Determining optimal community protection strategies for the influenza vaccine

References

• Danielle IA, Roguski, K.M., Chang, H.H., et al. Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling study. Lancet. 2018;391(10127):1285–1300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson WW, Shay, D.K., Weintraub, E., et al. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. Jama. 2003;289(2):179–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Influenza, W. H. O. “Fact sheet, November 2016.” World Health Organization (2016).
   Google Scholar
• United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World population prospects: the 2017 revision, volume I: comprehensive tables. (ST/ESA/SER.A/399).
   Google Scholar
• Osterholm MT, Kelley NS, Sommer A, et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012 Jan;12(1):36–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiore AE, Uyeki, T.M., Broder, K., et al. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Aug 6;59(RR-8):1-62.
   Google Scholar
• Demicheli V, Jefferson, T., Ferroni, E., et al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018Feb 1;2:CD001269.
   Google Scholar
• Belongia EA, Simpson, M.D., King, J.P., et al. Variable influenza vaccine effectiveness by subtype: a systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design studies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(8):942–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tricco AC, Chit, A., Soobiah, C., et al. Comparing influenza vaccine efficacy against mismatched and matched strains: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2013;11(1):153.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ainslie KEC, Haber M, Orenstein WA. Challenges in estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2019;18(6):615–628.
   Google Scholar
• Skowronski DM, De Serres G. Role of egg-adaptation mutations in low influenza A(H3N2) vaccine effectiveness during the 2012–2013 season. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(9):1474–1476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izurieta HS, Chillarige Y, Kelman J, et al. Relative effectiveness of cell-cultured and egg-based influenza vaccines among the U.S. elderly, 2017–18. J Infect Dis. 2018 December. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiy716
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cobey S, Gouma, S., Parkhouse, K., et al. Poor immunogenicity, not vaccine strain egg adaptation, may explain the low H3N2 influenza vaccine effectiveness in 2012–2013. Clinl Infect Dis. 2018;67(3):327–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skowronski DM, Janjua, N.Z., De Serres, G., et al. Low 2012–13 influenza vaccine effectiveness associated with mutation in the egg-adapted H3N2 vaccine strain not antigenic drift in circulating viruses. PloS One. 2014;9(3):e92153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases: 2-volume set. Vol. 1. Philadephia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Park J-E, Ryu Y. Transmissibility and severity of influenza virus by subtype. Infect Genet Evol. 2018;65:288–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skowronski DM, Masaro, C., Kwindt, T.L., et al. Estimating vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza using a sentinel physician network: results from the 2005–2006 season of dual A and B vaccine mismatch in Canada. Vaccine. 2007;25(15):2842–2851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohmit SE, Victor, J.C., Rotthoff, J.R., et al. Prevention of antigenically drifted influenza by inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(24):2513–2522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson LA, Gaglani, M.J., Keyserling, H.L., et al. Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of an inactivated influenza vaccine in healthy adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial over two influenza seasons. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10(1):71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skowronski DM, Janjua, N.Z., Sabaiduc, S., et al. Influenza A/subtype and B/lineage effectiveness estimates for the 2011–2012 trivalent vaccine: cross-season and cross-lineage protection with unchanged vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2014;210(1):126–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohmit SE, Victor, J.C., Teich, E.R., et al. Prevention of symptomatic seasonal influenza in 2005–2006 by inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. J Infect Dis. 2008;198(3):312–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JKH, Lam, G.K., Shin, T., et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccination for older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2018;17(5):435–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shay DK, Chillarige, Y., Kelman, J., et al. Comparative effectiveness of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccines among US medicare beneficiaries in preventing postinfluenza deaths during 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(4):510–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiazGranados CA, Robertson, C.A., Talbot, H.K., et al. Prevention of serious events in adults 65 years of age or older: a comparison between high-dose and standard-dose inactivated influenza vaccines. Vaccine. 2015;33(38):4988–4993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravenstein S, Davidson, H.E., Taljaard, M., et al. Comparative effectiveness of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccination on numbers of US nursing home residents admitted to hospital: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5(9):738–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravenstein S, Davidson, H.E., Han, L.F., et al. Feasibility of a cluster-randomized influenza vaccination trial in US nursing homes: lessons learned. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(3):736–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson DM, Medvedeva, E.L., Roberts, C.B. et al. Comparative effectiveness of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccination in community-dwelling veterans. Clinl Infect Dis. 2015;61(2):171–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng TWY, Cowling BJ, Gao HZ, et al. Comparative immunogenicity of enhanced seasonal influenza vaccines in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Dis. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiy720
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunisaki KM, Janoff EN. Influenza in immunosuppressed populations: a review of infection frequency, morbidity, mortality, and vaccine responses. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(8):493–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Donato S, Granoff, D., Minutello, M., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in the elderly. Vaccine. 1999;17(23–24):3094–3101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapi F, Marconi E, Simonetti M, et al. Adjuvanted versus nonadjuvanted influenza vaccines and risk of hospitalizations for pneumonia and cerebro/cardiovascular events in the elderly. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2019;18(00):1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vesikari T, Knuf, M., Wutzler, P., et al. Oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant with influenza vaccine in young children. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(15):1406–1416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podda A. The adjuvanted influenza vaccines with novel adjuvants: experience with the MF59-adjuvanted vaccine. Vaccine. 2001;19(17–19):2673–2680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrat F, Flahault A. Influenza vaccine: the challenge of antigenic drift. Vaccine. 2007;25(39–40):6852–6862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson I, Bugarini, R., Nicholson, K.G., et al. Cross-reactivity to highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses after vaccination with nonadjuvanted and MF59-adjuvanted influenza A/Duck/Singapore/97 (H5N3) vaccine: a potential priming strategy. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(8):1210–1215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox JP, Elveback, L., Scott, W., et al. Herd immunity: basic concept and relevance to public health immunization practices. Am J Epidemiol. 1971;94(3):179–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine PEM. Herd immunity: history, theory, practice. Epidemiol Rev. 1993;15(2):265–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalf C, Jessica E, Graham, A.L., et al. Understanding herd immunity. Trends Immunol. 2015;36(12):753–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz JR, Perut, M., Dumolard, L., et al. A global review of national influenza immunization policies: analysis of the 2014 WHO/UNICEF Joint reporting form on immunization. Vaccine. 2016;34(45):5400–5405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Vaccines against influenza WHO position paper—november 2012. Weekly Epidemiological Rec= Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire. 2012;87(47):461–476.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fulop T, Pawelec G, Castle S, et al. Immunosenescence and vaccination in nursing home residents. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(4):443–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulop T, Larbi A, Witkowski JM, et al. Aging, frailty and age-related diseases. Biogerontology. 2010;11(5):547–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertz D, Fadel, S.A., Lam, P.P., et al. Herd effect from influenza vaccination in non-healthcare settings: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. Eurosurveillance. 2016;21(42):pii=30378. DOI:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.42.30378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeb M, Russell, M.L., Moss, L., et al. Effect of influenza vaccination of children on infection rates in Hutterite communities: a randomized trial. Jama. 2010;303(10):943–950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeb M, Russell, M.L., Fonseca, K., et al. Comparison of multiple estimates of efficacy for influenza vaccine. Vaccine. 2011;30(1):1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin JK, Heywood, A.E., Georgousakis, M., et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of indirect protection afforded by vaccinating children against seasonal influenza: implications for policy. Clinl Infect Dis. 2017;65(5):719–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartoszko JJ, McNamara, I.F., Aras, O.A., et al. Does consecutive influenza vaccination reduce protection against influenza: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2018 Jun 7;36(24):3434–3444.
   Google Scholar
• McLean HQ, Thompson, M.G., Sundaram, M.E., et al. Impact of repeated vaccination on vaccine effectiveness against influenza A (H3N2) and B during 8 seasons. Clinl Infect Dis. 2014;59(10):1375–1385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skowronski DM, De Serres, G., Crowcroft, N.S., et al. Association between the 2008–09 seasonal influenza vaccine and pandemic H1N1 illness during spring–summer 2009: four observational studies from Canada. PLoS Med. 2010;7(4):e1000258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Baz I, Casado, I., Navascués, A., et al. Effect of repeated vaccination with the same vaccine component against 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(6):847–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belongia EA, Skowronski, D.M., McLean, H.Q., et al. Repeated annual influenza vaccination and vaccine effectiveness: review of evidence. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2017;16(7):723–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodewes R, Fraaij, P.L., Kreijtz, J.H., et al. Annual influenza vaccination affects the development of heterosubtypic immunity. Vaccine. 2012;30(51):7407–7410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodewes R, Fraaij PLA, Geelhoed-Mieras MM, et al. Annual vaccination against influenza virus hampers development of virus-specific CD8+ T cell immunity in children. J Virol. 2011;85(22):11995–12000.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillaire MLB, van Trierum, S.E., Kreijtz, J.H., et al. Cross-protective immunity against influenza pH1N1 2009 viruses induced by seasonal influenza A (H3N2) virus is mediated by virus-specific T-cells. J Gen Virol. 2011;92(10):2339–2349.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petrie JG, Ohmit, S.E., Johnson, E., et al. Persistence of antibodies to influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidase following one or two years of influenza vaccination. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(12):1914–1922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohmit SE, Petrie, J.G., Malosh, R.E., et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in households with children during the 2012–2013 season: assessments of prior vaccination and serologic susceptibility. J Infect Dis. 2014;211(10):1519–1528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson MG, Naleway A, Fry AM, et al. Effects of repeated annual inactivated influenza vaccination among healthcare personnel on serum hemagglutinin inhibition antibody response to A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus during 2010–11. Vaccine. 2016;34(7):981–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longini IM Jr, Ackerman E, Elveback LR. An optimization model for influenza A epidemics. Math Biosci. 1978;38(1–2):141–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooring EQ, Bansal S. Increasing herd immunity with influenza revaccination. Epidemiol Infect. 2016;144(6):1267–1277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halloran ME, Longini, I.M., Cowart, D.M. et al. Community interventions and the epidemic prevention potential. Vaccine. 2002;20(27–28):3254–3262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castilla J, Martinez-Baz, I., Martinez-Artola, V., et al. Decline in influenza vaccine effectiveness with time after vaccination, Navarre, Spain, season 2011/12. Eurosurveillance. 2013;18(5):20388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pebody RG, Andrews, N., McMenamin, J., et al. Vaccine effectiveness of 2011/12 trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care in the United Kingdom: evidence of waning intra-seasonal protection. Eurosurveillance. 2013;18(5):20389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan SG, Komadina, N., Grant, K., et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness during the 2012 influenza season in Victoria, Australia: influences of waning immunity and vaccine match. J Med Virol. 2014;86(6):1017–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kissling E, Valenciano, M., Larrauri, A., et al. Low and decreasing vaccine effectiveness against influenza A (H3) in 2011/12 among vaccination target groups in Europe: results from the I-MOVE multicentre case–control study. Eurosurveillance. 2013;18(5):20390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan AK, Fielding, J.E., Chilver, M.B., et al. Intraseason decline in influenza vaccine effectiveness during the 2016 southern hemisphere influenza season: A test-negative design study and phylogenetic assessment. Vaccine. 2019;37(19):2634–2641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews N, McMenamin, J., Durnall, H., et al. Effectiveness of trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care in the United Kingdom: 2012/13 end of season results. Eurosurveillance. 2014;19(27):20851.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferdinands JM, Fry, A.M., Reynolds, S., et al. Intraseason waning of influenza vaccine protection: evidence from the US influenza vaccine effectiveness network, 2011–2012 through 2014–2015. Clinl Infect Dis. 2017;64(5):544–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young B, Sadarangani, S., Jiang, L., et al. Duration of influenza vaccine effectiveness: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of test-negative design case-control studies. J Infect Dis. 2017;217(5):731–741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quadri-Sheriff M, Hendrix, K.S., Downs, S.M., et al. The role of herd immunity in parents’ decision to vaccinate children: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2012;130(3):522–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobo EJ. What is herd immunity, and how does it relate to pediatric vaccination uptake? US parent perspectives. Soc Sci Med. 2016;165:187–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C, Whetten, K., Omer, S., et al. Hurdles to herd immunity: distrust of government and vaccine refusal in the US, 2002–2003. Vaccine. 2016;34(34):3972–3978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnesen S, Bærøe, K., Cappelen, C., et al. Could information about herd immunity help us achieve herd immunity? Evidence from a population representative survey experiment. Scand J Public Health. 2018;46(8):854–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bicho D, Queiroz JA, Tomaz CT. Influenza plasmid DNA vaccines: progress and prospects. Curr Gene Ther. 2015;15(6):541–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leitner WW, Ying H, Restifo NP. DNA and RNA-based vaccines: principles, progress and prospects. Vaccine. 1999;18(9–10):765–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krammer F, Palese P. Advances in the development of influenza virus vaccines. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2015;14(3):167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee L, Yang Y, Izzard L, et al. A review of DNA vaccines against influenza. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutzler MA, Weiner DB. DNA vaccines: ready for prime time? Nat Rev Genet. 2008;9(10):776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunwald T, Ulbert S. Improvement of DNA vaccination by adjuvants and sophisticated delivery devices: vaccine-platforms for the battle against infectious diseases. Clin Exp Vaccine Res. 2015;4(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Petrovsky N. Molecular mechanisms for enhanced DNA vaccine immunogenicity. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2016;15(3):313–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scorza FB, Tsvetnitsky V, Donnelly JJ. Universal influenza vaccines: shifting to better vaccines. Vaccine. 2016;34(26):2926–2933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yassine HM, Boyington, J.C., McTamney, P.M., et al. Hemagglutinin-stem nanoparticles generate heterosubtypic influenza protection. Nat Med. 2015;21(9):1065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Impagliazzo A, Milder, F., Kuipers, H., et al. A stable trimeric influenza hemagglutinin stem as a broadly protective immunogen. Science. 2015;349(6254):1301–1306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turley CB, Rupp, R.E., Johnson, C., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant M2e–flagellin influenza vaccine (STF2. 4xM2e) in healthy adults. Vaccine. 2011;29(32):5145–5152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanekiyo M, Wei, C.J., Yassine, H.M., et al. Self-assembling influenza nanoparticle vaccines elicit broadly neutralizing H1N1 antibodies. Nature. 2013;499(7456):102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grohskopf LA, Sokolow, L.Z., Broder, K.R., et al. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices—United States, 2018–19 influenza season. MMWR Recommendations Rep. 2018;67(3):1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Maternal immunization. ACOG committee opinion, no. 741. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131:e214–e217.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrett T, McEntee, E., Drew, R., et al. Influenza vaccination in pregnancy: vaccine uptake, maternal and healthcare providers’ knowledge and attitudes. A quantitative study. BJGP Open. 2018;2.3:bjgpopen18X101599.
   Google Scholar
• Bell CE, Shane AL, Pickering LK. Discrepancies between US Food and Drug Administration vaccine licensure indications and Advisory Committee on immunization practices recommendations: provider knowledge and attitudes. Clin Ther. 2018;40(8):1308–1319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaman K, Roy, E., Arifeen, S.E., et al. Effectiveness of maternal influenza immunization in mothers and infants. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(15):1555–1564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Cutland, C.L., Kuwanda, L., et al. Influenza vaccination of pregnant women and protection of their infants. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(10):918–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapia MD, Sow, S.O., Tamboura, B., et al. Maternal immunisation with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine for prevention of influenza in infants in Mali: a prospective, active-controlled, observer-blind, randomised phase 4 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(9):1026–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raya BA, Edwards, K.M., Scheifele, D.W. et al. Pertussis and influenza immunisation during pregnancy: a landscape review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(7):e209–e222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson MG, Clippard, J., Petrie, J.G., et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness for fully and partially vaccinated children 6 months to 8 years old during 2011–2012 and 2012–2013: the importance of two priming doses. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35(3):299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houser KV, Yamshchikov, G.V., Bellamy, A.R., et al. DNA vaccine priming for seasonal influenza vaccine in children and adolescents 6 to 17 years of age: A phase 1 randomized clinical trial. PloS One. 2018;13(11):e0206837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine MZ, Holiday, C., Liu, F., et al. Cross-reactive antibody responses to novel H5Nx influenza viruses following homologous and heterologous prime-boost vaccination with a prepandemic stockpiled A (H5N1) vaccine in humans. J Infect Dis. 2017;216(suppl_4):S555–S559.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pitisuttithum P, Boonnak, K., Chamnanchanunt, S., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a live attenuated influenza H5 candidate vaccine strain A/17/turkey/Turkey/05/133 H5N2 and its priming effects for potential pre-pandemic use: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(8):833–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar