706
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Immunization during pregnancy

, &
Pages 383-393 | Received 28 Feb 2018, Accepted 30 Apr 2018, Published online: 09 May 2018

References

  • Marchant A, Sadarangani M, Garand M, et al. Maternal immunisation: collaborating with mother nature. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:e197–208.
  • Medina KL, Kincade PW. Pregnancy-related steroids are potential negative regulators of B lymphopoiesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91:5382–5386.
  • Mahmoud F, Abul H, Omu A, et al. Pregnancy-associated changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations in normal Kuwaiti women. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2001;52:232–236.
  • Zimmer JP, Garza C, Butte NF, et al. Maternal blood B-cell (CD19+) percentages and serum immunoglobulin concentrations correlate with breast-feeding behavior and serum prolactin concentration. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1998;40:57–62.
  • Kanda N, Tamaki K. Estrogen enhances immunoglobulin production by human PBMCs. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103:282–288.
  • Correale J, Farez MF, Ysrraelit MC. Role of prolactin in B cell regulation in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2014;269:76–86.
  • Amino N, Tanizawa O, Miyai K, et al. Changes of serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1978;52:415–420.
  • Ueda Y, Hagihara M, Okamoto A, et al. Frequencies of dendritic cells (myeloid DC and plasmacytoid DC) and their ratio reduced in pregnant women: comparison with umbilical cord blood and normal healthy adults. Hum Immunol. 2003;64:1144–1151.
  • Della Bella S, Giannelli S, Cozzi V, et al. Incomplete activation of peripheral blood dendritic cells during healthy human pregnancy. Clin Exp Immunol. 2011;164:180–192.
  • Young BC, Stanic AK, Panda B, et al. Longitudinal expression of toll-like receptors on dendritic cells in uncomplicated pregnancy and postpartum. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210:445.e1–445.e6.
  • Klein SL, Flanagan KL. Sex differences in immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16:626–638.
  • Flanagan KL, Fink AL, Plebanski M, et al. Sex and gender differences in the outcomes of vaccination over the life course. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2017;33:577–599.
  • Gandhi M, Devaraj S, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, et al. The effect of body mass index on post-vaccination maternal and neonatal pertussis antibody levels. J Reprod Immunol. 2015;112:34–37.
  • Siddiqua TJ, Ahmad SM, Ahsan KB, et al. Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy and postpartum improves B12 status of both mothers and infants but vaccine response in mothers only: a randomized clinical trial in Bangladesh. Eur J Nutr. 2016;55:281–293.
  • Cavalcante RS, Kopelman BI, Costa-Carvalho BT. Placental transfer of Haemophilus influenzae type b antibodies in malnourished pregnant women. Braz J Infect Dis. 2008;12:47–51.
  • Madhi SA, Cutland CL, Kuwanda L, et al. Influenza vaccination of pregnant women and protection of their infants. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:918–931.
  • Nunes MC, Cutland CL, Dighero B, et al. Kinetics of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies following maternal influenza vaccination among mothers with and those without hiv infection and their infants. J Infect Dis. 2015;212:1976–1987.
  • Heyderman RS, Madhi SA, French N, et al. Group B streptococcus vaccination in pregnant women with or without HIV in Africa: a non-randomised phase 2, open-label, multicentre trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:546–555.
  • Simister NE. Placental transport of immunoglobulin G. Vaccine. 2003;21:3365–3369.
  • Garty BZ, Ludomirsky A, Danon YL, et al. Placental transfer of immunoglobulin G subclasses. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1994;1:667–669.
  • Cumberland P, Shulman CE, Maple C, et al. Maternal HIV infection and placental malaria reduce transplacental antibody transfer and tetanus antibody levels in newborns in Kenya. J Infect Dis. 2007;196:550–557.
  • Le Doare K, Taylor S, Allen L, et al. Placental transfer of anti-group B streptococcus immunoglobulin G antibody subclasses from HIV-infected and uninfected women to their uninfected infants. AIDS Lond Engl. 2016;30:471–475.
  • Abu-Raya B, Smolen KK, Willems F, et al. Transfer of maternal antimicrobial immunity to HIV-exposed uninfected newborns. Front Immunol. [Internet]. 2016 [cité 2018 févr 2];7. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5005931/
  • Stapleton NM, Einarsdóttir HK, Stemerding AM, et al. The multiple facets of FcRn in immunity. Immunol Rev. 2015;268:253–268.
  • Healy CM, Munoz FM, Rench MA, et al. Prevalence of pertussis antibodies in maternal delivery, cord, and infant serum. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:335–340.
  • Sarvas H, Seppälä I, Kurikka S, et al. Half-life of the maternal IgG1 allotype in infants. J Clin Immunol. 1993;13:145–151.
  • Baker CJ, Rench MA, McInnes P. Immunization of pregnant women with group B streptococcal type III capsular polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. Vaccine. 2003;21:3468–3472.
  • Niewiesk S. Maternal antibodies: clinical significance, mechanism of interference with immune responses, and possible vaccination strategies. Front Immunol. [Internet]. 2014 [cité 2018 févr 2];5. Available from https://www-frontiersin-org.gate2.inist.fr/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00446/full
  • Nair N, Gans H, Lew-Yasukawa L, et al. Age-dependent differences in IgG isotype and avidity induced by measles vaccine received during the first year of life. J Infect Dis. 2007;196:1339–1345.
  • Althouse BM, Scarpino SV. Asymptomatic transmission and the resurgence of Bordetella pertussis. BMC Med. 2015;13:146.
  • Jackson DW, Rohani P. Perplexities of pertussis: recent global epidemiological trends and their potential causes. Epidemiol Amp Infect. 2014;142:672–684.
  • Rohani P, Drake JM. The decline and resurgence of pertussis in the US. Epidemics. 2011;3:183–188.
  • Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women — Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) [Internet]. 2012 [cité 2018 avr 4]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6207a4.htm
  • Update on immunization and pregnancy tetanus diphtheria and pertussis vaccination - ACOG [Internet]. [cité 2017 sept 7]. Available from: https://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Update-on-Immunization-and-Pregnancy-Tetanus-Diphtheria-and-Pertussis-Vaccination
  • WHO | WHO recommends seasonal influenza vaccination to pregnant women as the highest priority [Internet]. WHO. [cité 2018 févr 18]. Available from: http://www.who.int/immunization/newsroom/newsstory_seasonal_influenza_vaccination_pregnancy/en/
  • Ohfuji S, Fukushima W, Deguchi M, et al. Immunogenicity of a monovalent 2009 influenza A (H1N1) vaccine among pregnant women: lowered antibody response by prior seasonal vaccination. J Infect Dis. 2011;203:1301–1308.
  • Eick AA, Uyeki TM, Klimov A, et al. Maternal influenza vaccination and effect on influenza virus infection in young infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165:104–111.
  • Tsatsaris V, Capitant C, Schmitz T, et al. Maternal immune response and neonatal seroprotection from a single dose of a monovalent nonadjuvanted 2009 influenza A(H1N1) vaccineA single-group trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:733–741.
  • Blanchard-Rohner G, Meier S, Bel M, et al. Influenza vaccination given at least 2 weeks before delivery to pregnant women facilitates transmission of seroprotective influenza-specific antibodies to the newborn: pediatr. Infect Dis J. 2013;32:1374–1380.
  • Lin S-Y, Wu E-T, Lin C-H, et al. The Safety and immunogenicity of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccination: a study of maternal-cord blood pairs in Taiwan. PLoS ONE. [Internet]. 2013 [cité 2018 févr 4];8. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3675132/
  • Sperling RS, Engel SM, Wallenstein S, et al. Immunogenicity of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccination received during pregnancy or postpartum. Obstet Gynecol March. 2012;119:631–639.
  • Jackson LA, Patel SM, Swamy GK, et al. Immunogenicity of an inactivated monovalent 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine in pregnant women. J Infect Dis. 2011;204:854–863.
  • Jackson LA, Gaglani MJ, Keyserling HL, et al. Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of an inactivated influenza vaccine in healthy adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial over two influenza seasons. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:71.
  • Puleston R, Bugg G, Hoschler K, et al. Multi-centre observational study of transplacental transmission of influenza antibodies following vaccination with AS03A-adjuvanted H1N1 2009 vaccine . PLoS ONE [Internet]. 2013;8. [cité 2018 févr 4]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3553100/
  • Rubinstein F, Micone P, Bonotti A, et al. Influenza A/H1N1 MF59 adjuvanted vaccine in pregnant women and adverse perinatal outcomes: multicentre study. Bmj. 2013;346:f393–f393.
  • Heikkinen T, Young J, Van Beek E, et al. Safety of MF59-adjuvanted A/H1N1 influenza vaccine in pregnancy: a comparative cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207:177.e1–177.e8.
  • Steinhoff MC, Omer SB, Roy E, et al. Influenza immunization in pregnancy — antibody responses in mothers and infants. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1644–1646.
  • Ortiz JR, Englund JA, Neuzil KM. Influenza vaccine for pregnant women in resource-constrained countries: a review of the evidence to inform policy decisions. Vaccine. 2011;29:4439–4452.
  • Abu Raya B, Edwards KM, Scheifele DW, et al. Pertussis and influenza immunisation during pregnancy: a landscape review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:e209–e222.
  • Zaman K, Roy E, Arifeen SE, et al. Effectiveness of maternal influenza immunization in mothers and infants. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1555–1564.
  • Tapia MD, Sow SO, Tamboura B, et al. Maternal immunisation with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine for prevention of influenza in infants in Mali: a prospective, active-controlled, observer-blind, randomised phase 4 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:1026–1035.
  • Steinhoff MC, Katz J, Englund JA, et al. Year-round influenza immunisation during pregnancy in Nepal: a phase 4, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:981–989.
  • Poehling KA, Szilagyi PG, Staat MA, et al. Impact of maternal immunization on influenza hospitalizations in infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204:S141–8.
  • Benowitz I, Esposito DB, Gracey KD, et al. Influenza vaccine given to pregnant women reduces hospitalization due to influenza in their infants. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:1355–1361.
  • Thompson M, Williams J, Naleway A, et al. The pregnancy and influenza project: design of an observational case-cohort study to evaluate influenza burden and vaccine effectiveness among pregnant women and their infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204:S69–S76.
  • Nordin JD, Kharbanda EO, Benitez GV, et al. Maternal safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in pregnant women: obstet. Gynecol. 2013;121:519–525.
  • Moro PL, Broder K, Zheteyeva Y, et al. Adverse events following administration to pregnant women of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205:473.e1–473.e9.
  • Loubet P, Kerneis S, Anselem O, et al. Should expectant mothers be vaccinated against flu? A safety review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014;13:1709–1720.
  • Ludvigsson JF, Zugna D, Cnattingius S, et al. Influenza H1N1 vaccination and adverse pregnancy outcome. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013;28:579–588.
  • Omer SB, Goodman D, Steinhoff MC, et al. Maternal influenza immunization and reduced likelihood of prematurity and small for gestational age births: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1000441.
  • Bratton KN, Wardle MT, Orenstein WA, et al. Maternal influenza immunization and birth outcomes of stillbirth and spontaneous abortion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:e9–e11.
  • Loubet P, Launay O. Maternal influenza immunisation to reduce influenza infections and low birthweight in infants in resource-limited countries. Lancet Infect Dis. [Internet]. 2017. [cité 2017 mai 19]. Available at http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1473309917302505
  • Nordin JD, Kharbanda EO, Vazquez Benitez G, et al. Maternal Influenza Vaccine and Risks for Preterm or Small for Gestational Age Birth. J Pediatr. 2014;164:1051–1057.e2.
  • Olsen SJ, Mirza SA, Vonglokham P, et al. The Effect of Influenza Vaccination on Birth Outcomes in a Cohort of Pregnant Women in Lao PDR, 2014–2015. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2016;63:487–494. [Erratum. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:1297.]
  • Donahue JG, Kieke BA, King JP, et al. Association of spontaneous abortion with receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine containing H1N1pdm09 in 2010–11 and 2011–12. Vaccine. 2017;35:5314–5322.
  • Chambers CD, Johnson D, Xu R, et al. Risks and safety of pandemic h1n1 influenza vaccine in pregnancy: birth defects, spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery, and small for gestational age infants. Vaccine. 2013;31:5026–5032.
  • Siegrist C-A. Mechanisms by which maternal antibodies influence infant vaccine responses: review of hypotheses and definition of main determinants. Vaccine. 2003;21:3406–3412.
  • Halasa NB, Gerber MA, Chen Q, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in infants. J Infect Dis. 2008;197:1448–1454.
  • Cherry JD, Chang S-J, Klein D, et al. Prevalence of antibody to bordetella pertussis antigens in serum specimens obtained from 1793 adolescents and adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1715–1718.
  • Bigham M, Konrad S, Van Buynder P, et al. Low pertussis toxin antibody levels in two regional cohorts of Canadian pregnant women. Vaccine. 2014;32:6493–6498.
  • Munoz FM, Bond NH, Maccato M, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of tetanus diphtheria and acellular pertussis (Tdap) immunization during pregnancy in mothers and infants: a randomized clinical trial. Jama. 2014;311:1760–1769.
  • Gall SA, Myers J, Pichichero M. Maternal immunization with tetanus–diphtheria–pertussis vaccine: effect on maternal and neonatal serum antibody levels. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204:334.e1–334.e5.
  • Abu Raya B, Srugo I, Kessel A, et al. The effect of timing of maternal tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) immunization during pregnancy on newborn pertussis antibody levels – a prospective study. Vaccine. 2014;32:5787–5793.
  • Ercan TE, Sonmez C, Vural M, et al. Seroprevalance of pertussis antibodies in maternal and cord blood of preterm and term infants. Vaccine. 2013;31:4172–4176.
  • Abu Raya B, Bamberger E, Almog M, et al. Immunization of pregnant women against pertussis: the effect of timing on antibody avidity. Vaccine. 2015;33:1948–1952.
  • Eberhardt CS, Blanchard-Rohner G, Lemaître B, et al. Maternal immunization earlier in pregnancy maximizes antibody transfer and expected infant seropositivity against pertussis. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2016;62:829–836.
  • Winter K, Cherry JD, Harriman K. Effectiveness of prenatal tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccination on pertussis severity in infants. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:9–14.
  • Winter K, Nickell S, Powell M, et al. Effectiveness of prenatal versus postpartum tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccination in preventing infant pertussis. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:3–8.
  • Baxter R, Bartlett J, Fireman B, et al. Effectiveness of vaccination during pregnancy to prevent infant pertussis. Pediatrics. 2017;139:e20164091.
  • Skoff TH, Blain AE, Watt J, et al. Impact of the US maternal tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccination program on preventing pertussis in infants <2 months of age: a case-control evaluation. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65:1977–1983.
  • Naidu MA, Muljadi R, Davies-Tuck ML, et al. The optimal gestation for pertussis vaccination during pregnancy: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215:237.e1–237.e6.
  • Immunisation against infectious disease - GOV.UK [Internet]. [cité 2018 avr 9]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/immunisation-against-infectious-disease-the-green-book
  • Weston W, Messier M, Friedland LR, et al. Persistence of antibodies 3 years after booster vaccination of adults with combined acellular pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus toxoids vaccine. Vaccine. 2011;29:8483–8486.
  • Tomovici A, Barreto L, Zickler P, et al. Humoral immunity 10 years after booster immunization with an adolescent and adult formulation combined tetanus, diphtheria, and 5-component acellular pertussis vaccine. Vaccine. 2012;30:2647–2653.
  • Healy CM, Rench MA, Baker CJ. Importance of timing of maternal combined tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) immunization and protection of young infants. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:539–544.
  • Huygen K, Caboré RN, Maertens K, et al. Humoral and cell mediated immune responses to a pertussis containing vaccine in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Vaccine. 2015;33:4117–4123.
  • Van Savage J, Decker MD, Edwards KM, et al. Natural history of pertussis antibody in the infant and effect on vaccine response. J Infect Dis. 1990;161:487–492.
  • Amirthalingam G, Andrews N, Campbell H, et al. Effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination in England: an observational study. The Lancet. 2014;384:1521–1528.
  • Dabrera G, Amirthalingam G, Andrews N, et al. A case-control study to estimate the effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination in protecting newborn infants in england and wales, 2012–2013. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:333–337.
  • Zheteyeva YA, Moro PL, Tepper NK, et al. Adverse event reports after tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccines in pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207:59.e1–59.e7.
  • Donegan K, King B, Bryan P. Safety of pertussis vaccination in pregnant women in UK: observational study. The BMJ. [Internet]. 2014 [cité 2018 févr 4];349. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4094143/
  • Kharbanda EO, Vazquez-Benitez G, Lipkind HS, et al. Evaluation of the association of maternal pertussis vaccination with obstetric events and birth outcomes. Jama. 2014;312:1897.
  • Sukumaran L, McCarthy NL, Kharbanda EO, et al. Association of Tdap vaccination with acute events and adverse birth outcomes among pregnant women with prior tetanus-containing immunizations. Jama. 2015;314:1581.
  • Canada PHA of, Canada PHA of update on pertussis vaccination in pregnancy [Internet]. gcnws2015. [cité 2018 févr 18]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/update-pertussis-vaccination-pregnancy.html#recom
  • Hoang HTT, Leuridan E, Maertens K, et al. Pertussis vaccination during pregnancy in Vietnam: results of a randomized controlled trial Pertussis vaccination during pregnancy. Vaccine. 2016;34:151–159.
  • Maertens K, Caboré RN, Huygen K, et al. Pertussis vaccination during pregnancy in Belgium: results of a prospective controlled cohort study. Vaccine. 2016;34:142–150.
  • Booy R, Taylor S, Tudor-Williams G, et al. Immunogenicity of combined diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine given at 2, 3, and 4 months versus 3, 5, and 9 months of age. The Lancet. 1992;339:507–510.
  • Wood N, McIntyre P, Marshall H, et al. Acellular pertussis vaccine at birth and one month induces antibody responses by two months of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29:209–215.
  • Ladhani SN, Andrews NJ, Southern J, et al. Antibody responses after primary immunization in infants born to women receiving a pertussis-containing vaccine during pregnancy: single arm observational study with a historical comparator. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:1637–1644.
  • Englund JA, Anderson EL, Reed GF, et al. The effect of maternal antibody on the serologic response and the incidence of adverse reactions after primary immunization with acellular and whole-cell pertussis vaccines combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. Pediatrics. 1995;96:580–584.
  • Belloni C, De Silvestri A, Tinelli C, et al. Immunogenicity of a three-component acellular pertussis vaccine administered at birth. Pediatrics. 2003;111:1042–1045.
  • Hardy-Fairbanks AJ, Pan SJ, Decker MD, et al. Immune responses in infants whose mothers received Tdap vaccine during pregnancy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32:1257–1260.
  • Ding H. Influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women — United States, 2016–17 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. [Internet]. 2017 [cité 2018 avr 5];66. Available at https://www.facebook.com/cdcmmwr
  • Loubet P, Guerrisi C, Turbelin C, et al. Influenza during pregnancy: incidence, vaccination coverage and attitudes toward vaccination in the French web-based cohort G-GrippeNet. Vaccine. 2016;34:2390–2396.
  • Mereckiene J, Cotter S, Nicoll A, et al. Seasonal influenza immunisation in Europe. Overview of recommendations and vaccination coverage for three seasons: pre-pandemic (2008/09), pandemic (2009/10) and post-pandemic (2010/11). Eurosurveillance. 2014;19:20780.
  • Blondel B, Coulm B, Bonnet C, et al. Trends in perinatal health in metropolitan France from 1995 to 2016: results from the French National Perinatal Surveys. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2017;46:701–713.
  • AdultVaxView | pregnant women and tdap – april 2016 | vaccination coverage | CDC [Internet]. 2018 [cité 2018 avr 5]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/coverage/adultvaxview/tdap-report-2016.html
  • Pertussis vaccination programme for pregnant women: vaccine coverage estimates in England, april to august 2014 - GOV.UK [Internet]. [cité 2018 avr 9]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pertussis-immunisation-in-pregnancy-vaccine-coverage-estimates-in-england-october-2013-to-march-2014/pertussis-vaccination-programme-for-pregnant-women-vaccine-coverage-estimates-in-england-april-to-august-2014
  • Heath PT, Culley FJ, Jones CE, et al. Group B streptococcus and respiratory syncytial virus immunisation during pregnancy: a landscape analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:e223–e234.
  • Kwatra G, Cunnington MC, Merrall E, et al. Prevalence of maternal colonisation with group B streptococcus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:1076–1084.
  • Russell NJ, Seale AC, O’Driscoll M, et al. Maternal colonization with group B streptococcus and serotype distribution worldwide: systematic review and meta-analyses. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65:S100–S111.
  • Russell NJ, Seale AC, O’Sullivan C, et al. Risk of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease with maternal colonization worldwide: systematic review and meta-analyses. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65:S152–S159.
  • Heath PT, Balfour G, Weisner AM, et al. Group B streptococcal disease in UK and Irish infants younger than 90 days. The Lancet. 2004;363:292–294.
  • Phares CR. Epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1999-2005. Jama. 2008;299:2056.
  • Seale AC, Bianchi-Jassir F, Russell NJ, et al. Estimates of the burden of group B streptococcal disease worldwide for pregnant women, stillbirths, and children. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2017;65:S200–S219.
  • Weisner AM, Johnson AP, Lamagni TL, et al. Characterization of group B streptococci recovered from infants with invasive disease in England and Wales. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:1203–1208.
  • Baker CJ, Paoletti LC, Wessels MR, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of capsular polysaccharide—tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines for group B streptococcal types Ia and Ib. J Infect Dis. 1999;179:142–150.
  • Anderson DC, Hughes BJ, Edwards MS, et al. Impaired chemotaxigenesis by type iii group B streptococci in neonatal sera: relationship to diminished concentration of specific anticapsular antibody and abnormalities of serum complement. Pediatr Res. 1983;17:496–502.
  • Baker CJ, Paoletti LC, Rench MA, et al. Use of capsular polysaccharide—tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine for type ii group B streptococcus in healthy women. J Infect Dis. 2000;182:1129–1138.
  • Kasper DL, Paoletti LC, Wessels MR, et al. Immune response to type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. J Clin Invest. 1996;98:2308–2314.
  • Baker CJ, Paoletti LC, Rench MA, et al. Immune response of healthy women to 2 different group B streptococcal type V capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:1103–1112.
  • Baker CJ, Rench MA, Fernandez M, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent group B streptococcal conjugate vaccine for serotypes II and III. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:66–73.
  • Paoletti LC, Rench MA, Kasper DL, et al. Effects of alum adjuvant or a booster dose on immunogenicity during clinical trials of group B streptococcal type III conjugate vaccines. Infect Immun. 2001;69:6696–6701.
  • Madhi SA, Cutland CL, Jose L, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an investigational maternal trivalent group B streptococcus vaccine in healthy women and their infants: a randomised phase 1b/2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:923–934.
  • Piedimonte G, Perez MK. Respiratory syncytial virus infection and bronchiolitis. Pediatr Rev. 2014;35:519.
  • Nair H, Brooks WA, Katz M, et al. Global burden of respiratory infections due to seasonal influenza in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2011;378:1917–1930.
  • Blanken MO, Rovers MM, Molenaar JM, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus and recurrent wheeze in healthy preterm infants. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1791–1799.
  • Piedra PA, Jewell AM, Cron SG, et al. Correlates of immunity to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) associated-hospitalization: establishment of minimum protective threshold levels of serum neutralizing antibodies. Vaccine. 2003;21:3479–3482.
  • Glezen WP, Paredes A, Allison JE, et al. Risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection for infants from low-income families in relationship to age, sex, ethnic group, and maternal antibody level. J Pediatr. 1981;98:708–715.
  • Nolan T, Borja-Tabora C, Lopez P, et al. Prevalence and incidence of respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory viral infections in children aged 6 months to 10 years with influenza-like illness enrolled in a randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2015;60:e80–e89.
  • Hall CB, Weinberg GA, Iwane MK, et al. The burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:588–598.
  • Openshaw PJM, Chiu C, Culley FJ, et al. Protective and harmful immunity to RSV infection. Annu Rev Immunol. 2017;35:501–532.
  • Kwon Y-M, Hwang HS, Lee JS, et al. Maternal antibodies by passive immunization with formalin inactivated respiratory syncytial virus confer protection without vaccine-enhanced disease. Antiviral Res. 2014;104:1–6.
  • Buraphacheep W, Sullender WM. The guinea pig as a model for the study of maternal immunization against respiratory syncytial virus infections in infancy. J Infect Dis. 1997;175:935–938.
  • Peri BA, Theodore CM, Losonsky GA, et al. Antibody content of rabbit milk and serum following inhalation or ingestion of respiratory syncytial virus and bovine serum albumin. Clin Exp Immunol. 1982;48:91–101.
  • Glenn GM, Fries LF, Thomas DN, et al. A randomized, blinded, controlled, dose-ranging study of a respiratory syncytial virus recombinant fusion (F) nanoparticle vaccine in healthy women of childbearing age. J Infect Dis. 2016;213:411–422.
  • August A, Glenn GM, Kpamegan E, et al. A phase 2 randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of aluminum-adjuvanted respiratory syncytial virus F particle vaccine formulations in healthy women of childbearing age. Vaccine. 2017;35:3749–3759.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.