13,206
Views
114
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The Global Meningococcal Initiative meeting on prevention of meningococcal disease worldwide: Epidemiology, surveillance, hypervirulent strains, antibiotic resistance and high-risk populations

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ORCID Icon, , , , , , , & show all
Pages 15-30 | Received 17 Sep 2018, Accepted 06 Dec 2018, Published online: 27 Dec 2018

References

  • Erickson LJ. Complications of meningococcal disease in college students. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(5):737–739.
  • Pace D, Pollard AJ. Meningococcal disease: clinical presentation and sequelae. Vaccine. 2012;30(Suppl 2):B3–9.
  • Maiden MC, Jansen van Rensburg MJ, Bray JE, et al. MLST revisited: the gene-by-gene approach to bacterial genomics. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11(10):728–736.
  • Harrison LH, Pelton SI, Wilder-Smith A, et al. The Global Meningococcal Initiative: recommendations for reducing the global burden of meningococcal disease. Vaccine. 2011;29(18):3363–3371.
  • World Health Organization [Internet]. Meningococcal meningitis: developing a new generation Rapid Diagnostic Tests for meningitis. [cited 2018 Jul 22]. Available from: http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/meningitis/en/
  • Li J, Shao Z, Liu G, et al. Meningococcal disease and control in China: findings and updates from the Global Meningococcal Initiative (GMI). J Infect. 2018;76(5):429–437.
  • Borrow R, Caugant DA, Ceyhan M, et al. Meningococcal disease in the Middle East and Africa: findings and updates from the Global Meningococcal Initiative. J Infect. 2017;75(1):1–11.
  • Lahariya C. Vaccine epidemiology: a review. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2016;5(1):7–15.
  • Gob.mx [Internet]. General directorate of epidemiology morbidity yearbook 1984–2017. [cited 2018 Jul 22]. Available from: http://www.epidemiologia.salud.gob.mx/anuario/html/anuarios.html
  • Razki A, Hong E, Zerouali K, et al. Molecular characterization of invasive isolates of Neisseria meningitidis in Casablanca-Morocco. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56(7):e00445–00418.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control [Internet]. Surveillance atlas of infectious diseases. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; [cited 2018 Jul]. Available from: https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/surveillance-atlas-infectious-diseases
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Internet]. Meeting of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) February 2017 Agenda. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [cited 2018 Feb 13]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/agenda-archive/agenda-2018-02-508.pdf
  • Public Health Agency of Canada. Reported IMD incidence in Canada by serogroup, 1995–2015 [slides] 2018
  • Li J, Li Y, Shao Z, et al. Prevalence of meningococcal meningitis in China from 2005 to 2010. Vaccine. 2015;33(8):1092–1097.
  • Koroleva I, Korolev MA, Beloshitsky GV, et al. Менингококковая инфекция и гнойные бактериальные менингиты в Российской Федерации 2016 год [Meningococcal infection and purulent bacterial meningitis in the Russian Federation in 2016: analytical review]. Moscow: Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Inspectorate for the Protection of Consumer Rights and Human Welfare; 2017. Russian.
  • The Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. [Internet]. Notifiable diseases in New Zealand annual report 2016. Wellington (New Zealand): Public Health Surveillance [cited 2018 Aug 08]. Available from: https://surv.esr.cri.nz/surveillance/annual_surveillance.php?we_objectID=4656
  • National Institute for Communicable Diseases [Internet]. GERMS South Africa annual report 2016. Johannesburg (South Africa): National Institute for Communicable Diseases; [cited 2018 Aug 8]. Available from: http://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/GERMS-SA-AR-2016-FINAL.pdf
  • Centers for Disease Control R.O.C (Taiwan) [Internet]. Meningococcal Meningitis. Taipei City (Taiwan): Centers for Disease Control R.O.C (Taiwan); [cited 2018 Jul 05]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov.tw/english/info.aspx?treeid=e79c7a9e1e9b1cdf&nowtreeid=e02c24f0dacdd729&tid=E3F090F82DB3B457
  • Fukusumi M, Kamiya H, Takahashi H, et al. National surveillance for meningococcal disease in Japan, 1999–2014. Vaccine. 2016;34(34):4068–4071.
  • Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) [Internet]. Infectious disease statistics system. [cited 2018 Sep 10]. Available from: http://is.cdc.go.kr/dstat/index.jsp
  • Sáfadi MA, Berezin EN, Arlant LH. Meningococcal disease: epidemiology and early effects of immunization programs. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2014;3(2):91–93.
  • Lingani C, Bergeron-Caron C, Stuart JM, et al. Meningococcal meningitis surveillance in the African meningitis belt, 2004–2013. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(Suppl 5):S410–415.
  • Zhang Y, Wei D, Guo X, et al. Burden of Neisseria meningitidis infections in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health. 2016;6(2):020409.
  • Trotter CL, Lingani C, Fernandez K, et al. Impact of MenAfriVac in nine countries of the African meningitis belt, 2010–15: an analysis of surveillance data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(8):867–872.
  • Sridhar S, Greenwood B, Head C, et al. Global incidence of serogroup B invasive meningococcal disease: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(11):1332–1336.
  • Hausdorff WP, Hajjeh R, Al-Mazrou A, et al. The epidemiology of pneumococcal, meningococcal, and Haemophilus disease in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region–current status and needs. Vaccine. 2007;25(11):1935–1944.
  • Saguer ASH, Taha MK, Kechrid A. Characterization of invasive Neisseria meningitidis strains isolated at the Children’s Hospital of Tunis,Tunisia. East Mediterr Health J. 2016;22(5):343–349.
  • Memish ZA, Al-Tawfiq JA, Almasri M, et al. Neisseria meningitidis nasopharyngeal carriage during the Hajj: a cohort study evaluating the need for ciprofloxacin prophylaxis. Vaccine. 2017;35(18):2473–2478.
  • Matosova SV, Mironov KO, Platonov AE, et al. Molecular biological monitoring of Neisseria meningitidis in Moscow in the period 2011 to 2015. Epidemiologiya i Infektsionnyie Bolezni. 2014;2:52–56.
  • Pan American Health Organization [Internet]. Informe regional de SIREVA II, 2014. Datos por país y por grupos de edad sobre las características de los aislamientos de Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae y Neisseria meningitidis, en procesos invasivos bacterianos [ Regional report of SIREVA II, 2014. Data by country and by age groups on the characteristics of the isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis, in bacterial invasive processes]. Washington (DC): Pan American Health Organization. Spanish; [ cited 2018 Jul 18]. Available from: http://iris.paho.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/33875
  • Evellyn Do Macedo L, Vm F, Ca F, et al. Impact of meningococcal C conjugate vaccination programs with and without catch-up campaigns in adolescents: lessons learned from Bahia, Brazil. Human Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(5):1131–1137.
  • (CBHI). TCBoHI [Internet]. National health profile 2017 India. New Delhi (India): India Environment Profile; [cited 2018 Sep 10].
  • Funk A, Uadiale K, Kamau C, et al. Sequential outbreaks due to a new strain of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C in northern Nigeria, 2013–14. PLoS Curr. 2014;6. DOI:10.1371/currents.outbreaks.b50c2aaf1032b3ccade0fca0b63ee518.
  • Kretz CB, Retchless AC, Sidikou F, et al. Whole-genome characterization of epidemic Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup C and resurgence of Serogroup W, Niger, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(10):1762–1768.
  • National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan [Internet]. Invasive meningococcal infection, April 2013–October 2017, Japan. Tokyo (Japan): Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; [cited 2018 Aug 8]. Available from: https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/en/iasr-vol39-e/865-iasr/7802-455te.html
  • Ibarz-Pavon AB, Morais L, Sigauque B, et al. Epidemiology, molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of Neisseria meningitidis from patients </=15 years in Manhica, rural Mozambique. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e19717.
  • Lucidarme J, Hill DM, Bratcher HB, et al. Genomic resolution of an aggressive, widespread, diverse and expanding meningococcal serogroup B, C and W lineage. J Infect. 2015;71(5):544–552.
  • Zhou H, Liu W, Xu L, et al. Spread of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W clone, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(9):1496–1499.
  • International Pathogenic Neisseria Conference [Internet]. 20th International Pathogenic Neisseria Conference Abstracts Manchester. (UK): IPNC [cited 2018 Jul 22]. Available from: http://www.ipnc2016.org/IPNC2016AbstractBook.pdf
  • Chacon-Cruz E, Martinez-Longoria AM, Lllausas-Magana E, et al. Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae as leading causes of pediatric bacterial meningitis in nine Mexican hospitals following 3 years of active surveillance. Ther Adv Vaccines. 2016;4:15–19.
  • Broker M, Emonet S, Fazio C, et al. Meningococcal serogroup Y disease in Europe: continuation of high importance in some European regions in 2013. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11(9):2281–2286.
  • Eriksson L, Hedberg ST, Jacobsson S, et al. Whole-genome sequencing of emerging invasive Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup W in Sweden. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56(4):e01409–e01417.
  • Knol MJ, Hahné SJM, Lucidarme J, et al. Temporal associations between national outbreaks of meningococcal serogroup W and C disease in the Netherlands and England: an observational cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2017;2(10):e473–e482.
  • Jafri RZ, Ali A, Messonnier NE, et al. Global epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease. Popul Health Metr. 2013;11(17):1–9.
  • Wall EC, Everett DB, Mukaka M, et al. Bacterial meningitis in Malawian adults, adolescents, and children during the era of antiretroviral scale-up and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination, 2000–2012. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(10):e137–e145.
  • Sorhouet-Pereira C, Efron A, Gagetti P, et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis disease-causing strains in Argentina, 2010. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58065.
  • Smaoui H, Saguer A, Bouziri A, et al. Les infections invasvives a neisseria meninditidis chez l’enfant a Tunis: A propos de 79 cas [ Neisseria meningitidis invasive infections in children in Tunis: about 79 cases]. Archs Inst Pasteur Tunis. 2011;88(1–4):35–41. French.
  • Ceyhan M, Gurler N, Ozsurekci Y, et al. Meningitis caused by Neisseria Meningitidis, Hemophilus Influenzae Type B and Streptococcus Pneumoniae during 2005–2012 in Turkey. A multicenter prospective surveillance study. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(9):2706–2712.
  • Tekin RT, Dinleyici EC, Ceyhan M, et al. The prevalence, serogroup distribution and risk factors of meningococcal carriage in adolescents and young adults in Turkey. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017;13(5):1182–1189.
  • von Gottberg A, Klugman KP, Cohen C, et al. Emergence of levofloxacin-non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae and treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children in South Africa: a cohort observational surveillance study. Lancet. 2008;371(9618):1108–1113.
  • Hong E, Barret AS, Terrade A, et al. Clonal replacement and expansion among invasive meningococcal isolates of serogroup W in France. J Infect. 2018;76(2):149–158.
  • Lucidarme J, Scott KJ, Ure R, et al. An international invasive meningococcal disease outbreak due to a novel and rapidly expanding serogroup W strain, Scotland and Sweden, July to August 2015. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(45):30395.
  • Watkins ER, Maiden MC. Metabolic shift in the emergence of hyperinvasive pandemic meningococcal lineages. Sci Rep. 2017;7:41126.
  • Mowlaboccus S, Jolley KA, Bray JE, et al. Clonal Expansion of New Penicillin-Resistant Clade of Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup W Clonal Complex 11, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(8):1364–1367.
  • Bassi CM, Taha MK, Merle C, et al. A cluster of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W among university students, France, February to May 2017. Euro Surveill. 2016;22(28):30574.
  • Whalen C, Hockin JC, Ryan A, et al. The changing epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease in Canada, 1985 through 1992: emergence of a virulent clone of Neisseria meningitidis. JAMA. 1995;273(5):390–394.
  • Krizova P, Musilek M. Changing epidemiology of meningococcal invasive disease in the Czech republic caused by new clone Neisseria meningitidis C:2a: P1.2(P1.5),ET-15/37. Cent Eur J Public Health. 1995;3(4):189–194.
  • Trotter CL, Edmunds WJ. Modelling cost effectiveness of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccination campaign in England and Wales. BMJ. 2002;324:1–6.
  • Retchless AC, Kretz CB, Chang HY, et al. Expansion of a urethritis-associated Neisseria meningitidis clade in the United States with concurrent acquisition of N. gonorrhoeae alleles. BMC Genomics. 2018;19(1):176.
  • Tzeng YL, Bazan JA, Turner AN, et al. Emergence of a new Neisseria meningitidis clonal complex 11 lineage 11.2 clade as an effective urogenital pathogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2017;114(16):4237–4242.
  • Mustapha MM, Marsh JW, Krauland MG, et al. Genomic investigation reveals highly conserved, mosaic, recombination events associated with capsular switching among invasive Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup W Sequence Type (ST)-11 strains. Genome Biol Evol. 2016;8(6):2065–2075.
  • Lucidarme J, Lekshmi A, Parikh SR, et al. Frequent capsule switching in ‘ultra-virulent’ meningococci – Are we ready for a serogroup B ST-11 complex outbreak? J Infect. 2017;75(2):95–103.
  • Tsang RSW, Ahmad T, Tyler S, et al. Whole genome typing of the recently emerged Canadian serogroup W Neisseria meningitidis sequence type 11 clonal complex isolates associated with invasive meningococcal disease. Int J Infect Dis. 2018;69:55–62.
  • Bazan JA, Turner AN, Kirkcaldy RD, et al. Large Cluster of Neisseria meningitidis Urethritis in Columbus, Ohio, 2015. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(1):92–99.
  • Taha MK, Claus H, Lappann M, et al. Evolutionary events associated with an outbreak of meningococcal disease in men who have sex with men. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0154047.
  • Brooks R, Woods CW, Benjamin DR, et al. Increased case-fatality rate associated with outbreaks of Neisseria meningitidis infection, compared with sporadic meningococcal disease in the United States, 1994–2002. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(1):49–54.
  • New Jersey Department of Health [Internet]. Meningococcal invasive disease FAQ. Trenton (NJ): New Jersey Department of Health; [cited 2018 Apr 18]. Available from: http://www.nj.gov/health/cd/documents/faq/meningococcal_faq.pdf
  • Basta NE, Mahmoud AA, Wolfson J, et al. Immunogenicity of a meningococcal B vaccine during a University Outbreak. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(3):220–228.
  • Soeters HM, Dinitz-Sklar J, Kulkarni PA, et al. Serogroup B meningococcal disease vaccine reccomendations at a University, New Jersey, USA, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(5):867–869.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Internet]. Meeting of the Advisory Comittee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) October 2016 Agenda. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [cited 2018 Jul 22]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/agenda-archive/agenda-2016-10.pdf
  • World Health Organization [Internet]. World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa. Weekly feedback bulletin on cerebrospinal meningitis: 4 to 31 December 2017. [cited 2018 Jul 22]. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/meningococcal/Bulletin_Meningite_S49_52_2017_December.pdf?ua=1
  • Sidikou F, Zaneidou M, Alkassoum I, et al. Emergence of epidemic Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C in Niger, 2015: an analysis of national surveillance data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(11):1288–1294.
  • Patel JC, George J, Vuong J, et al. Rapid laboratory identification of Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup C as the cause of an outbreak — Liberia, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(42):1144–1147.
  • Bozio C, Vuong J, Dokubo EK, et al. Outbreak of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C outside the meningitis belt—Liberia, 2017: an epidemiological and laboratory investigation. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(12):P1360–P1367.
  • Brynildsrud OB, Eldholm V, Bohlin J, et al. Acquisition of virulence genes by a carrier strain gave rise to the ongoing epidemics of meningococcal disease in West Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115(21):5510–5515.
  • Lee SO, Ryu SH, Park SJ, et al. Meningococcal disease in the Republic of Korea army: incidence and serogroups determined by PCR. J Korean Med Sci. 2003;18:163–166.
  • Shao Z, Li W, Ren J, et al. Identification of a new Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C clone from Anhui province, China. Lancet. 2006;367(9508):419–423.
  • Zhu B, Xu Z, Du P, et al. Sequence type 4821 clonal complex serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis in China, 1978–2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(6):925–932.
  • Pollard AJ, Perrett KP, Beverley PC. Maintaining protection against invasive bacteria with protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9(3):213–220.
  • Maiden MC, Ibarz-Pavon AB, Urwin R, et al. Impact of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccines on carriage and herd immunity. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(5):737–743.
  • Khatami A, Pollard AJ. The epidemiology of meningococcal disease and the impact of vaccines. Exp Rev Vaccines. 2010;9(3):285–298.
  • Granoff DM, Pelton S, Harrison LH. Meningococcal vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, editors. Vaccines. 6th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p. 388–418.
  • Menjugate® (Meningococcal group C-CRM197 conjugate vaccine). Product monograph, novartis vaccines and diagnostics S.r.l.. Siena (Italy); 2013.
  • Meningitec®(Meningococcal Serogroup C Conjugate Vaccine). Product information. West Ryde (Australia): Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd; 2011.
  • Menitorix® (Haemophilus influenzae type b Polyribose ribitol phosphate and serogroup C Meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine [Hib-MenC]). Product information. Victoria (Australia): GlaxoSmithKine Australia Pty Ltd; 2016.
  • MenAfriVac® (Meningococcal A conjugate vaccine). Package insert. Pune (India): Serum Institute of India Ltd; 2011.
  • Menactra® (Meningococcal [Groups A C, Y and W–135] Polysaccharide Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine). Highlights of prescribing information. Swiftwater (PA): Sanofi Pasteur Inc.; 2016.
  • Menveo® (Meningococcal [Groups A C, Y and W–135] Oligosaccharide Diphtheria CRM197 Conjugate Vaccine). Highlights of prescribing information. Siena (Italy): Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l.; 2013.
  • Nimenrix® (Meningococcal polysaccharide serogroups A CNovartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l., W–135 and Y conjugate vaccine). Consumer medicine information. Rixensart (Belgium): GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals; 2014.
  • Mencevax ACWY® (Serogroups A C, W–135 and Y polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine). Product information. Rixensart (Belgium): GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals; 2015.
  • Menomune® (A/C/Y/W–135 meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine). Highlights of prescribing information. Swiftwater (PA): Sanofi Pasteur Inc.; 2016.
  • NeisVac-C® (Meningococcal Group C-TT Conjugate Vaccine­). Consumer information. Ontario, Canada: Pfizer Canada Inc.; 2015.
  • Campbell H, Edelstein M, Andrews N, et al. Emergency meningococcal ACWY vaccination program for teenagers to control group W meningococcal disease, England, 2015–2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(7):1184–1187.
  • Govern d’Andorra [Internet]. Pla de vacunacions [ Vaccincation plan]. Andorra la Vella (Andorra): Govern d’Andorra. Catalan; [cited 2018 Mar 22]. Available from: https://www.salut.ad/temes-de-salut/vacunacio
  • Ministero della Salute [Internet]. Piano nazionale prevenzione vaccinale PNPV 2017–2019 [ National Vaccination Prevention Plan PNPV 2017–2019]. Rome (Italy): Ministero della Salute. Italian; [cited 2018 Mar 18]. Available from: http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pubblicazioni_2571_allegato.pdf.
  • HSE Immunisation [Internet]. Immunisation guidelines for ireland: meningococcal infection. Dublin (Ireland): Health Service Executive; [cited 2018 Aug 8]. Available from: https://www.hse.ie/eng/health/immunisation/hcpinfo/guidelines/chapter13.pdf
  • Ministry of Health of The Republic of Lithuania [Internet]. Official: children in Lithuania will be vaccinated against type B meningococcus. Vlinius (Lithuania): Ministry of Health of The Republic of Lithuania; [cited 2018 May 22]. Available from: https://sam.lrv.lt/en/news/minister-of-health-aurelijus-veryga-signed-an-order-by-which-vaccines-against-type-b-meningococcus-are-to-be-included-in-the-schedule-for-the-preventive-vaccination-of-children-the-start-of-the-vaccination-is-scheduled-as-of-july-this-year
  • Miller E, Salisbury D, Ramsay M. Planning, registration, and implementation of an immunisation campaign against meningococcal serogroup C disease in the UK: a success story. Vaccine. 2001;20(Suppl 1):S58–S67.
  • Public Health England. [slides] Any Impact on serogroup W? (up to 2016/17). 2018.
  • Oldfield NJ, Cayrou C, AlJannat MAK, et al. Rise in Group W meningococcal carriage in university students, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(6):1009–1011.
  • Kristiansen PA, Diomande F, Ba AK, et al. Impact of the serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine, MenAfriVac, on carriage and herd immunity. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(3):354–363.
  • Daugla DM, Gami JP, Gamougam K, et al. Effect of a serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT) on serogroup A meningococcal meningitis and carriage in Chad: a community study [corrected]. Lancet. 2014;383(9911):40–47.
  • Kristiansen PA, Ba AK, Sanou I, et al. Persistent low carriage of serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis two years after mass vaccination with the meningococcal conjugate vaccine, MenAfriVac. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(663):1–11.
  • Gamougam K, Daugla DM, Toralta J, et al. Continuing effectiveness of serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine, Chad, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(1):115–118.
  • Wyle FA, Artenstein MS, Brandt BL, et al. Immunologic response of man to Group B meningococcal polysaccharide. J Infect Dis. 1972;126(5):514–521.
  • Holst J, Oster P, Arnold R, et al. Vaccines against meningococcal serogroup B disease containing outer membrane vesicles (OMV): lessons from past programs and implications for the future. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013;9(6):1241–1253.
  • Sevestre J, Hong E, Delbos V, et al. Durability of immunogenicity and strain coverage of MenBvac, a meningococcal vaccine based on outer membrane vesicles: lessons of the Normandy campaign. Vaccine. 2017;35(32):4029–4033.
  • Tettelin H, Saunders NJ, Heidelberg J, et al. Complete genome sequence of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58. Science. 2000;287(5459):1809–1815.
  • Rappuoli R. Reverse vaccinology, a genome-based approach to vaccine development. Vaccine. 2001;19(17–19):2688–2691.
  • Pizza M, Scarlato V, Masignani V, et al. Identification of vaccine candidates against Serogroup B Meningococcus by whole-genome sequencing. Science. 2000;287(5459):1816–1820.
  • Parikh SR, Andrews NJ, Beebeejaun K, et al. Effectiveness and impact of a reduced infant schedule of 4CMenB vaccine against group B meningococcal disease in England: a national observational cohort study. Lancet. 2016;388(10061):2775–2782.
  • Read RC, Baxter D, Chadwick DR, et al. Effect of a quadrivalent meningococcal ACWY glycoconjugate or a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine on meningococcal carriage: an observer-blind, phase 3 randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2014;384(9960):2123–2131.
  • Bryan P, Seabroke S, Wong J, et al. Safety of multicomponent meningococcal group B vaccine (4CMenB) in routine infant immunisation in the UK: a prospective surveillance study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018;2(6):395–403.
  • Nainani V, Galal U, Buttery J, et al. An increase in accident and emergency presentations for adverse events following immunisation after introduction of the group B meningococcal vaccine: an observational study. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102:958–962.
  • Ladhani SN, Giuliani MM, Biolchi A, et al. Effectiveness of meningococcal B vaccine against endemic hypervirulent Neisseria meningitidis W Strain, England. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(2):309–311.
  • Borrow R. Recent epidemiology of meningococcal disease and impact of immunisation programmes in the UK. 2018; MRF Meningitis Symposium; 2018 Jun 21; Bristol (UK).
  • Ochoa-Azze RF. Cross-protection induced by VA-MENGOC-BC(R) vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(5):1064–1068.
  • Ochoa-Azze R. Garcia-Irma L. Efectividad de la vacuna VA-MENGOC-BC®meningococo B [ Effectiveness of the VA-MENGOC-BC® vaccine against heterologous strains of meningococcus B]. Vacci Monitor. 2016;25(2):43–48. Spanish.
  • Pérez Rodriguez A, Dickinson F, Baly A, et al. The epidemiological impact of antimeningococcal B vaccination in Cuba. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1999;94(4):440–443.
  • Sotolongo FS, Huergo CC, Gil VC, et al. Cuban Meningoccocal BC vaccine: experiences & contributions from 20 years of application. MEDICC Rev. 2007;9(1):16–22.
  • Echeverry Uribe M, Malberto Aguero M, Galeano Martin J, et al. Respuesta inmune humoral al polisacárido capsular de Nakseria mingitidzs serogrupo C en un ensayo de vacunación antimeningocócica BC en Antioquia, Colombia [ Humoral immune response to the capsular polysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C in a BC meningococcal vaccination trial in Antioquia, Colombia]. Biol Oficina Sanit Panam. 1995;118(4):295–301. Spanish.
  • Morley S, Cole M, Ison C, et al. Immunogenicity of a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine against multiple Neisseria meningitidis strains in infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20:1054–2061.
  • Camaraza M, Ochoa A, Arnet A, et al. Inmunogenicidad inducida por la vacuna antimeningocócica VA-MENGOC-BC® contra la cepa de N. meningitidis ATCC C11 en adolescentes después de 12 años de vacunados [ Immunogenecity induced by the VA-MENGOC-BC antimeningococcal vaccine against the ATCC C11. N. meningitidis strain in adolescents 12 years after being vaccinated]. Rev Cubana Med Trop. 2004;56(1):26–30. Spanish.
  • Climent Y, Urwin R, Yero D, et al. The genetic structure of Neisseria meningitidis populations in Cuba before and after the introduction of a serogroup BC vaccine. Infect Genet Evol. 2010;10(4):546–554.
  • Climent Y, Yero D, Martinez I, et al. Clonal distribution of disease-associated and healthy carrier isolates of Neisseria meningitidis between 1983 and 2005 in Cuba. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(3):802–810.
  • Barlow A, Heckels J, Clarke L. The class 1 outer membrane protein of Neisseria meningitidis: gene sequence and structural and immunological similarities to gonococcal porins. Mol Microbiol. 1989;3(2):131–139.
  • Hadad R, Jacobsson S, Pizza M, et al. Novel meningococcal 4CMenB vaccine antigens – prevalence and polymorphisms of the encoding genes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. APMIS. 2012;120(9):750–760.
  • Jongerius I, Lavender H, Tan L, et al. Distinct binding and immunogenic properties of the gonococcal homologue of meningococcal factor h binding protein. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(8):e1003528.
  • Petousis-Harris H, Paynter J, Morgan J, et al. Effectiveness of a group B outer membrane vesicle meningococcal vaccine against gonorrhoea in New Zealand: a retrospective case-control study. Lancet. 2017;390(10102):1603–1610.
  • Minesterio de Salud Pública (MINSAP) Cuba [Internet]. National office of statistics data. Le Habana, Cuba: Minesterio de Salud Pública; [cited 2018 Aug 8]. Available from: http://www.bvscuba.sld.cu/2017/11/20/anuario-estadistico-de-salud-de-cuba/
  • Longtin J, Dion R, Simard M, et al. Possible impact of wide-scale vaccination against Serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis on gonorrhoea incidence rates in one region of Quebec, Canada. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(Suppl 1):s734–s735.
  • Tseng H, Sy L, Ackerson B, et al. Safety of quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine in 11- to 21-year-olds. Pediatrics. 2017;139(1):e20162084.
  • Sáfadi M, Martinon-Torres F, Weckx LY, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of concomitant administration of meningococcal serogroup B (4CMenB) and serogroup C (MenC-CRM) vaccines in infants: A phase 3b, randomized controlled trial. Vaccine. 2017;35:2052–2059.
  • Trotter C, Edmunds W, Ramsay M, et al. Modeling future changes to the meningococcal Serogroup C Conjugate (MCC) vaccine program in England and Wales. Hum Vaccin. 2006;2(2):68–73.
  • Karachaliou A, Conlan AJ, Preziosi MP, et al. Modeling long-term vaccination strategies with MenAfriVac in the African meningitis belt. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(Suppl 5):S594–S600.
  • Christensen H, Trotter CL. Modelling the cost-effectiveness of catch-up ‘MenB’ (Bexsero) vaccination in England. Vaccine. 2017;35(2):208–211.
  • Poolman JT, De Vleeschauwer I, Durant N, et al. Measurement of functional anti-meningococcal serogroup a activity using strain 3125 as the target strain for serum bactericidal assay. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2011;18(7):1108–1117.
  • Mueller J, Yaro S, Tall H, et al. Meningococcal serogroup A IgG seroepidemiology in Burkina Faso, three years after the MenAfriVac® mass campaign. Poster presented at: Meningitis Research Foundation Conference; 2013 Nov 5–6; London (UK).
  • Yaro S, Njanpop Lafourcade B, Ouangraoua S, et al. Meningococcal serogroup A seroepidemiology in Burkina Faso, up to five years after the PsA-TT mass campaign. Poster presented at: Meningococcal Research Foundation Conference; 2017 Nov 14–15; London (UK).
  • Antignac A, Boneca IG, Rousselle JC, et al. Correlation between alterations of the penicillin-binding protein 2 and modifications of the peptidoglycan structure in Neisseria meningitidis with reduced susceptibility to penicillin G. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(34):31529–31535.
  • Deghmane AE, Hong E, Taha MK. Emergence of meningococci with reduced susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(1):95–98.
  • Taha MK, Vazquez JA, Hong E, et al. Target gene sequencing to characterize the penicillin G susceptibility of Neisseria meningitidis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(8):2784–2792.
  • Taha MK, Hedberg ST, Szatanik M, et al. Multicenter study for defining the breakpoint for rifampin resistance in Neisseria meningitidis by rpoB sequencing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(9):3651–3658.
  • Hong E, Thulin Hedberg S, Abad R, et al. Target gene sequencing to define the susceptibility of Neisseria meningitidis to ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(4):1961–1964.
  • Singhal S, Purnapatre K, Kalia V, et al. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Neisseria meningitidis, Delhi, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(10):1614–1616.
  • Zhu B, Fan Y, Xu Z, et al. Genetic diversity and clonal characteristics of ciprofloxacin-resistant meningococcal strains in China. J Med Microbiol. 2014;63(Pt 11):1411–1418.
  • Chen M, Guo Q, Wang Y, et al. Shifts in the antibiotic susceptibility, serogroups, and clonal complexes of Neisseria meningitidis in Shanghai, China: a time trend analysis of the pre-quinolone and quinolone eras. PLoS Med. 2015;12(6):e1001838.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Internet]. Active bacterial core surveillance (ABCs) surveillance reports. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2018 [cited 2018 Jul 22]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/abcs/reports-findings/surv-reports.html
  • Balmer P, Falconer M, McDonald P, et al. Immune response to meningococcal Serogroup C conjugate vaccine in asplenic individuals. Infect Immun. 2004;72(1):332–337.
  • Arnott A, Jones P, Franklin LJ, et al. A registry for patients with asplenia/hyposplenism reduces the risk of infections with encapsulated organisms. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(4):557–561.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Internet]. Meeting of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) summary report: rationale and proposed recommendations for revaccination of persons at increased risk for meningococcal disease (presentation summary). Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [cited 2018 Aug 08]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/min-archive/min-jun09-508.pdf
  • Fijen CAP, Kujiper MT, te Bulte MT, et al. Assessment of complement deficicency in patients with meningococcal disease in the Netherlands. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28(1):98–105.
  • Mayatepek B, Grauer M, Hänsch G, et al. Deafness, complement deficiencies and immunoglobulin status in patients with meningococcal diseases due to uncommon serogroups. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1993;12(10):808–811.
  • MacNeil J, Rubin L, Patton M, et al. Recommendations for use of meningococcal conjugate vaccines in HIV-infected persons — advisory committee on immunization practices, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(43):1189–1194.
  • McNamara LA, Topaz N, Wang X, et al. High risk for invasive meningococcal disease among patients receiving Eculizumab (Soliris) despite receipt of meningococcal vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:734–737.
  • Folaranmi TA, Kretz CB, Kamiya H, et al. Increased risk for meningococcal disease among men who have sex with men in the United States, 2012–2015. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(5):756–763.
  • Sejvar JJ, Johnson D, Popovic T, et al. Assessing the risk of laboratory-acquired meningococcal disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(9):4811–4814.
  • Badahdah AM, Rashid H, Khatami A, et al. Meningococcal disease burden and transmission in crowded settings and mass gatherings other than Hajj/Umrah: A systematic review. Vaccine. 2018;36(31):4593–4602.
  • Stefanelli P, Neri A, Vacca P, et al. Meningococci of Serogroup X clonal complex 181 in Refugee Camps, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(5):870–872.
  • Yezli S, Assiri AM, Alhakeem RF, et al. Meningococcal disease during the Hajj and Umrah mass gatherings. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;47:60–64.
  • Novelli V, Lewis R, Dawood S. Epidemic group A meningococcal disease in Haj pilgrims. Lancet. 1987;2(8563):863.
  • Lingappa JR, Al-Rabeah AM, Hajjeh R, et al. Serogroup W–135 meningococcal disease during the Hajj, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9(6):665–671.
  • Shibl A, Tufenkeji H, Khalil M, et al. Consensus recommendation for meningococcal disease prevention for Hajj and Umra pilgrimage/travel medicine. East Mediterr Health J. 2013;19(4):389–392.
  • Borrow R. Meningococcal disease and prevention at the Hajj. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2009;7(4):219–225.
  • Folkehelseinstituttet [Internet]. Ungdom og vaksine mot smittsom hjernehinnebetennelse [ Youth and vaccine against contagious meningitis]. Oslo (Norway): FHI. Norwegian; [cited 2018 Jul 22]. Available from: https://www.fhi.no/sv/smittsomme-sykdommer/hjernehinnebetennelse/ungdom-bor-vurdere-a-vaksinere-seg-mot-smittsom-hjernehinnebetennelse/
  • Kanai M, Kamiya H, Smith-Palmer A, et al. Meningococcal disease outbreak related to the World Scout Jamboree in Japan, 2015. Western Pac Surveill Response J. 2017;8(2):25–30.
  • Hachisu Y, Kanai M, Kamiya H, et al. Transmission of N. meningitidis Serogroup W, ST-11 during an international flight. Poster presented at: ID Week; 2017 Oct 4–8; San Diego (CA).
  • Gautret P, Steffen R. Communicable diseases as health risks at mass gatherings other than Hajj: what is the evidence? Int J Infect Dis. 2016;47:46–52.
  • UNICEF [Internet]. United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME). Levels & Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2017, Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. London (UK): UNICEF; [ cited 2018 Jul 22]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_101071.html