(25), 17–33. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/maruaebd/issue/353/2417
- Barbour, M., Brown, R., Waters, L. H., Hoey, R., Hunt, J. L., Kennedy, K., … Trimm, T. (2011). Online and blended learning: A survey of policy and practice from K-12 schools around the world. International Association for K-12 Online Learning. http://www.aurora-institute.org/wp-content/uploads/iNACOL_a-survey-of-policy-and-practice.pdf
- Barbour, M. K., & Kennedy, K. (2014, July 23). K–12 online learning: A worldwide perspective. Farrington College of Education. Education Faculty Publications. https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/ced_fac/188
- Başaran, M., & Aksoy, A. B. (2020). Anne-Babaların Korona-Virüs (Covid-19) Salgını Sürecinde Aile Yaşantılarına İlişkin Görüşleri. Uluslararasi Sosyal Arastirmalar Dergisi, 13(71), 668–678. http://mts.sosyalarastirmalar.com/Makaleler/8b017742-92c2-40af-8bca-09619049af58.pdf
- Bawane, J., & Spector, J. M. (2009). Prioritization of online instructor roles: Implications for competency‐based teacher education programs. Distance Education, 30(3), 383–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587910903236536
- Berge, Z., & Clark, T. (2005). Virtual schools: Planning for success. Teachers College Press.
- Bolliger, D. U., & Halupa, C. (2012). Student perceptions of satisfaction and anxiety in an online doctoral program. Distance Education, 33(1), 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2012.667961
- Cahill, J. L. (2014). Guidelines for online students. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 11(3), 43–46. https://itdl.org/Journal/Mar_14/Mar14.pdf
- Christensen, C., Johnson, C., & Horn, M. (2011). Disrupting class, expanded edition: How disruptive innovation will change the way the world learns. McGraw-Hill.
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th ed.). Routledge.
- Conrad, D. L. (2002). Engagement, excitement, anxiety, and fear: Learners’ experiences of starting an online course. American Journal of Distance Education, 16(4), 205–226. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15389286AJDE1604_2
- Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications.
- Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
- Fiş Erümit, S., Gedik, N., & Göktaş, N. (2016). Türkiye’de Öğretim Teknolojilerinin Gelişimi:1984-2015 Dönemi. In K. Çağıltay & Y. Göktaş (Eds.), Öğretim Teknolojilerinin Temelleri Teoriler, Araştırmalar, Eğilimler (pp. 58–79). Pegem Akademi.
- Fuller, R. M., Vician, C., & Brown, S. A. (2006). E-learning and individual characteristics: The role of computer anxiety and communication apprehension. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46(4), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2006.11645917
- Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1982). Epistemological and methodological bases of naturalistic inquiry. Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 30(4), 233–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02765185
- Guo, S. (2020). Synchronous versus asynchronous online teaching of physics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Physics Education, 55(6), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/aba1c5
- Harris, S. (2008). ICT innovation transforming the heart of the classroom. SCIL.
- Huang, R. H., Liu, D. J., Tlili, A., Yang, J. F., & Wang, H. H. (2020). Handbook on facilitating flexible learning during educational disruption: The Chinese experience in maintaining undisrupted learning in COVID-19 outbreak. Smart Learning Institute of Beijing Normal University.
- Hurd, S., & Xiao, J. (2010). Anxiety and affective control among distance language learners in China and the UK. RELC Journal, 41(2), 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688210373640
- Ivankova, N. V., & Stick, S. L. (2007). Students’ persistence in a distributed doctoral program in educational leadership in higher education: A mixed methods study. Research in Higher Education, 48(1), 93–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-006-9025-4
- Kabakçı Yurdakul, I., Dönmez, O., Yaman, F., & Odabaşı, H. F. (2013). Dijital Ebeveynlik ve Değişen Roller. University of Gaziantep Journal of Social Sciences, 12(4), 883–896. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/223235
- Kong, S. C., Chan, T.-W., Huang, R., & Cheah, H. M. (2014). A review of e-learning policy in school education in Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Beijing: Implications to future policy planning. Journal of Computers in Education, 1(2), 187–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-014-0011-0
- König, J., Jäger-Biela, D. J., & Glutsch, N. (2020). Adapting to online teaching during COVID-19 school closure: Teacher education and teacher competence effects among early career teachers in Germany. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 608–622. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1809650
- Levine, S. J. (2011). Making distance education work: Understanding learning and learners at a distance. Learner Associates.
- Levy, Y. (2007). Comparing dropouts and persistence in e-learning courses. Computers & Education, 48(2), 185–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPEDU.2004.12.004
- MEB. (2020a, April 19). FATİH Projesi. Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education, Innovation and Educational Technologies General Directorate. http://fatihprojesi.meb.gov.tr/
- MEB. (2020b, June 27). Sayılarla Uzaktan Eğitim. Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education, Innovation and Educational Technologies General Directorate. http://yegitek.meb.gov.tr/www/sayilarla-uzaktan-egitim/icerik/3064
- MEB. (2020c, May 7). Eğitim Bilişim Ağı Sınıf Bazlı Zaman Çizelgesi. Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education, Innovation and Educational Technologies General Directorate. http://www.eba.gov.tr/eba-sinif-bazli.html?canli=true
- MEB. (2020d, May 15). EBA Asistan. Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education. http://www.meb.gov.tr/eba-asistan-uzaktan-egitimde-cevapsiz-soru-birakmayacak/haber/20829/tr
- MEB. (2020e, May 15). EBA Veli Kuşağı. Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education. http://www.meb.gov.tr/veli-kusaginda-her-gun-bir-uzman/haber/20660/tr
- MEB. (2020f, May 15). Öğretmenler için de ‘Uzaktan Eğitim’ başladı. Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education. http://www.meb.gov.tr/ogretmenler-icin-de-uzaktan-egitim-basladi/haber/20667/tr
- Midkiff, S. F., & DaSilva, L. A. (2000, August 14–18). Leveraging the Web for synchronous versus asynchronous distance learning. Paper presented at theInternational Conference on Engineering Education, Taipei. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.5.3925&rep=rep1&type=pdf
- Mishra, U., Patel, S., & Doshi, K. (2017). E-content: An effective tool for teaching and learning in a contemporary education system. IJARIIE, 2(1), 79–83. http://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/E__CONTENT__AN_EFFECTIVE_TOOL_FOR_TEACHING_AND_LEARNING_IN_A_CONTEMPORARY_EDUCATION_SYSTEM_C_1289.pdf
- National Education Statistics Formal Education 2018/’19. (2019, September 6). MEB. Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education. https://sgb.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2019_09/30102730_meb_istatistikleri_orgun_egitim_2018_2019.pdf
- Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (2013). Lessons from the virtual classroom: The realities of online teaching (2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Sage.
- Perry, B., Boman, J., Care, W. D., Edwards, M., & Park, C. (2008). Why do students withdraw from online graduate nursing and health studies education? Journal of Educators Online, 5(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.9743/JEO.2008.1.2
- Powell, A., & Patrick, S. (2006, November). An international perspective of K–12 online learning: A summary of the 2006 NACOL international e-learning survey. North American Council for Online Learning. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514433.pdf
- Sancin, C., Castello, V., DellAiuto, V., & Di Genova, D. (2009). T-learning for social inclusion. ELearning Papers, 12(5). https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2937591
- Simonson, M., Zvacek, S. M., & Smaldino, S. (2019). Teaching and learning at a distance: Foundations of distance education (7th ed.). IAP Publishing.
- Sripathy, T. (2018). Use of educational television in Indian distance education. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research, 7(12), 161–174. http://ijmer.s3.amazonaws.com/pdf/volume7/volume7-issue12(1)-2018.pdf#page=169
- Staker, H., & Horn, M. B. (2014). Blended learning in the K12 education sector. Blended learning: Research perspectives. In A. G. Piccino, C. D. Dziuban, & C. R. Graham (Eds.), Blended learning research perspectives (Vol. 2, pp. 287–300). Routledge.
- Toppin, I. N., & Toppin, S. M. (2016). Virtual schools: The changing landscape of K-12 education in the U.S. Education and Information Technologies, 21(6), 1571–1581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-015-9402-8
- Turkey’s Education Vision 2023. (2018, October 23). MEB. Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education. http://2023vizyonu.meb.gov.tr/
- UNESCO. (2020a, April 12). Education: From disruption to recovery. UNESCO. https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse
- UNESCO. (2020b, April 12). UNESCO’s support: Educational response to COVID-19. UNESCO. https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/support
- Watson, J., Murin, A., Vashaw, L., Gemin, B., & Rapp, C. (2013). Keeping pace with K–12 online & blended learning: An annual review of policy and practice. Evergreen Education Group. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED566139.pdf
- Wdowik, S. (2014). Using a synchronous online learning environment to promote and enhance transactional engagement beyond the classroom. Campus-Wide Information Systems, 31(4), 264–275. https://doi.org/10.1108/CWIS-10-2013-0057
- Wong, E. M., & Li, S. C. (2006). Is ICT a lever for educational change? A study of the impact of ICT implementation on teaching and learning in Hong Kong. Informatics in Education, 5(2), 329–348. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2006.23
- Wu, D. (2014). An introduction to ICT in education in China. In R. Huang, Kinshuk, & J. Price (Eds.), ICT in education in global context: Emerging trends report 2013–2014 (pp. 65–84). Springer.
- Yadigaroğlu, M., & Demircioğlu, G. (2018). Investigation of graduate theses on Technologıcal Pedagogıcal Content Knowledge (TPACK): The case of Turkey. In L. Özalemdar (Ed.), Educational studies in science and mathematics (pp. 83–98). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- YEĞİTEK. (2020a, May 1). EBA Akademik Destek. Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education, Innovation and Educational Technologies General Directorate. http://yegitek.meb.gov.tr/www/11-ve-12-sinif-ogrencilerine-ebadanakademikdestek/icerik/3014
- YEĞİTEK. (2020b, June 25). YEĞİTEK, uzaktan eğitim sürecini değerlendirme anketi başlattı. Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education, Innovation and Educational Technologies General Directorate. http://yegitek.meb.gov.tr/www/yegitek-uzaktan-egitim-surecini-degerlendirme-anketi-baslatti/icerik/3068Yin
- Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research: Design and methods (2nd ed.). Sage Publishing.