395
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Effect of breakout phase on the stroke kinematics and coordinative swimming variables

, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon &
Pages 1669-1682 | Received 25 Aug 2020, Accepted 19 Jan 2022, Published online: 31 Jan 2022

References

  • Abdel-Aziz, Y. I., & Karara, H. M. (1971). Direct linear transformation from comparator coordinates into space coordinates in close range photogrammetry. Proceedings of the symposium on close range photogrammetry, 1–18. Falls-Church, VA: American Society of Photogrammetry.
  • Aujouannet, Y. A., Bonifazi, M., Hintzy, F., Vuillerme, N., & Rouard, A. H. (2006). Effects of a high-intensity swim test on kinematic parameters in high-level athletes. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 31(2), 150–158. https://doi.org/10.1139/h05-012
  • Blanksby, B., Skender, S., Elliott, B., McElroy, K., & Landers, G. (2004). An analysis of the rollover backstroke turn by age-group swimmers. Sports Biomechanics, 3(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763140408522826
  • Blanksby, B. A., Simpson, J. R., Elliott, B. C., & McElroy, K. (1998). Biomechanical factors influencing breaststroke turns by age-group swimmers. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 14(2), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.14.2.180
  • Burkett, B., Mellifont, R., & Mason, B. (2010). The influence of swimming start components for selected olympic and paralympic swimmers. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 26(2), 134–141. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.26.2.134
  • Chatard, J., & Wilson, B. (2003). Drafting distance in swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(7), 1176–1181. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000074564.06106.1F
  • Chollet, D., Carter, M., & Seifert, L. (2006). Effect of technical mistakes on arm coordination in backstroke. Revista Portuguesa de Ciencias Do Desporto, 6(2 Suppl), 30–32.
  • Chollet, D., Chalies, S., & Chatard, J. C. (2000). A new index of coordination for the crawl: Description and usefulness/Description et utilite d’un nouvel index de la coordination pour le crawl. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 21(1), 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-8855
  • Chollet, D., & Seifert, L. (2011). Inter-limb coordination in the four competitive strokes. In L. Seifert, D. Chollet, & I. Mujika (Eds.), World book of swimming: from science to performance (pp. 153–172). Nova Science Publishers.
  • Chollet, D., Seifert, L., Leblanc, H., Boulesteix, L., & Carter, M. (2004). Evaluation of arm-leg coordination in flat breaststroke. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 25(7), 486–495. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-820943
  • De Jesus, K., De Jesus, K., Figueiredo, P. A., Goncaalves, P., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Fernandes, R. J. (2012). Effects of fatigue on kinematical parameters during submaximal and maximal 100-m butterfly bouts. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 28(5), 599–607. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.28.5.599
  • Elipot, M., Hellard, P., Taïar, R., Boissière, E., Rey, J. L., Lecat, S., & Houel, N. (2009). Analysis of swimmers’ velocity during the underwater gliding motion following grab start. Journal of Biomechanics, 42(9), 1367–1370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.03.032
  • Glazier, P. S., & Davids, K. (2009). Constraints on the complete optimization of human motion. Sports Medicine, 39(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939010-00002
  • Gonjo, T., & Olstad, B. H. (2021). Differences between elite and sub-elite swimmers in a 100 m breaststroke: A new race analysis approach with time-series velocity data. Sports Biomechanics, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2021.1954238
  • Gourgoulis, V., Boli, A., Aggeloussis, N., Toubekis, A., Antoniou, P., Kasimatis, P., Vezos, N., Michalopoulou, M., Kambas, A., & Mavromatis, G. (2014). The effect of leg kick on sprint front crawl swimming. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(3), 278–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.823224
  • Hellard, P., Dekerle, J., Avalos, M., Caudal, N., Knopp, M., & Hausswirth, C. (2008). Kinematic measures and stroke rate variability in elite female 200-m swimmers in the four swimming techniques: Athens 2004 Olympic semi-finalists and French National 2004 Championship semi-finalists. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701332515
  • Houel, N., Elipot, M., André, F., & Hellard, P. (2013). Influence of angles of attack, frequency and kick amplitude on swimmers’ horizontal velocity during underwater phase of a grab start. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 29, 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.29.1.49
  • Leblanc, H., Seifert, L., Baudry, L., & Chollet, D. (2005). Arm-leg coordination in flat breaststroke: A comparative study between elite and non-elite swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(9), 787–797. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-830492
  • Lerda, R., & Cardelli, C. (2003). Analysis of stroke organisation in the backstroke as a function of skill. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74(2), 215–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2003.10609083
  • Li, T., Cai, W., & Zhan, J. (2017). Numerical investigation of swimmer’s gliding stage with 6-DOF movement. PLoS ONE, 12(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170894
  • Lyttle, A., & Blanksby, B. (2000). A look at gliding and underwater kicking in the swim turn. In Y. Hong, D. P. Johns, & R. Sanders (Eds.), 18 International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports.
  • Lyttle, A. D., & Mason, B. (1997). A kinematic and kinetic analysis of freestyle and butterfly turns. Journal of Swimming Research, 12, 7–11.
  • Marinho, D. A., Barbosa, T. M., Neiva, H. P., Silva, A. J., & Morais, J. E. (2020). Comparison of the start, turn and finish performance of elite swimmers in 100 m and 200 m races. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 19(2), 397–407.
  • Marinho, D. A., Reis, V. M., Alves, F. B., Vilas-Boas, J. P., Machado, L., Silva, A. J., & Rouboa, A. I. (2009). Hydrodynamic drag during gliding in swimming. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 25(3), 253–257. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.25.3.253
  • Martins-Silva, A., & Alves, F. (2000). Determinant factors related to the variation in horizontal velocity of the body centre of mass in butterfly. In Y. Hong, D. P. Johns, & R. Sanders (Eds.), 18 International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, Hong Kong, China.
  • Potdevin, F., Bril, B., Sidney, M., & Pelayo, P. (2006). Stroke frequency and arm coordination in front crawl swimming. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(3), 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-837545
  • Puel, F., Morlier, J., Avalos, M., Mesnard, M., Cid, M., & Hellard, P. (2012). 3D kinematic and dynamic analysis of the front crawl tumble turn in elite male swimmers. Journal of Biomechanics, 45(3), 510–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.11.043
  • Richardson, A. B. (1986). The biomechanics of swimming: The shoulder and knee. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 5, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5919(20)31162-5
  • Seifert, L., & Chollet, D. (2005). A new index of flat breaststroke propulsion: A comparison of elite men and women. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(3), 309–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410410001729964
  • Seifert, L. M., Delignieres, D., Boulesteix, L., & Chollet, D. (2007a). Effect of expertise on butterfly stroke coordination. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(2), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410600598471
  • Seifert, L., Vantorre, J., & Chollet, D. (2007b). Biomechanical analysis of the breaststroke start. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(11), 970–976. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-965005
  • Seifert, L., Boulesteix, L., Chollet, D., & Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2008). Differences in spatial-temporal parameters and arm-leg coordination in butterfly stroke as a function of race pace, skill and gender. Human Movement Science, 27(1), 96–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2007.08.001
  • Seifert, L., & Chollet, D. (2009). Modelling spatial-temporal and coordinative parameters in swimming. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12(4), 495–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2008.03.002
  • Seifert, L., Leblanc, H., Herault, R., Komar, J., Button, C., & Chollet, D. (2011). Inter-individual variability in the upper-lower limb breaststroke coordination. Human Movement Science, 30(3), 550–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2010.12.003
  • Seifert, L., Komar, J., Barbosa, T., Toussaint, H., Millet, G., & Davids, K. (2014a). Coordination pattern variability provides functional adaptations to constraints in swimming performance. Sports Medicine, 44(10), 1333–1345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0210-x
  • Seifert, L., Komar, J., Crettenand, F., Dadashi, F., Aminian, K., & Millet, G. P. (2014b). Inter-limb coordination and energy cost in swimming. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 17(4), 439–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.07.003
  • Soares, S. M., Fernandes, R. J., Machado, J. L., Maia, J. A., Daly, D. J., & Vilas-boas, J. P. (2014). Assessment of fatigue thresholds in 50-m all-out swimming. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(6), 959–965. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0419
  • Stosic, J., Veiga, S., Trinidad, A., & Navarro, E. (2021). How should the transition from underwater to surface swimming be performed by competitive swimmers? Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 11(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010122
  • Suito, H., Ikegami, Y., Nunome, H., Sano, S., Shinkai, H., & Tsujimoto, N. (2008). The effect of fatigue on the underwater arm stroke motion in the 100 m front crawl. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 24(2008), 316–324. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.24.4.316
  • Takagi, H., Sugimoto, S., Nishijima, N., & Wilson, B. (2004). Differences in stroke phases, arm-leg coordination and velocity fluctuation due to event, gender and performance level in breaststroke. Sports Biomechanics, 3(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763140408522827
  • Takeda, T., Ichikawa, H., Takagi, H., & Tsubakimoto, S. (2009). Do differences in initial speed persist to the stroke phase in front-crawl swimming? Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(13), 1449–1454. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903046228
  • Taladriz, S., de la Fuente-caynzos, B., & Arellano, R. (2016). Analysis of angular momentum effect on swimming kick-start performance. Journal of Biomechanics, 49(9), 1789–1793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.04.012
  • Tourny-Chollet, C., Chollet, D., Hogie, S., & Papparodopoulos, C. (2002). Kinematic analysis of butterfly turns of international and national swimmers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 383–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102317366636
  • Toussaint, H. M., Van Den Berg, C., & Beek, W. J. (2002). “Pumped-up propulsion” during front crawl swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(2), 314–319. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200202000-00020
  • Trinidad, A., Veiga, S., Navarro, E., & Lorenzo, A. (2020). The transition from underwater to surface swimming during the push-off start in competitive swimmers. Journal of Human Kinetics, 72(1), 61–67. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0125
  • Vantorre, J., Seifert, L., Fernandes, R. J., Boas, J. P. V., & Chollet, D. (2010). Kinematical profiling of the front crawl start. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1241208
  • Veiga, S., Cala, A., Frutos, P. G., & Navarro, E. (2013). Kinematical comparison of the 200 m backstroke turns between national and regional level swimmers. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 12(4), 730–737.
  • Veiga, S., Cala, A. G., Frutos, P., & Navarro, E. (2014a). Comparison of starts and turns of national and regional level swimmers by individualized-distance measurements. Sports Biomechanics, 13(3), 285–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2014.910265
  • Veiga, S., Mallo, J., Navandar, A., & Navarro, E. (2014b). Effects of different swimming race constraints on turning movements. Human Movement Science, 36, 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2014.04.002
  • Veiga, S., Roig, A., & Gómez-Ruano, M. A. (2016). Do faster swimmers spend longer underwater than slower swimmers at World Championships? European Journal of Sport Science, 16(8), 919–926. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1153727
  • Veiga, S., & Roig, A. (2017). Effect of the starting and turning performances on the subsequent swimming parameters of elite swimmers. Sports Biomechanics, 16(1), 34–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2016.1179782
  • Vennell, R., Pease, D., & Wilson, B. (2006). Wave drag on human swimmers. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(4), 664–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.01.023
  • Wheat, J., & Glazier, P. (2005). Techniques for measuring coordination and coordination variability. In K. Davids, S. J. Bennett, & K. Newell (Eds.), Variability in the movement system: A multi-disciplinary perspective (pp. 167–181). Human Kinetics.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.