‘It is new, and it has to be done!’: Socio‐analytic Thoughts on Betrayal and Cynicism in Organizational TransformationFootnote¹

1. Extended version of a paper presented at the 2005 Baltimore Symposium of the International Society for the Psychoanalytic Study of Organizations: The New: New Psychoanalytic Responses in our Work with Organizations and Society.

References

• Akerström , M. 1991 . Betrayal and Betrayers: The Sociology of Treachery , New Brunswick : Transaction Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Bain , A. 1999 . On socio‐analysis . Socio‐Analysis , 1 (1) : 1 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Ben‐Yehuda , N. 2001 . Betrayal and Treason. Violations of Trust and Loyalty , Boulder, Colorado : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Bergler , E. 1933a . Zur Psychologie des Zynikers (I.) . Psychoanalytische Bewegung , 5 (1) : 19 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Bergler , E. 1933b . Zur Psychologie des Zynikers (II.) . Psychoanalytische Bewegung , 5 (2) : 131 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Berlin , I. 2002 . Freedom and its betrayal. Six enemies of human liberty , Edited by: Hardy , Henry . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein , R. 24 May 2005 . “ German surprise: is Schröder giving up? ” . In New York Times 24 May , A10
   Google Scholar
• Bion , W. R. 1957 . Differentiation of the psychotic from the non‐psychotic personalities . International Journal of Psycho‐Analysis , 38 : 266 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bion , W. R. 1962 . A theory of thinking . International Journal of Psycho‐Analysis , 43 : 306 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bion , W. R. 1962/1984 . Learning from Experience , London : Karnac .
   Google Scholar
• Bollas , C. 1987 . The Shadow of the Object. Psychoanalysis of the Unthought Known , London : Free Association Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bollas , C. 1989 . Forces of Destiny. Psychoanalysis and Human Idiom , London : Free Association Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bollas , C. and Sundelson , D. 1995 . The New Informants. The Betrayal of Confidentiality in Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy , Northvale, New Jersey : Jason Aronson .
   Google Scholar
• Bonime , W. 1966 . “ Competitiveness and cynicism as factors in personality distortion ” . In The Etiology of Neuroses , Edited by: Merin , Joseph H. and Nagler , Simon H. 152 – 8 . New York : Science and Behavior Books .
   Google Scholar
• Boston Globe . 2003 . Betrayal: The Crisis in the Catholic Church , Boston : Back Bay Books .
   Google Scholar
• Brenneis , B. C. 1997 . Review of Jennifer J. Freyd, ‘Betrayal Trauma’ (1996) . Psychoanalytic Books: A Quarterly Journal of Reviews , 8 : 448 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan , P. J. 1998 . The Great Betrayal: How American Sovereignty and Social Justice Are Being Sacrificed to the Gods of the Global Economy , Boston : Little Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Carotenuto , A. 1996 . To Love to Betray. Life as Betrayal , Wilmette, Illinois : Chiron .
   Google Scholar
• Case , P. 1999 . Remember re‐engineering? The rhetorical appeal of a managerial salvation device . Journal of Management Studies , 36 (4) : 419 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciulla , J. B. 2000 . The Working Life. The Promise and Betrayal of Modern Work , New York : Times Books .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , G. L. 2000 . Pension Fund Capitalism , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eiguer , A. 1999 . Cynicism: its function in the perversions . International Journal of Psychoanalysis , 80 : 671 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elangovan , A.R. and Shapiro , D.L. 1998 . Betrayal of trust in organisations . The Academy of Management Review , 23 : 547 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson , A. The old is good: parables of patched garment and wineskins as elaboration of chreia in Luke 5:33–39 about feasting with Jesus . Paper presented at the Heidelberg Conference on ‘Rhetoric, Ethics & Moral Persuasion in Biblical Discourse’ . July . Queen, available at ⟨http://www.ars‐rhetorica.net/Queen/VolumeSpecialIssue2/Articles/Eriksson.pdf⟩ (accessed 9 September 2004)
   Google Scholar
• Faludi , S. 1999 . Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man , New York : William Morrow .
   Google Scholar
• Fetscher , I. 1975 . “ Reflexionen über den Zynismus als Krankheit unserer Zeit ” . In Denken im Schatten des Nihilismus , Edited by: Schwan , A. 334 – 45 . Darmstadt : Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft .
   Google Scholar
• Freud , S. 1905 . Bruchstück einer Hysterie‐analyse . GW [Gesammelte Werke] , 5 : 161 – 286 . S.E., 7, 7–122
   Google Scholar
• Freud , S. 1919 . A child is being beaten: a contribution to the study of the origin of sexual perversions. S.E. , [Standard Edition] 14
   Google Scholar
• Freud , S. 1930 . Civilization and its discontents. S.E. , [Standard Edition] Vol. 21 , 64 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Freyd , J. J. 1994 . Betrayal trauma: traumatic amnesia as an adaptive response to childhood abuse . Ethics & Behavior , 4 : 307 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Freyd , J. J. 1996 . Betrayal Trauma. The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse , Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Garrett , L. 2000 . Betrayal of Trust. The Collapse of Global Public Health , New York : Hyperion .
   Google Scholar
• Gilmore , T. N. , Shea , Gregory P. and Useem , Michael . 1997 . Side effects of corporate cultural transformation . Journal of Applied Behavioral Science , 33 (2) : 174 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Girard , R. 2004 . Nachricht von Neuerung, die drauf und drunter geht . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , 266 13 November : 41
   Google Scholar
• Greeley , A. 2004 . The Catholic Revolution: New Wine, Old Wineskins, and the Second Vatican Council , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Green , A. 1978 . “ Potential space in psychoanalysis. The object in the setting ” . In Between reality and fantasy , Edited by: Grolnick , Simon A. 169 – 89 . New York : Aronson .
   Google Scholar
• Gresson , A. D. III . 1982 . The Dialectics of Betrayal. Sacrifice, Violation and the Oppressed , Norwood, New Jersey : Ablex .
   Google Scholar
• Grint , K. and Case , P. 1998 . The violent rhetoric of re‐engineering: management consultancy on the offensive . Journal of Management Studies , 35 (5) : 557 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosskurth , P. 1991 . The Secret Ring: Freud's Inner Circle and the Politics of Psychoanalysis , London : J. Cape .
   Google Scholar
• Gruen , A. 1988 . The Betrayal of the Self: The Fear of Autonomy in Men And Women , New York : Grove Press .
   Google Scholar
• Haffner , S. 1995 . Der Verrat , Berlin : Verlag 1900 .
   Google Scholar
• Hammer , M. 1990 . Reengineering work: don't automate, obliterate . Harvard Business Review , 68 (4) July : 104 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer , M. and Champy , J. 1993 . Re‐engineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution , New York : HarperCollins .
   Google Scholar
• Haubl , R. 2001 . Neidisch sind immer nur die anderen. Über die Unfähigkeit, zufrieden zu sein , München : C.H. Beck .
   Google Scholar
• Hillman , J. 1964 . Betrayal 5 – 27 . Guild Lecture No. 128
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch , I. 1999 . From helplessness to betrayal to the illusion of strength . Gender & Psychoanalysis , 4 : 291 – 306 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoggett , P. 1989 . “ The culture of uncertainty ” . In Crises of the self. Further essays on psychoanalysis and politics , Edited by: Richards , Barry . 27 – 39 . London : Free Association Books .
   Google Scholar
• Jaeggi , U. 1984 . Versuch über den Verrat , Darmstadt : Luchterhand .
   Google Scholar
• Josephs , L. 2001 . The seductive superego: the trauma of self‐betrayal . International Journal of Psychoanalysis , 82 : 701 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , R. S. and Norton , David P. 1996 . The Balanced Scorecard. Translating Strategy into Action , Boston, Massachusetts : Harvard Business School Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kiunke , S. 2004 . Strategische Unternehmensplanung und balanced scorecard. Überlegungen zu den Bedingungen der Entwicklung und Umsetzung von Unternehmensstrategien auf der Basis von Zielvereinbarungen , Wuppertal : Bergische Universität, Fachbereich Wirtschafts‐ und Sozialwissenschaften . Doctoral Dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Klein , M. 1952 . “ Some theoretical conclusions regarding the emotional life of the infant ” . In Developments in psycho‐analysis , Edited by: Klein , Melanie , Heimann , Paula , Isaacs , Susan and Riviere , Joan . 198 – 236 . London : Hogarth .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , M. 1959 . Our adult world and its roots in infancy . Human Relations , 12 : 291 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koehler , J. J. and Gershoff , A. D. 2003 . Betrayal aversion: when agents of protection become agents of harm . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 90 : 244 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koschorke , A. 2004 . “ Wissenschaftsbetrieb als Wissenschaftsvernichtung. Einführung in die Paradoxologie des deutschen Hochschulwesens ” . In Universität ohne Zukunft? , Edited by: Kimmich , Dorothee and Thumfahrt , Alexander . 142 – 57 . Frankfurt : Suhrkamp .
   Google Scholar
• Krantz , J. 2005 . Leadership, betrayal and adaptation. Manuscript; published in: . Human Relations , 59 (2) : 221 – 40 . (2006)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krantz , J. 2006 . Leadership, betrayal and adaptation . Human Relations , 59 (2) : 221 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasch , C. 1995 . The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy , New York : W.W. Norton & Company .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , W. G. 1995 . The seductiveness of totalitarian states‐of‐mind . Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy , 7 October : 11 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , W. G. , ed. 1998 . Social Dreaming @ Work , London : Karnac .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , W. G. 2000 . “ Thinking refracted ” . In Tongued with Fire. Groups in Experience , Edited by: Lawrence , W. Gordon . 1 – 30 . London : Karnac .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , W. G. 2003 . “ Narcissism v. social‐ism. Governing thinking in social systems ” . In Building on Bion: Branches , Edited by: Lipgar , Robert M. and Pines , Malcolm . London : Jessica Kingsley .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , W. G. , Bain , A. and Gould , L. 1996 . The fifth basic assumption . Free Associations , 6 (37) : 92 – 119 . Part 1, again in: Tongued with Fire. Groups in Experience, London: Karnac
   Google Scholar
• Lipset , S. M. 1962 . “ Introduction ” . In Political Parties. A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy , Edited by: Michels , R. 15 – 39 . New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Long , S. 1999 . Who am I at work? An exploration of work identifications and identity . Socio‐Analysis , 1 (1) : 48 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Ludz , P.‐C. , ed. 1979 . Geheime Gesellschaften , Heidelberg : Lambert Schneider Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Luhmann , N. 1979 . Trust and Power , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Lurie , J. 1998 . Downsizing , Princeton, New Jersey : Unpublished thesis. Princeton University . available at ⟨http://geocities.com/WallStreet/Exchange/4280⟩ (accessed 10 February 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Miller , A. 1995/[1979] . The Drama of the Gifted Child: The Search for the True Self , London : Virago .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , A. 1998/[1981] . Thou Shalt not be Aware: Society's Betrayal of the Child , London : Pluto .
   Google Scholar
• Morris , J.H. and Moberg , D. 1994 . “ Work organisations as contexts for trust and betrayal ” . In Citizen Espionages: Studies in Trust and Betrayal , Edited by: Sarbin , T. , Carney , R. and Eoyang , C. 163 – 87 . Westport, Connecticut : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Orwell , G. 1956 . Keep the Aspidistra Flying , San Diego : Harcourt Brace & Company .
   Google Scholar
• Pelzer , P. 2005 . Contempt and organization: present in practice—ignored by research? . Organization Studies , 26 (8) : 1217 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole , E. D. and Regoli , R. M. 1980 . Work relations and cynicism among prison Guards . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 7 (3) : 303 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole , E. D. , Regoli , R. M. and Lotz , R. 1978 . Linkages between professionalism, work alienation and cynicism in large and small police departments . Social Science Quarterly , 59 (3) : 525 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rank , O. 1952/[1924] . The Trauma of Birth , New York : Robert Brunner .
   Google Scholar
• Rappaport , A. 1986 . Creating Shareholder Value. The New Standard for Business Performance , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reemtsma , J. P. 1998 . “ Vorwort zur deutschen Ausgabe ” . In Achilles in Vietnam , Edited by: Shaw , J. 9 – 14 . Hamburg : Hamburger Edition .
   Google Scholar
• Regoli , R. , Poole , E. and Shrink , J. 1979 . Occupational socialization and career development: a look at cynicism among correctional institution workers . Human Organization , 38 : 183 – 6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reik , T. 1930/[1913] . “ Über den zynischen Witz ” . In Almanach der psychoanalyse , Edited by: Storfer , A.J. Vol. 5 , 204 – 23 . Wien : Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Reina , D. S. and Reina , M. L. 1999 . Trust & Betrayal in the Workplace. Building Effective Relationships in your Organization , San Francisco : Berrett‐Koehler .
   Google Scholar
• Rycroft , C. 1995/[1968] . A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis , London : Penguin Books .
   Google Scholar
• Rycroft , C. 1992 . “ Faith, hope and charity ” . In Rycroft on analysis and creativity , Edited by: Rycroft , C. 9 – 31 . New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sarnoff , I. 1960 . Reaction formation and cynicism . Journal of Personality , 23 : 129 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Scallen , E.A. 1993 . Promises broken vs. promises betrayed: metaphor, analogy and the new fiduciary principle . University of Illinois Law Review , 45 (4) : 897 – 980 .
   Google Scholar
• Schneiderman , S. 17 November 1991 . “ One for all and all for Freud. Book review of Grosskurth ” . In New York Times 17 November , available at ⟨http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2D61E39F934A25752C1A967958260⟩ (accessed 5 May 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Shay , J. 1994 . Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character , New York : Atheneum .
   Google Scholar
• Shay , J. 2003 . Odysseus in America. Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming , New York : Scribner .
   Google Scholar
• Sievers , B. 1974 . Geheimnis und Geheimhaltung in sozialen Systemen , Opladen : Westdeutscher Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Sievers , B. 1990 . Thoughts on the relatedness of work, death and life itself . European Journal of Management , 8 (3) : 321 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Sievers , B. 1994 . Work, Death, and Life Itself. Essays on management and organization , Berlin : de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Sievers , B. 1999 . Psychotic organization as a metaphoric frame for the socio‐analysis of organizational and interorganizational dynamics . Administration & Society , 31 (5) November : 588 – 615 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievers , B. 2000 . Competition as war: towards a socio‐analysis of war in and among corporations . Socio‐Analysis , 2 (1) : 1 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Sievers , B. 2001 . ‘I will not let thee go, except thou bless me!’ (Genesis 32: 26). Some considerations about the constitution of authority, inheritance, and succession . Human Resource Development International , 4 : 357 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Sievers , B. 2003a . Your money or your life? Psychotic implications of the pension fund system: towards a socio‐analysis of the financial services revolution . Human Relations , 56 (2) : 187 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievers , B. 2003b . Against all reason: trusting in trust . Organisational and Social Dynamics , 3 (1) : 19 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Sievers , B. 2003c . “ ‘Fool'd with hope, men favour the deceit’, or can we trust in trust? (chapter 12b: Trust) ” . In Debating Organization: Point‐Counterpoint in Organization Studies , Edited by: Westwood , R. and Clegg , S. St. 356 – 67 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Sievers , B. ‘Pushing the past backwards in front of oneself’: a socio‐analytic perspective on the relatedness of past, present, and future in contemporary organizations . Paper presented at the 2004 ISPSO Coesfeld Symposium: The Shadow of the Future: Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Transformation in Organizations and Society . available at ⟨http://www.ispso.org/Symposia/Coesfeld/2004Sievers.htm⟩ (accessed 10 February 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Sievers , B. 2007 . “ ‘There is nothing more worth fighting for’. Social dreaming with social democrats in Austria ” . In Infinite Possibilities of Social Dreaming in Systems , Edited by: Lawrence , W. Gordon . London : Karnac . (forthcoming)
   Google Scholar
• Sievers , B. and Mersky , R. R. 2004 . Some socio‐analytical reflections on vengeance and revenge . Journal of Psycho‐Social Studies , 3 (1) : 4 e‐journal available at ⟨http://www.btinternet.com/∼psycho_social/Vol4/JPSS4‐BSRRMI.html⟩ (accessed 10 February 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Sievers , B. and Mersky , R. R. 2006 . The economy of vengeance: some considerations on the aetiology and meaning of the business of revenge . Human Relations , 59 (1) : 241 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Simmel , G. 1907 . Das geheimnis. Eine sozialpsychologische skizze . Der Tag , 626 10 December
   Google Scholar
• Simmel , G. 1908 . “ Das geheimnis und die geheime gesellschaft ” . In Soziologie , Edited by: Simmel , Georg . 337 – 402 . Leipzig : Duncker & Humblot .
   Google Scholar
• Simmel , G. 1950 . The Sociology of Georg Simmel , Edited by: Wolf , Kurt H. New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sloterdijk , P. 1984 . Cynicism—the twilight of false consciousness . New German Critique , 33 : 190 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Sloterdijk , P. 1988 . Critique of Cynical Reason , London : Verso .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , H. F. 1999 . Todesvorstellungen und die Erfahrung organisatorischen downsizing—oder: Steht Dein Name auf Schindlers Liste? . Freie Assoziationi , 2 : 155 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , H. F. 2000 . In Sachen verschwundener Autor: von der Parapraxis über die Poesie zu einem Einblick in die Organisationsforschung . Freie Assoziation , 3 : 201 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , H. F. 2004 . “ Corporate violence ” . In A Comparison to Psychological Anthropology: Modernity and Psychocultural Change , Edited by: Casey , Conerly and Edgerton , Robert . 418 – 34 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Teichert , W. 1990 . Jeder ist Judas. Der unvermeidliche Verrat , Stuttgart : Kreuz Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Trist , E. L. 1972 . “ The cultural absence of the post‐industrial society ” . In Towards a Social Ecology. Contextual Appreciations of the Future in the Present , Edited by: Emery , F. E. and Trist , E. L. 172 – 81 . London : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Trist , E. 1997 . New directions of hope: recent innovations interconnecting organisational, industrial, community & personal development . Regional Studies , 13 : 439 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Turquet , Pierre M. 1975 . “ Threats to identity in the large group ” . In The Large Group: Therapy and Dynamics , Edited by: Kreeger , Lionel . 87 – 144 . London : Constable .
   Google Scholar
• Vandergriff , D. E. 2002 . The Path to Victory: America's Army and the Revolution in Human Affairs , Novato, California : Presidio .
   Google Scholar
• von Matt , P. 1989 . Liebesverrat. Die Treulosen in der Literatur , München : Karl Hanser .
   Google Scholar
• Weiler , H. N. 2004 . Neuer Wein braucht neue Schläuche. Organisationsformen und—reformen im deutschen Hochschulwesen Keynote anlässlich des Symposiums zum zehnjährigen Bestehen des Centrums für Hochschulentwicklung (CHE) in Berlin, 29 April, available at ⟨http://www.stanford.edu/∼weiler/Vortrag_CHE.pdf⟩ (accessed 10 February 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Westerlund , E. 1986 . Freud on sexual trauma: an historical review of seduction and betrayal . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 10 : 297 – 309 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winnicott , D. W. 1965 . “ Ego distortion in terms of true and false self ” . In The Maturational Processes and the Facilitation Environment , Edited by: xxxx . 56 – 63 . London : Hogarth Press and The Institute of Psycho‐Analysis .
   Google Scholar
• Winnicott , D. W. 1967 . “ Mirror role of mother and family in child development ” . In Playing and reality , Edited by: Winni Cott, (1971) . 111 – 18 . New York : Basic Books 1971 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfenstein , E. V. 1993 . Psychoanalytic–Marxism. Groundwork , London : Free Association Books .
   Google Scholar
• Wolman , W. and Colamosca , A. 1997 . The Judas Economy. The Triumph of Capital and the Betrayal of Work , Reading, Massachusetts : Addison‐Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Young , R. M. 1994 . Mental Space , London : Process Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zyman , S. and Brott , A. 2004 . Renovate Before you Innovate: Why Doing the New Thing might not be the Right Thing , New York : Portfolio .
   Google Scholar