References
- Beckman, E.M., Newcombe, P., Vanlandewijck, Y., Connick, M.J., & Tweedy, S.M. (2014). Novel strength test battery to permit evidence-based paralympic classification. Medical Journal, 93(4), 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000000031
- Beckman, E.M., Connick, M.J., & Tweedy, S.M. (2016). How much does lower body strength impact paralympic running performance? European Journal of Sport Science, 16(6), 669–676. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1132775
- Beckman, E.M., Connick, M.J., & Tweedy, S.M. (2017). Assessing muscle strength for the purpose of classification in paralympic sport: A review and recommendations. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(4), 391–396. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.010
- Connick, M.J., Beckman, E., Vanlandewijck, Y., Malone, L.A., Blomqvist, S., & Tweedy, S.M. (2018). Cluster analysis of novel isometric strength measures produces a valid and evidence-based classification structure for wheelchair track racing. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(17), 1123–1129. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097558
- De Groot, S., Dallmeijer, A.J., Bessems, P.J.C., Marcel, L., Der Woude LH, V., & Janssen, T.W.J. (2012). Comparison of muscle strength, sprint power and aerobic capacity in adults with and without cerebral palsy. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 44(11), 932–938. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-1037
- De Groot, S., Janssen, T.W.J., Evers, M., Van Der Luijt, P., Nienhuys, K.N.G., & Dallmeijer, A.J. (2012). Feasibility and reliability of measuring strength, sprint power, and aerobic capacity in athletes and non-athletes with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 54(7), 647–653. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04261.x
- De Groot, S., Kouwijzer, I., Valent, L.J.M., Der Woude LH, V., Nash, M.S., & Cowan, R.E. (2021). Good association between sprint power and aerobic peak power during asynchronuous arm- crank exercise in people with spinal cord injury. Disability and Rehabilitation, 43(3), 378–385. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2019.1625978
- Der Zwaard S, V., Der Laarse WJ, V., Weide, G., Bloemers, F.W., Hofmijster, M.J., Levels, K., Noordhof, D. A., Koning, J. J., Ruiter, C. J., & Jaspers, R. T. (2018). Critical determinants of combined sprint and endurance performance: An integrative analysis from muscle fiber to the human body. The FASEB Journal, 32(4), 2110–2123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201700827R
- Hislop, H., & Montgomery, J. (2007). Daniels and Worthingham’s muscle testing: Techniques of manual examination (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier.
- Hogarth, L., Payton, C., Nicholson, V., Spathis, J., Tweedy, S., Connick, M., Beckman, E., Van de Vliet, P., & Burkett, B. (2019). Classifying motor coordination impairment in para swimmers with brain injury. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(5), 526–531. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.11.015
- International Paralympic Committee. (2015). IPC athlete classification code. International Paralympic Committe. Retrieved September 3, 2021, from https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151218123255973_2015_12_17+Classification+Code_FINAL.pdf
- IPC. (2015). Athlete classification code. Retrieved September 3, 2021, from https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/170704160235698_2015_12_17%2BClassification%2BCode_FINAL2_0-1.pdf.
- Janssen, T.W.J., Van Oers, C., Hollander, P., & van der Woude, L.H.V. (1993). Isometric strength, sprint power and aerobic power. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 25(7), 863–870. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199307000-00016
- Kraaijenbrink, C., Vegter, R.J.K., Hensen, A.H.R., Wagner, H., & Der Woude LHV, V. (2020). Biomechanical and physiological differences between synchronous and asynchronous low intensity handcycling during practice-based learning in able-bodied men. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 17(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-020-00664-8
- Kraaijenbrink, C., Vegter, R., de Groot, S., Arnet, U., Valent, L., Verellen, J., van Breukelen, K., Hettinga, F., Perret, C., Abel, T., Goosey-Tolfrey, V., & van der Woude, L. (2021). Biophysical aspects of handcycling performance in rehabilitation, daily life and recreational sports; a narrative review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 43(24), 3461–3475. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2020.1815872
- Litzenberger, S., Mally, F., & Sabo, A. (2015). Influence of different seating and crank positions on muscular activity in elite handcycling - a case study. Procedia Engineering, 31(2), 355–360. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.262
- Mason, B.S., Stone, B., Warner, M.B., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V.L. (2021). Crank length alters kinematics and kinetics, yet not the economy of recumbent handcyclists at constant handgrip speeds. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 31(2), 388–397. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13859
- Nevin, J., & Smith, P.M. (2021). The anthropometric, physiological, and strength-related determinants of handcycling 15-km time-trial performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 16(2), 259–266. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2019-0861
- Nooijen, C., Muchaxo, R.E.A., Liljedahl, J., Bjerkefors, A., Janssen, T.W.J., Van Der Woude, L.H., Arndt, A., & de Groot, S. (2021). The relation between sprint power and time trial performance in elite paracyclists. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24(11), 1193–1198. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.04.014
- Quittmann, O.J., Meskamper, J., Abel, T., Albracht, K., Foitschik, T., Rojas-Vega, S., & Strüder, H. K. (2018). Kinematics and kinetics of handcycling propulsion at increasing workloads in able-bodied subjects. Sports Engineering, 21(4), 283–294. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-018-0269-y
- Quittmann, O.J., Abel, T., Albracht, K., & Strüder, H.K. (2020). Biomechanics of all-out handcycling exercise: Kinetics, kinematics and muscular activity of a 15-s sprint test in able-bodied participants. Sports Biomechanics, 1–24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2020.1745266
- Quittmann, O.J., Meskemper, J., Albracht, K., Abel, T., Foitschik, T., & Strüder, H.K. (2020). Normalising surface EMG of ten upper-extremity muscles in handcycling: Manual resistance vs. sport-specific MVICs. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 51(4), 102402. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2020.102402
- Quittmann, O.J., Abel, T., Albracht, K., & Strüder, H.K. (2021). Reliability of muscular activation patterns and their alterations during incremental handcycling in able-bodied participants during incremental handcycling in able-bodied participants. Sport Biomechine, 20(05), 603–618. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2019.1593496
- Rosén, J.S., Goosey-Tolfrey, V.L., Tolfrey, K., Arndt, A., & Bjerkefors, A. (2020). Interrater reliability of the new sport-specific evidence-based classification system for Para Va’a. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 37(3), 241–252. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2019-0141
- Stone, B., Mason, B.S., Warner, M.B., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V.L. (2019). Shoulder and thorax kinematics contribute to increased power output of competitive handcyclists. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 29(6), 843–853. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13402
- Tong, W., Chu, V., & Sanger, T.D. (2009). Force variability during isometric biceps contraction in children with secondary dystonia due to cerebral palsy. Movement Disorders, 24(9), 1299–1305. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22573
- Tweedy, S.M., Williams, G., & Bourke, J. (2010). Selecting and modifying methods of manual muscle testing for classification in paralympic sport. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 3(2), 7–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5507/euj.2010.005
- Tweedy, S.M., & Vanlandewijck, Y.C. (2011). International paralympic committee position stand-background and scientific principles of classification in paralympic sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(4), 259–269. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.065060
- Union Cycliste Internationale. (2020). Paracyclisme. Retrieved September 3, 2020, fromhttps://www.uci.org/para-cycling/[2021
- Union Cycliste Internationale. (2021). Part 16 para-cycling. In UCI cycling regulations (pp. 1–96). Union Cycliste Internationale document.
- Veeger, H.E.J., Van Der Woude, L.H.V., & Rozendal, R.H. (1992). Effect of handrim velocity on mechanical efficiency in wheelchair propulsion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24(1), 100–107. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199201000-00017
- Vegter, R.J.K., Mason, B.S., Sporrel, B., Stone, B., Van Der Woude, L.H.V., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V.L. (2019). Crank fore-aft position alters the distribution of work over the push and pull phase during synchronous recumbent handcycling of able-bodied participants. PLoS One, 14(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220943
- Verellen, J., Meyer, C., Janssens, L., & Vanlandewijck, Y. (2012). The impact of spinal cord injury lesion level on force generation effectiveness during handcycling [Doctoral dissertation]. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Analysis Performance Determinants in Handcycling. 79–94.
- Verellen, J., Janssens, L., Meyer, C., Vanlandewijck, Y.C. (2012). A handbike ergometer to measure the three dimensional force generation pattern during arm crank propulsion in realistic handcycling conditions [Doctoral dissertation]. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. 61–78.
- Verellen, J., Meyer, C., Janssens, L., Vanlandewijck, Y. (2012). An integrated kinetic, kinematic and EMG analysis to interpret gross mechanical efficiency in arm powered versus arm trunk powered handcycling: An exploratory study [Doctoral dissertation]. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. 111–136.
- Verellen, J., Janssens, L., Meyer, C., & Vanlandewijck, Y. (2012). Development and application of a handbike ergometer to measure the 3D force generation pattern during arm crank propulsion in realistic handcycling conditions. Sports Technology, 5(1–2), 65–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19346182.2012.754894
- Zeller, S., Abel, T., & Strueder, H. (2017). Monitoring training load in handcycling: A case study. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(11), 3094–3100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001786