Shear cushions reduce the impact loading rate during walking and running

REFERENCES

• Bredeweg, S., Buist, I., & Kluitenberg, B. (2013). Differences in kinetic asymmetry between injured and noninjured novice runners: A prospective cohort study. Gait & Posture. 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.04.014.
   Google Scholar
• Cavanagh, P., Williams, K., & Clarke, T. (1981). A comparison of ground reaction forces during walking barefoot and in shoes. Biomechanics, VII-B, 151–156.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, Y.-H., & Kram, R. (1999). Metabolic cost of generating horizontal forces during human running. Journal of Applied Physiology, 86, 1657–1662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clansey, A. C., Hanlon, M., Wallace, E. S., & Lake, M. J. (2012). Effects of fatigue on running mechanics associated with tibial stress fracture risk. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 44, 1917–1923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, T., Frederick, E., & Cooper, L. (1983). Effects of shoe cushioning upon ground reaction forces in running. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 4, 247–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daoud, A. I., Geissler, G. J., Wang, F., Saretsky, J., Daoud, Y. A., & Lieberman, D. E. (2012). Foot strike and injury rates in endurance runners: a retrospective study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 44, 1325–1334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Wit, B., De Clercq, D., & Aerts, P. (2000). Biomechanical analysis of the stance phase during barefoot and shod running. Journal of Biomechanics, 33, 269–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derrick, T. R., Hamill, J., & Caldwell, G. E. (1998). Energy absorption of impacts during running at various stride lengths. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 30, 128–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschall, J. S., & Kram, R. (2003). Energy cost and muscular activity required for propulsion during walking. Journal of Applied Physiology, 94, 1766–1772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hreljac, A., Marchall, R. N., & Hume, P. A. (2000). Evaluation of lower extremity overuse injury potential in runners. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32, 1635–1641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kersting, U. G., Kriwet, A., & Brüggemann, G. P. (2006). The role of footwear-independent variations in rearfoot movement on impact attenuation in heel-toe running. Research in Sports Medicine, 14, 117–134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNair, P., & Marshall, R. (1994). Kinematic and kinetic parameters associated with running in different shoes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 28, 256–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg, B. M. (1997). Impact forces in running. Current Opinion in Orthopaedics, 8, 43–47.
   Google Scholar
• Nigg, B. M., Bahlsen, H., Luethi, S., & Stokes, S. (1987). The influence of running velocity and midsole hardness on external impact forces in heel-toe running. Journal of Biomechanics, 20, 951–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg, B. M., Denoth, J., & Neukomm, P. (1981). Quantifying the load on the human body: problems and some possible solutions. In A.Morecki, K.Fidleus & K.Kedzior (Eds.), Biomechanics VII-B (pp. 89–99). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Nigg, B. M., Stefanyshyn, D. J., Rozitis, A. I., & Mündermann, A. (2009). Resultant knee joint moments for lateral movement tasks on sliding and non-sliding sport surfaces. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 427–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Running USA Inc. (2012). 2012 marathon, half-marathon and state of the sport reports: Running USA's annual marathon report. Running USA. Retrieved April 23, 2012, from http://www.runningusa.org/node/82755#82756.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, S. H., & Winter, D. A. (1990). Internal forces of chronic running injury sites. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 22, 357–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacoff, A., Reinschmidt, C., Nigg, B. M., Van Den Bogert, A. J., Lundberg, A., Denoth, J., & Stussi, E. (2001). Effects of shoe sole construction on skeletal motion during running. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33, 311–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, D., Macaluso, A., & De Vito, G. (2003). The effect of an active warm-up on surface EMG and muscle performance in healthy humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 89, 509–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed, I., & Davis, B. (2000). Obesity and osteoarthritis of the knee: Hypotheses concerning the relationship between ground reaction forces and quadriceps fatigue in long-duration walking. Medical Hypotheses, 54, 182–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zadpoor, A. A., & Nikooyan, A. A. (2006). A mechanical model to determine the influence of masses and mass distribution on the impact force during running: A discussion. Journal of Biomechanics, 39, 388–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar