Insights into current clinical research on the immunogenicity of live attenuated influenza vaccines

References

• Rudenko LG, Lonskaya NI, Klimov AI, et al. Clinical and epidemiological evaluation of a live, cold-adapted influenza vaccine for 3-14-year-olds. Bull World Health Organ. 1996;74(1):77–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendal AP. Cold-adapted live attenuated influenza vaccines developed in Russia: can they contribute to meeting the needs for influenza control in other countries? Eur J Epidemiol. 1997;13(5):591–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudenko L, Alexandrova G. Current strategies for the prevention of influenza by the Russian cold-adapted live influenza vaccine among different populations. Int Congr Ser. 2001;1219:945–950.
   Google Scholar
• Isakova-Sivak I, Rudenko L. Safety, immunogenicity and infectivity of new live attenuated influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2015;14(10):1313–1329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin H, Subbarao K. Live attenuated influenza vaccine. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2015;386:181–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudenko LG, Slepushkin AN, Monto AS, et al. Efficacy of live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in schoolchildren and their unvaccinated contacts in Novgorod, Russia. J Infect Dis. 1993;168(4):881–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belshe RB, Edwards KM, Vesikari T, et al. Live attenuated versus inactivated influenza vaccine in infants and young children. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(7):685–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belshe RB, Mendelman PM, Treanor J, et al. The efficacy of live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenzavirus vaccine in children. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(20):1405–1412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashkenazi S, Vertruyen A, Aristegui J, et al. Superior relative efficacy of live attenuated influenza vaccine compared with inactivated influenza vaccine in young children with recurrent respiratory tract infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25(10):870–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam JS, Capeding MR, Lum LC, et al. Efficacy and safety of a live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccine, trivalent against culture-confirmed influenza in young children in Asia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007;26(7):619–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belshe RB, Gruber WC. Prevention of otitis media in children with live attenuated influenza vaccine given intranasally. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19(5 Suppl):S66–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichol KL, Mendelman PM, Mallon KP, et al. Effectiveness of live, attenuated intranasal influenza virus vaccine in healthy, working adults: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 1999;282(2):137–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudenko LG, Arden NH, Grigorieva E, et al. Immunogenicity and efficacy of Russian live attenuated and US inactivated influenza vaccines used alone and in combination in nursing home residents. Vaccine. 2000;19(2–3):308–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrose CS, Levin MJ, Belshe RB. The relative efficacy of trivalent live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in children and adults. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2011;5(2):67–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer WE, Palache AM, de Jong JC, et al. Cold-adapted live influenza vaccine versus inactivated vaccine: systemic vaccine reactions, local and systemic antibody response, and vaccine efficacy. A meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2002;20(9–10):1340–1353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoft DF, Babusis E, Worku S, et al. Live and inactivated influenza vaccines induce similar humoral responses, but only live vaccines induce diverse T-cell responses in young children. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(6):845–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobson D, Curry RL, Beare AS, et al. The role of serum haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody in protection against challenge infection with influenza A2 and B viruses. J Hyg (Lond). 1972;70(4):767–777.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Treanor JJ, Kotloff K, Betts RF, et al. Evaluation of trivalent, live, cold-adapted (CAIV-T) and inactivated (TIV) influenza vaccines in prevention of virus infection and illness following challenge of adults with wild-type influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2), and B viruses. Vaccine. 1999;18(9–10):899–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements ML, Murphy BR. Development and persistence of local and systemic antibody responses in adults given live attenuated or inactivated influenza A virus vaccine. J Clin Microbiol. 1986;23(1):66–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements ML, Betts RF, Tierney EL, et al. Serum and nasal wash antibodies associated with resistance to experimental challenge with influenza A wild-type virus. J Clin Microbiol. 1986;24(1):157–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuzil KM, Hohlbein C, Zhu Y. Illness among schoolchildren during influenza season: effect on school absenteeism, parental absenteeism from work, and secondary illness in families. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156(10):986–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrie JG, Ohmit SE, Cowling BJ, et al. Influenza transmission in a cohort of households with children: 2010–2011. PloS One. 2013;8(9):e75339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang TK, Lau LLH, Cauchemez S, et al. Household Transmission of Influenza Virus. Trends Microbiol. 2016;24(2):123–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassianos G, White S, Reynolds AJ, et al. Review of the experiences from the first childhood influenza vaccination programme with a live attenuated influenza vaccine in England and Scotland. Drugs Context. 2015;4:212280.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grohskopf LA, Olsen SJ, Sokolow LZ, et al. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) – united States, 2014–15 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(32):691–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaglani M, Pruszynski J, Murthy K, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness against 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus differed by vaccine type during 2013-2014 in the United States. J Infect Dis. 2016;213(10):1546–1556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspard H, Gaglani M, Clipper L, et al. Effectiveness of live attenuated influenza vaccine and inactivated influenza vaccine in children 2-17 years of age in 2013-2014 in the United States. Vaccine. 2016;34(1):77–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Broder KR, et al. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines. MMWR. Recommendations and reports: morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations Rep. 2016;65(5):1–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Broder KR, et al. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the advisory committee on Immunization practices - United States, 2017-18 Influenza Season. MMWR. Recommendations and reports: morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations Rep. 2017;66(2):1–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeb M, Russell ML, Manning V, et al. Live attenuated versus inactivated influenza vaccine in hutterite children: A cluster randomized blinded trial. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165:617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmeke C, Grafe L, Irmscher HM, et al. Effectiveness of the 2012/13 trivalent live and inactivated influenza vaccines in children and adolescents in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany: a test-negative case-control study. PloS One. 2015;10(4):e0122910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skowronski DM, Chambers C, Sabaiduc S, et al. Integrated sentinel surveillance linking genetic, antigenic, and epidemiologic monitoring of influenza vaccine-virus relatedness and effectiveness during the 2013-2014 influenza season. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(5):726–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pebody R, Sile B, Warburton F, et al. Live attenuated influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation due to laboratory-confirmed influenza in children two to six years of age in England in the 2015/16 season. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(4):pii=30450. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.4.30450.
   Google Scholar
• Nohynek H, Baum U, Syrjanen R, et al. Effectiveness of the live attenuated and the inactivated influenza vaccine in two-year-olds - a nationwide cohort study Finland, influenza season 2015/16. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(38):pii=30346. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.38.30346.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rondy M, Kissling E, Emborg HD, et al. Interim 2017/18 influenza seasonal vaccine effectiveness: combined results from five European studies. Euro Surveill. 2018;23(9):pii=18-00086. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.9.18-00086.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pebody R, Warburton F, Ellis J, et al. Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine for adults and children in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care in the United Kingdom: 2015/16 end-of-season results. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(38):pii=30348. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.38.30348.
   Google Scholar
• Pebody RG, Green HK, Andrews N, et al. Uptake and impact of vaccinating school age children against influenza during a season with circulation of drifted influenza A and B strains, England, 2014/15. Euro Surveill. 2015;20(39):pii=30029. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.39.30029.
   Google Scholar
• Ortiz JR, Neuzil KM. Influenza vaccine programs for children in low- and middle-income countries: current status and way forward. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2019;18(7):711–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz JR, Neuzil KM. Influenza immunization in low- and middle-income countries: preparing for next-generation influenza vaccines. J Infect Dis. 2019;219(Supplement_1):S97–S106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rudenko L, van den Bosch H, Kiseleva I, et al. Live attenuated pandemic influenza vaccine: clinical studies on A/17/California/2009/38 (H1N1) and licensing of the Russian-developed technology to WHO for pandemic influenza preparedness in developing countries. Vaccine. 2011;29(Suppl 1):A40–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rudenko L, Yeolekar L, Kiseleva I, et al. Development and approval of live attenuated influenza vaccines based on Russian master donor viruses: process challenges and success stories. Vaccine. 2016;34:5436–5441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz JR, Goswami D, Lewis KD, et al. Safety of Russian-backbone seasonal trivalent, live-attenuated influenza vaccine in a phase II randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial among children in urban Bangladesh. Vaccine. 2015;33(29):3415–3421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks WA, Zaman K, Lewis KD, et al. Efficacy of a Russian-backbone live attenuated influenza vaccine among young children in Bangladesh: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4:e946-e954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victor JC, Lewis KD, Diallo A, et al. Efficacy of a Russian-backbone live attenuated influenza vaccine among children in Senegal: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4(12):e955–e965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilyushina NA, Haynes BC, Hoen AG, et al. Live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in children. J Infect Dis. 2015;211(3):352–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam S, Mohn KG, Krammer F, et al. Influenza A haemagglutinin specific IgG responses in children and adults after seasonal trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccination. Vaccine. 2017;35(42):5666–5673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam S, Zhou F, Lartey S, et al. Functional immune response to influenza H1N1 in children and adults after live attenuated influenza virus vaccination. Scand J Immunol. 2019;90(4):e12801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohn KG, Bredholt G, Brokstad KA, et al. Longevity of B-cell and T-cell responses after live attenuated influenza vaccination in children. J Infect Dis. 2015;211(10):1541–1549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohn KGI, Zhou F, Brokstad KA, et al. Boosting of cross-reactive and protection-associated T cells in children after live attenuated influenza vaccination. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(10):1527–1535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manenti A, Tete SM, Mohn KG, et al. Comparative analysis of influenza A(H3N2) virus hemagglutinin specific IgG subclass and IgA responses in children and adults after influenza vaccination. Vaccine. 2017;35(1):191–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohn KG, Brokstad KA, Pathirana RD, et al. Live attenuated influenza vaccine in children induces B-Cell responses in tonsils. J Infect Dis. 2016;214(5):722–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lartey S, Zhou F, Brokstad KA, et al. Live attenuated influenza vaccine induces tonsillar follicular T helper cell responses that correlate with antibody induction. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(1):21–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caspard H, Mallory RM, Yu J, et al. Live-attenuated influenza vaccine effectiveness in children from 2009 to 2015-2016: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(3):ofx111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ang JC, Wang B, Wang JJF, et al. Comparative Immunogenicity of the 2014-2015 Northern Hemisphere Trivalent IIV and LAIV against Influenza A Viruses in Children. Vaccines (Basel). 2019;7(3):87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis KDC, Ortiz JR, Rahman MZ, et al. Immunogenicity and viral shedding of russian-backbone, seasonal, trivalent, live, attenuated influenza vaccine in a phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled trial among preschool-aged children in Urban Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69(5):777–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brickley EB, Wright PF, Khalenkov A, et al. The effect of preexisting immunity on virus detection and immune responses in a Phase II, randomized trial of a Russian-backbone, live, attenuated influenza vaccine in Bangladeshi Children. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69(5):786–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsey BB, Jagne YJ, Armitage EP, et al. Effect of a Russian-backbone live-attenuated influenza vaccine with an updated pandemic H1N1 strain on shedding and immunogenicity among children in The Gambia: an open-label, observational, phase 4 study. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(8):665–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Kedzierski L, Nuessing S, et al. Establishment of memory CD8+ T cells with live attenuated influenza virus across different vaccination doses. J Gen Virol. 2016;97(12):3205–3214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isakova-Sivak I, Korenkov D, Smolonogina T, et al. Comparative studies of infectivity, immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy of live attenuated influenza vaccines containing nucleoprotein from cold-adapted or wild-type influenza virus in a mouse model. Virology. 2017;500:209–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zens KD, Chen JK, Farber DL. Vaccine-generated lung tissue-resident memory T cells provide heterosubtypic protection to influenza infection. JCI Insight. 2016;1(10):e85832. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.85832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng X, Zengel JR, Suguitan AL Jr., et al. Evaluation of the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by the live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines and their roles in heterologous protection in ferrets. J Infect Dis. 2013;208(4):594–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sridhar S, Begom S, Bermingham A, et al. Cellular immune correlates of protection against symptomatic pandemic influenza. Nat Med. 2013;19(10):1305–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson TM, Li CK, Chui CS, et al. Preexisting influenza-specific CD4+ T cells correlate with disease protection against influenza challenge in humans. Nat Med. 2012;18(2):274–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMichael AJ, Gotch FM, Noble GR, et al. Cytotoxic T-cell immunity to influenza. N Engl J Med. 1983;309(1):13–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrest BD, Pride MW, Dunning AJ, et al. Correlation of cellular immune responses with protection against culture-confirmed influenza virus in young children. Clin Vaccin Immunol. 2008;15(7):1042–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayward AC, Wang L, Goonetilleke N, et al. Natural T Cell-mediated protection against seasonal and pandemic influenza. Results of the flu watch cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(12):1422–1431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein SL, Price GE. Cross-protective immunity to influenza A viruses. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2010;9(11):1325–1341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemens EB, van de Sandt C, Wong SS, et al. Harnessing the power of T cells: the promising hope for a universal influenza vaccine. Vaccines (Basel). 2018;6(2):18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohn KG, Smith I, Sjursen H, et al. Immune responses after live attenuated influenza vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(3):571–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sridhar S, Brokstad KA, Cox RJ. Influenza vaccination strategies: comparing inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines. Vaccines (Basel). 2015;3(2):373–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isakova-Sivak I, Korenkov D, Rudenko L. Reassortant viruses for influenza vaccines: is it time to reconsider their genome structures? Expert Rev Vaccines. 2016;15(5):565–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korenkov D, Isakova-Sivak I, Rudenko L. Basics of CD8 T-cell immune responses after influenza infection and vaccination with inactivated or live attenuated influenza vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2018;17(11):977–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crotty S. T follicular helper cell biology: a decade of discovery and diseases. Immunity. 2019;50(5):1132–1148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crotty S. T follicular helper cell differentiation, function, and roles in disease. Immunity. 2014;41(4):529–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt N, Ueno H. Human T follicular helper cells: development and subsets. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;785:87–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herati RS, Reuter MA, Dolfi DV, et al. Circulating CXCR5+PD-1+ response predicts influenza vaccine antibody responses in young adults but not elderly adults. J Iimmunol. 2014;193(7):3528–3537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentebibel SE, Khurana S, Schmitt N, et al. ICOS(+)PD-1(+)CXCR3(+) T follicular helper cells contribute to the generation of high-avidity antibodies following influenza vaccination. Sci Rep. 2016;6:26494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutsakos M, Wheatley AK, Loh L, et al. Circulating TFH cells, serological memory, and tissue compartmentalization shape human influenza-specific B cell immunity. Sci Transl Med. 2018 Feb 14;10(428):eaan8405. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan8405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilkinton MA, Nicholas KJ, Warren CM, et al. Greater activation of peripheral T follicular helper cells following high dose influenza vaccine in older adults forecasts seroconversion. Vaccine. 2017;35(2):329–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aljurayyan A, Puksuriwong S, Ahmed M, et al. Activation and induction of antigen-specific T follicular helper cells play a critical role in live-attenuated influenza vaccine-induced human mucosal anti-influenza antibody response. J Virol. 2018;92(11):e00114–00118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aljurayyan AN, Sharma R, Upile N, et al. A critical role of T follicular helper cells in human mucosal anti-influenza response that can be enhanced by immunological adjuvant CpG-DNA. Antiviral Res. 2016;132:122–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panapasa JA, Cox RJ, Mohn KG, et al. The expression of B & T cell activation markers in children’s tonsils following live attenuated influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11(7):1663–1672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jagne YJ, Sallah HJ, Senghore E, et al. Induction of peripheral follicular helper T-cells following live attenuated influenza vaccine. Opt Cont Influenza X. 2019;Abstract 11352:199. [cited 2019 Oct 04]. Available from: https://isirv.org/site/images/conferences/Optionsx/Options%20X_Abstracts%20_Oral%20and%20Poster.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Benner R, Hijmans W, Haaijman JJ. The bone marrow: the major source of serum immunoglobulins, but still a neglected site of antibody formation. Clin Exp Immunol. 1981;46(1):1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He XS, Sasaki S, Narvaez CF, et al. Plasmablast-derived polyclonal antibody response after influenza vaccination. J Immunol Methods. 2011;365(1–2):67–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wols HA. Plasma cells. eLS. (2015) Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470015902.a0004030.pub2
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki S, Holmes TH, Albrecht RA, et al. Distinct cross-reactive B-cell responses to live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines. J Infect Dis. 2014;210(6):865–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Holle TA, Moody MA. Influenza and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jegaskanda S, Luke C, Hickman HD, et al. Generation and protective ability of influenza virus-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in humans elicited by vaccination, natural infection, and experimental challenge. J Infect Dis. 2016;214(6):945–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vella S, Rocchi G, Resta S, et al. Antibody reactive in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity following influenza virus vaccination. J Med Virol. 1980;6(3):203–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto G, Wright PF, Karzon DT. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against influenza virus-infected cells. J Infect Dis. 1983;148(5):785–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matyushenko V, Isakova-Sivak I, Smolonogina T, et al. Genotyping assay for differentiation of wild-type and vaccine viruses in subjects immunized with live attenuated influenza vaccine. PloS One. 2017;12(7):e0180497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsey BB, Hoschler K, de Silva TI. Complexities in predicting the immunogenicity of live attenuated influenza vaccines. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Aug 14. pii: ciz773. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz773.
   Google Scholar
• Wacheck V, Egorov A, Groiss F, et al. A novel type of influenza vaccine: safety and immunogenicity of replication-deficient influenza virus created by deletion of the interferon antagonist NS1. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(3):354–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morokutti A, Muster T, Ferko B. Intranasal vaccination with a replication-deficient influenza virus induces heterosubtypic neutralising mucosal IgA antibodies in humans. Vaccine. 2014;32(17):1897–1900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilsel P, Eiden J, Volckaert B, et al. Intranasal M2SR (M2-deficient Single Replication) influenza vaccine induced protection against challenge with a substantially drifted H3N2 virus in a phase 2 study. Opt Cont Influenza X. 2019; Abstract 11110. P. 106. [cited 2019 Oct 04]. Available from: https://isirv.org/site/images/conferences/Optionsx/Options%20X_Abstracts%20_Oral%20and%20Poster.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez-Baz I, Casado I, Navascues A, et al. Effect of repeated vaccination with the same vaccine component against 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(6):847–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean HQ, Thompson MG, Sundaram ME, et al. Impact of repeated vaccination on vaccine effectiveness against influenza A(H3N2) and B during 8 seasons. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(10):1375–1385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinjoh M, Sugaya N, Yamaguchi Y, et al. Inactivated influenza vaccine effectiveness and an analysis of repeated vaccination for children during the 2016/17 season. Vaccine. 2018;36(37):5510–5518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson MG, Naleway A, Fry AM, et al. Effects of repeated annual inactivated influenza vaccination among healthcare personnel on serum hemagglutinin inhibition antibody response to A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus during 2010-11. Vaccine. 2016;34(7):981–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pebody R, Djennad A, Ellis J, et al. End of season influenza vaccine effectiveness in adults and children in the United Kingdom in 2017/18. Euro Surveill. 2019;24:31.
   Google Scholar
• McLean HQ, Caspard H, Griffin MR, et al. Association of prior vaccination with influenza vaccine effectiveness in children receiving live attenuated or inactivated vaccine. JAMA Network Open. 2018;1(6):e183742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis T. On the doctrine of original antigenic sin. Proc Am Philos Soc. 1960;104(6):572–578.
   Google Scholar
• Fonville JM, Wilks SH, James SL, et al. Antibody landscapes after influenza virus infection or vaccination. Science. 2014;346(6212):996–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gostic KM, Ambrose M, Worobey M, et al. Potent protection against H5N1 and H7N9 influenza via childhood hemagglutinin imprinting. Science. 2016;354(6313):722–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viboud C, Epstein SL. First flu is forever. Science. 2016;354(6313):706–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoschler K, Southern J, Thompson C, et al. Responses to live attenuated influenza vaccine in children vaccinated previously with Pandemrix (ASO3B adjuvanted pandemic A/H1N1pdm09). Vaccine. 2018;36(21):3034–3040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang H, Ross TM. Pre-existing influenza specific immunity and vaccine effectiveness. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2019;18:1043–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagan T, Cortese M, Rouphael N, et al. Antibiotics-Driven gut microbiome perturbation alters immunity to vaccines in humans. Cell. 2019;178(6):1313–1328 e1313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A study of intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine immunogenicity and associations with the nasopharyngeal microbiome among children in the Gambia (NASIMMUNE). ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier. 2019 October 07;NCT02972957.
   Google Scholar
• Penttinen PM, Friede MH. Decreased effectiveness of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strain in live attenuated influenza vaccines: an observational bias or a technical challenge?. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(38):pii=30350. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.38.30350.
   Google Scholar
• Parker L, Ritter L, Wu W, et al. Haemagglutinin stability was not the primary cause of the reduced effectiveness of live attenuated influenza vaccine against A/H1N1pdm09 viruses in the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 seasons. Vaccine. 2019;37(32):4543–4550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrose CS, Bright H, Mallory R. Letter to the editor: potential causes of the decreased effectiveness of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strain in live attenuated influenza vaccines. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(45):pii=30394. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.45.30394.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mallory R, Nyborg AC, Kalyani R, et al. A randomized study to evaluate the shedding and immunogenicity of H1N1 strains in trivalent and quadrivalent formulations of flumist in children 24 to <48 months of age. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(suppl_1):S564–S565. 1954.
   Google Scholar
• Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Fry AM, et al. Update: ACIP recommendations for the use of quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) - United States, 2018-19 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(22):643–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shcherbik S, Pearce N, Carney P, et al. Evaluation of A(H1N1)pdm09 LAIV vaccine candidates stability and replication efficiency in primary human nasal epithelial cells. Vaccine: X. 2019;2:100031.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monto AS. Effectiveness of the live attenuated influenza vaccine: was additional of the second type B lineage a step too far?. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Aug 13. pii: ciz722. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz722. [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Jackson D, Pitcher M, Hudson C, et al. Viral shedding in recipients of live attenuated influenza vaccine in the 2016/17 and 2017/18 influenza seasons in the United Kingdom. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Aug 13. pii: ciz719. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz719. [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• FDA. Clinical review. February 17, 2012 - FluMist Quadrivalent - FDA. (2018). [cited 2019 Oct 08]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/files/vaccines,%20blood%20&%20biologics/published/Clinical-Review–February-17–2012—FluMist-Quadrivalent.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Yeolekar LR, Ganguly M, Tyagi P, et al. Immunogenicity and efficacy of the monovalent, trivalent and quadrivalent intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccines containing different pdmH1N1 strains. Vaccine. 2018;36(46):6944–6952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni PS, Agarkhedkar S, Lalwani S, et al. Effectiveness of an Indian-made attenuated influenza A(H1N1)pdm 2009 vaccine: a case control study. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(3):566–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudenko L, Kiseleva I, Krutikova E, et al. Rationale for vaccination with trivalent or quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccines: protective vaccine efficacy in the ferret model. PloS One. 2018;13(12):e0208028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Better global tools for influenza: Technical consultation on product research & innovation for influenza prevention, control & treatment. 11-12 June 2019. Geneva, Switzerland. (2019). [cited 2019 Dec 19] Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/328444/WHO-WHE-IHM-IPR-2019.1-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar