1,439
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

Bacterial nasopharyngeal carriage following infant immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines according to a 2+1 schedule in children in South Africa: an exploratory analysis of two clinical trials

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 1177-1189 | Received 14 May 2020, Accepted 17 Nov 2020, Published online: 21 Dec 2020

References

  • Simell B, Auranen K, Kayhty H, et al. The fundamental link between pneumococcal carriage and disease. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2012;11(7):841–1190.
  • Principi N, Esposito S. Serological criteria and carriage measurement for evaluation of new pneumococcal vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11(6):1494–1500.
  • Weinberger DM, Bruden DT, Grant LR, et al. Using pneumococcal carriage data to monitor postvaccination changes in invasive disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(9):1488–1495.
  • Flasche S, Givon-Lavi N, Dagan R. Using pneumococcal carriage data to monitor postvaccination changes in the incidence of pneumococcal otitis media. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;184(9):652–659.
  • Devine VT, Cleary DW, Jefferies JM, et al. The rise and fall of pneumococcal serotypes carried in the PCV era. Vaccine. 2017;35(9):1293–1298.
  • Nzenze SA, Madhi SA, Shiri T, et al. Imputing the direct and indirect effectiveness of childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease by surveying temporal changes in nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;186(4):435–444.
  • Satzke C, Turner P, Virolainen-Julkunen A, et al. Standard method for detecting upper respiratory carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae: updated recommendations from the World Health Organization Pneumococcal Carriage Working Group. Vaccine. 32(1): 165–179. 2013.
  • Dagan R, Givon-Lavi N, Porat N, et al. The effect of an alternative reduced-dose infant schedule and a second year catch-up schedule with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal carriage: a randomized controlled trial. Vaccine. 2012;30(34):5132–5140.
  • Fleming-Dutra KE, Conklin L, Loo JD, et al. Systematic review of the effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules on vaccine-type nasopharyngeal carriage. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(Suppl 2):S152–160.
  • Spijkerman J, van Gils EJ, Veenhoven RH, et al. Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae 3 years after start of vaccination program, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(4):584–591.
  • Prymula R, Hanovcova I, Splino M, et al. Impact of the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae Protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) on bacterial nasopharyngeal carriage. Vaccine. 2011;29(10):1959–1967.
  • van den Bergh MR, Spijkerman J, Swinnen KM, et al. Effects of the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D-conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization in young children: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(3):e30–e39.
  • Hammitt LL, Ojal J, Bashraheil M, et al. Immunogenicity, impact on carriage and reactogenicity of 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine in Kenyan children aged 1-4 years: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e85459.
  • Vesikari T, Forsten A, Seppa I, et al. Effectiveness of the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D-conjugated vaccine (PHiD-CV) against carriage and acute otitis media-a double-blind randomized clinical trial in Finland. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2016;5(3):237–248.
  • Sáez-Llorens X, Rowley S, Wong D, et al. Efficacy of 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine against acute otitis media and nasopharyngeal carriage in Panamanian children – A randomized controlled trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017;13(6):1213–1228.
  • Brandileone MC, Zanella RC, Almeida SC, et al. Effect of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae among children in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Vaccine. 2016;34(46):5604–5611.
  • Odutola A, Ota MOC, Antonio M, et al. Efficacy of a novel, protein-based pneumococcal vaccine against nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants: A phase 2, randomized, controlled, observer-blind study. Vaccine. 2017;35(19):2531–2542.
  • Andrade AL, Ternes YM, Vieira MA, et al. Direct effect of 10-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccination on pneumococcal carriage in children Brazil. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e98128.
  • Davis SM, Deloria-Knoll M, Kassa HT, et al. Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on nasopharyngeal carriage and invasive disease among unvaccinated people: review of evidence on indirect effects. Vaccine. 2013;32(1):133–145.
  • Spijkerman J, Prevaes SM, van Gils EJ, et al. Long-term effects of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e39730.
  • Bosch A, van Houten MA, Bruin JP, et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and other bacteria in the 7th year after implementation of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the Netherlands. Vaccine. 2016;34(4):531–539.
  • Dunne EM, Satzke C, Ratu FT, et al. Effect of ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction on pneumococcal carriage in Fiji: results from four annual cross-sectional carriage surveys. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(12):e1375–e1385.
  • Quirk SJ, Haraldsson G, Erlendsdóttir H, et al. Effect of vaccination on pneumococci isolated from the nasopharynx of healthy children and the middle ear of children with otitis media in Iceland. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56:12.
  • Vissers M, Wijmenga-Monsuur AJ, Knol MJ, et al. Increased carriage of non-vaccine serotypes with low invasive disease potential four years after switching to the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in The Netherlands. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0194823.
  • Navne JE, Koch A, Slotved HC, et al. Effect of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal carriage by respiratory pathogens among Greenlandic children. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2017;76(1):1309504.
  • Reiss-Mandel A, Regev-Yochay G. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae interaction and response to pneumococcal vaccination: myth or reality? Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12(2):351–357.
  • Pneumococcal vaccines WHO position paper - 2012 - recommendations. Vaccine. 2012;30(32):4717–4718.
  • Expanded Programme on Immunisation in South Africa. Vaccinator’s manual. [ cited 2020 Mar 18]. Available from: https://www.health-e.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Vaccinators_Manual_Final.pdf
  • Madhi SA, Cohen C, von Gottberg A. Introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine into the public immunization program in South Africa: translating research into policy. Vaccine. 2012;30(Suppl 3):C21–27.
  • Hamaluba M, Kandasamy R, Upreti SR, et al. Comparison of two-dose priming plus 9-month booster with a standard three-dose priming schedule for a ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Nepalese infants: a randomised, controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(4):405–414.
  • Klugman KP, Madhi SA, Adegbola RA, et al. Timing of serotype 1 pneumococcal disease suggests the need for evaluation of a booster dose. Vaccine. 2011;29(18):3372–3373.
  • WHO. Summary of WHO position papers - recommended routine immunizations for children. [ cited 2020 Mar 18]. Available from: http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/Immunization_routine_table2.pdf
  • Madhi SA, Nunes MC. The potential impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Africa: considerations and early lessons learned from the South African experience. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12(2):314–325.
  • WHO. Vaccine-preventable diseases: coverage time series for South Africa. [ cited 2020 Mar 18]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary/coverages?c=ZAF
  • Nunes MC, Jones SA, Groome MJ, et al. Acquisition of Streptococcus pneumoniae in South African children vaccinated with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine at 6, 14 and 40 weeks of age. Vaccine. 2015;33(5):628–634.
  • Madhi SA, Moreira M, Koen A, et al. Impact of HIV status and vaccination schedule on bacterial nasopharyngeal carriage following infant immunisation with the pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine in South Africa. Vaccine. 2020;38(10):2350–2360.
  • Jones SA, Groome M, Koen A, et al. Immunogenicity of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine administered at 6, 14 and 40 weeks of age in South African infants. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e72794.
  • Madhi SA, Koen A, Jose L, et al. Vaccination with 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants according to HIV status. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(2):e5881.
  • Madhi SA, Koen A, Jose L, et al. Immunization with 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) according to different schedules in infants in South Africa: a phase III trial. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2017;16(6):641–656.
  • Neufeld F. Über die Agglutination der Pneumokokken und über die Theorieen der Agglutination. Z Hyg Infektionskr. 1902;40:54–72.
  • Hammitt LL, Akech DO, Morpeth SC, et al. Population effect of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae in Kilifi, Kenya: findings from cross-sectional carriage studies. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(7):e397–405.
  • Roca A, Hill PC, Townend J, et al. Effects of community-wide vaccination with PCV-7 on pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in the Gambia: a cluster-randomized trial. PLoS Med. 2011;8(10):e1001107.
  • Usuf E, Bottomley C, Adegbola RA, et al. Pneumococcal carriage in sub-Saharan Africa–a systematic review. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e85001.
  • Sime WT, Aseffa A, Woldeamanuel Y, et al. Serotype and molecular diversity of nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from children before and after vaccination with the ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):409.
  • K L O, Dagan R. Nasopharyngeal carriage. Pneumococcal vaccines. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology press; 2008.
  • Olwagen CP, Adrian PV, Nunes MC, et al. Use of multiplex quantitative PCR to evaluate the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization in African children. mSphere. 2017;2:6.
  • Abdullahi O, Karani A, Tigoi CC, et al. Rates of acquisition and clearance of pneumococcal serotypes in the nasopharynges of children in Kilifi District, Kenya. J Infect Dis. 2012;206(7):1020–1029.
  • Adegbola RA, DeAntonio R, Hill PC, et al. Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and other respiratory bacterial pathogens in low and lower-middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e103293.
  • Shiri T, Nunes MC, Adrian PV, et al. Interrelationship of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus colonization within and between pneumococcal-vaccine naive mother-child dyads. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:483.
  • Bojang A, Jafali J, Egere UE, et al. Seasonality of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in rural gambia determined within the context of a cluster randomized pneumococcal vaccine trial. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0129649.
  • Boyles TH, Brink A, Calligaro GL, et al. South African guideline for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. J Thorac Dis. 2017;9(6):1469–1502.
  • Heinsbroek E, Tafatatha T, Chisambo C, et al. Pneumococcal acquisition among infants exposed to HIV in rural Malawi: a longitudinal household study. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183(1):70–78.
  • Dube FS, Ramjith J, Gardner-Lubbe S, et al. Longitudinal characterization of nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae in a South African birth cohort post 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):12497.
  • Salter SJ, Turner C, Watthanaworawit W, et al. A longitudinal study of the infant nasopharyngeal microbiota: the effects of age, illness and antibiotic use in a cohort of South East Asian children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(10):e0005975.
  • Nzenze SA, Shiri T, Nunes MC, et al. Temporal changes in pneumococcal colonization in a rural African community with high HIV prevalence following routine infant pneumococcal immunization. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(11):1270–1278.
  • Nzenze SA, Shiri T, Nunes MC, et al. Temporal association of infant immunisation with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the ecology of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus nasopharyngeal colonisation in a rural South African community. Vaccine. 2014;32(42):5520–5530.