631
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Front crawl swimming coordination: a systematic review

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Received 31 Dec 2020, Accepted 10 Sep 2022, Published online: 12 Oct 2022

References

  • Alberty, M., Potdevin, F., Dekerle, J., Pelayo, P., Gorce, P., & Sidney, M. (2008). Changes in swimming technique during time to exhaustion at freely chosen and controlled stroke rates. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(11), 1191–1200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410801974984
  • Alberty, M., Sidney, M., Dekerle, J., Potdevin, F., Hespel, J. M., & Pelayo, P. (2003). Effects of an exhaustive exercise on upper limb coordination and intracyclic velocity variations in front crawl stroke. In J. C. Chatard (Ed.), Biomechanics and medicine in swimming IX (pp. 81–85). Publications de l’Université de Saint-Étienne.
  • Alberty, M., Sidney, M., Huot-Marchand, F., Hespel, J. M., & Pelayo, P. (2005). Intracyclic velocity variations and arm coordination during exhaustive exercise in front crawl stroke. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(6), 471–475. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-821110
  • Alberty, M., Sidney, M., Pelayo, P., & Toussaint, H. M. (2009). Stroking characteristics during time to exhaustion Tests. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(3), 637–644. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818acfba
  • Barbosa, T. M., de Jesus, K., Abraldes, J. A., Ribeiro, J., Figueiredo, P., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Fernandes, R. J. (2015). Effects of protocol step length on biomechanical measures in swimming. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(2), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0108
  • Barbosa, T. M., Fernandes, R. J., Keskinen, K. L., & Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2008). The influence of stroke mechanics into energy cost of elite swimmers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 103(2), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0676-z
  • Barbosa, T., Keskinen, K. L., Fernandes, R., Colaco, P., Lima, A. B., & Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2005). Energy cost and intracyclic variation of the velocity of the centre of mass in butterfly stroke. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 93(5–6), 519–523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1251-x
  • Bideault, G., Herault, R., & Seifert, L. (2013). Data modelling reveals inter-individual variability of front crawl swimming. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 16(3), 281–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.08.001
  • Broucek, M. (1993). Breathing, grabbing large breaths and exhaling slowly are keys to winning races. In Swimming technology (Vol. 29, pp. 28–30).
  • Carmigniani, R., Seifert, L., Chollet, D., & Clanet, C. (2020). Coordination changes in front-crawl swimming. Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 476(2237), 20200071. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0071
  • Chollet, D., Chalies, S., & Chatard, J. (2000). A new index of coordination for the crawl: Description and usefulness. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 21(1), 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-8855
  • Chollet, D., Millet, G., Lerda, R., Hue, O., & Chatard, J. C. (2003). Crawl evaluation with index of coordination. In J. C. Chaterd (Ed.), Biomechanics and medicine in swimming IX (pp. 115–120). Publications de l’Université de Saint-Étienne.
  • Chung, M. H. (2009). On burst-and-coast swimming performance in fish-like locomotion. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 4(3), 36001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/4/3/036001
  • Craig, A. B., & Pendergast, D. R. (1979). Relationships of stroke rate, distance per stroke, and velocity in competitive swimming. Medicine Science Sports, 11(3), 278–283. https://europepmc.org/article/med/522640
  • Craig, A. B., Skehan, P. L., Pawelczyk, J. A., & Boomer, W. L. (1985). Velocity, stroke rate, and distance per stroke during elite swimming competition. Medicine Science Sports Exercise, 17(6), 625–634. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198512000-00001
  • Dadashi, F., Millet, G. P., & Aminian, K. (2016). Front-crawl stroke descriptors variability assessment for skill characterisation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(15), 1405–1412. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1114134
  • Dominguez-Castells, R., & Arellano, R. (2012). Effect of different loads on stroke and coordination parameters during freestyle semi-tethered swimming. Journal of Human Kinetics, 32(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0021-9
  • Ferchichi, S., Taktak, H., Taktak, Y., Zarrouk, F., Tabka, Z., & Souissi, N. (2015). Diurnal variation in stroke parameters and motor organization in front-crawl swimmers. Biological Rhythm Research, 46(6), 887–895.
  • Fernandes, R., Constancio, J. L., Figueiredo, P., Sampaio, A., Gonçalves, P., & Vasconcelos, O. (2009). Index of coordination assessment in young swimmers: Comparison between breathing and breathing cycles. Journal Medicine Science and Medicine, 11, 73–74.
  • Fernandes, R. J., Morais, P., Keskinen, K. L., Seifert, L., Chollet, D., & Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2010). Relationship between arm coordination and energy cost in front crawl swimming. In Proceedings of the XIth International symposium for biomechanics and medicine in swimming (pp. 74–76). Oslo:Norwegian School of Sport Science.
  • Figueiredo, P., Morais, P., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Fernandes, R. J. (2013). Changes in arm coordination and stroke parameters on transition through the lactate threshold. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(8), 1957–1964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2617-8
  • Figueiredo, P., Pendergast, D. R., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Fernandes, R. J. (2013). Interplay of biomechanical, energetic, coordinative, and muscular factors in a 200 m front crawl swim. BioMed Research International, 2013, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/897232
  • Figueiredo, P., Seifert, L., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Fernandes, R. J. (2012a). Individual profiles of spatio-temporal coordination in high intensity swimming. Human Movement Science, 31(5), 1200–1212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2012.01.006
  • Figueiredo, P., Seifert, L., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Fernandes, R. J. (2012b). Individual profiles of spatio-temporal coordination in high intensity swimming. Human Movement Science, 31(5), 1200–1212.
  • Figueiredo, P., Silva, A., Sampaio, A., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Fernandes, R. J. (2016). Front crawl sprint performance: A cluster analysis of biomechanics, energetics, coordinative, and anthropometric determinants in young swimmers. Motor Control, 20(3), 209–221.
  • Figueiredo, P., Toussaint, H. M., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Fernandes, R. J. (2013). Relation between efficiency and energy cost with coordination in aquatic locomotion. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(3), 651–659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2468-8
  • Figueiredo, P., Vilas-Boas, J. P., Seifert, L., Chollet, D., & Fernandes, R. J. (2010). Inter-limb coordinative structure in a 200 m front crawl event. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 3(1).
  • Figueiredo, P., Vilas-Boas, J. P., Seifert, L., Chollet, D., & Fernandes, R. J. (2014). Inter-limb coordinative structure in a 200 m front crawl event. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 3(1), 25–27. https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399X010030100025
  • Fish, F. E., Howle, L. E., & Murray, M. M. (2008). Hydrodynamic flow control in marine mammals. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 48(6), 788–800. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icn029
  • Formosa, D. P., Sayers, M. G. L., & Burkett, B. (2013). Front-crawl stroke-coordination and symmetry: A comparison between timing and net drag force protocols. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(7), 759–766. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.750004
  • Formosa, D. P., Sayers, M. G. L., & Burkett, B. (2014). Quantifying stroke coordination during the breathing action in front-crawl swimming using an instantaneous net drag force profile. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(18), 1729–1737. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.915424
  • Franken, M., Ludwig, R. F., Cardoso, T. P., Silveira, R. P., & Castro, F. A. D. S. (2016). Performance in 200 m front crawl: Coordination index, propulsive time and stroke parameters. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 18, 311–321.
  • Fujishima, M., & Miyashita, M. (1999). Velocity degradation caused by its fluctuation in swimming and guidelines for improvement of average velocity. In K. Keskinen, P. V. Komi, & A. P. Hollander (Eds.), Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VIII (pp. 41–45). Jyvaskyla.
  • Glazier, P. S., Wheat, J. S., Pease, D. L., & Bartlett, R. M. (2006). Dynamic systems theory and the functional role of movement variability. In K. Davids, S. Bennett, & K. Newell (Eds.), Movement system variability (pp. 49–72). Human Kinetics Publishers.
  • Gourgoulis, V., Aggeloussis, N., Boli, A., Michalopoulou, M., Toubekis, A., Kasimatis, P., & Mavrommatis, G. (2013). Inter-arm coordination and intra-cyclic variation of the hip velocity during front crawl resisted swimming. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 53(6), 612–619.
  • Gourgoulis, V., Aggeloussis, N., Kasimatis, P., Vezos, N., Antoniou, P., & Mavromatis, G. (2009). The influence of hand paddles on the arm coordination in female front crawl swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(3), 735–740. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a07357
  • Guignard, B., Rouard, A., Chollet, D., Ayad, O., Bonifazi, M., Dalla Vedova, D., & Seifert, L. (2017a). Perception and action in swimming: Effects of aquatic environment on upper limb inter-segmental coordination. Human Movement Science, 55, 240–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2017.08.003
  • Guignard, B., Rouard, A., Chollet, D., Ayad, O., Bonifazi, M., Vedova, D. D., & Seifert, L. (2017b). Perception and action in swimming: Effects of aquatic environment on upper limb inter- segmental coordination. Human Movement Science, 55, 240–254.
  • Guignard, B., Rouard, A., Chollet, D., Bonifazi, M., Dalla Vedova, D., Hart, J., & Seifert, L. (2019). Upper to lower limb coordination dynamics in swimming depending on swimming speed and aquatic environment manipulations. Motor Control, 23(3), 418–442.
  • Guignard, B., Rouard, A., Chollet, D., Bonifazi, M., Dalla Vedova, D., Hart, J., & Seifert, L. (2020). Coordination dynamics of upper limbs in swimming: Effects of speed and fluid flow manipulation. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 91(3), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1680787
  • Hamill, J., Haddad, J. M., & McDermott, W. (2000). Issues in quantifying variability from a dynamical systems perspective. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 16(4), 407–418. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.16.4.407
  • Hue, O., Benavente, H., & Chollet, D. (2003). The effect of wet suit use by triathletes: An analysis of the different phases of arm movement. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21(12), 1025–1030. https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000140419
  • Keskinen, K. L., & Komi, P. V. (1993). Stroking characteristics of front crawl swimming during exercise. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 9(3), 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.9.3.219
  • Koeneke, S., Lutz, K., Wüstenberg, T., & Jäncke, L. (2004). Bimanual versus unimanual coordination: What makes the difference? Neuroimage, 22(3), 1336–1350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.03.012
  • Kolmogorov, S. V., & Duplishcheva, O. A. (1992). Active drag, useful mechanical power output and hydrodynamic force coefficient in different swimming strokes at maximal velocity. Journal of Biomechanics, 25(3), 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(92)90028-Y
  • Kolmogorov, S. V., Rumyantseva, O. A., Gordon, B. J., & Cappaert, J. M. (1997). Hydrodynamic characteristics of competitive swimmers of different genders and performance levels. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 13(1), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.13.1.88
  • Lemaître, F., Seifert, L., Polin, D., Juge, J., Tourny-Chollet, C., & Chollet, D. (2009). Apnea training effects on swimming coordination. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(6), 1909–1914. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b073a8
  • Lerda, R., & Cardelli, C. (2003). Breathing and propelling in crawl as a function of skill and swim velocity. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 24(1), 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-37195
  • Lerda, R., Cardelli, C., & Chollet, D. (2001). Analysis of the interactions between breathing and arm actions in the front crawl. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 40(2), 129–144. https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/iks/sponet/Record/3032624
  • Maglischo, E. (2003a). Seasson planning swimming fastest. Human Kinetics Champaign, Illinois.
  • Maglischo, E. (2003b). Swimming fastest. Human Kinetics.
  • Matsuda, Y., Yamada, Y., Ikuta, Y., Nomura, T., & Oda, S. (2014). Intracyclic velocity variation and arm coordination for different skilled swimmers in the front crawl. Journal of Human Kinetics, 44, 67.
  • Mezêncio, B., Pinho, J. P., Huebner, R., Vilas-Boas, J. P., Amadio, A. C., & Serrão, J. C. (2020). Overall indexes of coordination in front crawl swimming. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(8), 910–917.
  • Millet, G., Chollet, D., Chalies, S., & Chatard, J. (2002). Coordination in front crawl in elite triathletes and elite swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 23(2), 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-20126
  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
  • Morais, P., Ribeiro, J., Balonas, A., Figueiredo, P., Seifert, L., Chollet, D., Keskinen, K. L., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Fernandes, R. J. (2008). Arm coordination and intracycle velocity variations during a time limit test at the velocity of VO2max. Archivos de Medicina Del Deport, 587.
  • Morouço, P. G., Marinho, D. A., Fernandes, R. J., & Marques, M. C. (2015). Quantification of upper limb kinetic asymmetries in front crawl swimming. Human Movement Science, 40, 185–192.
  • Morris, K. S., Osborne, M. A., Shephard, M. E., Skinner, T. L., & Jenkins, D. G. (2016). Velocity, aerobic power and metabolic cost of whole body and arms only front crawl swimming at various stroke rates. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(5), 1075–1085. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3372-4
  • Newell, K. (1986). Constraints on the development of coordination. In Motor development in children: Aspects of coordination and control.
  • Nikodelis, T., Kollias, I., & Hatzitaki, V. (2005). Bilateral inter-arm coordination in freestyle swimming: Effect of skill level and swimming speed. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(7), 737–745. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021955
  • Pelayo, P., Alberty, M., Sidney, M., Potdevin, F., & Dekerle, J. (2007). Aerobic potential, stroke parameters, and coordination in swimming front-crawl performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2(4), 347–359. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2.4.347
  • Pelayo, P., Sidney, M., Kherif, T., Chollet, D., & Tourny, C. (1996). Stroking characteristics in freestyle swimming and relationships with anthropometric characteristics. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 12(2), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.12.2.197
  • Potdevin, F., Bril, B., Sidney, M., & Pelayo, P. (2006). Stroke frequency and arm coordination in front crawl swimming. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(03), 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-837545
  • Potdevin, F., Delignières, D., Dekerle, J., Alberty, M., Sidney, M., & Pelayo, P. (2003). Does stroke rate determine swimming velocity values and coordination. Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming, IX, 163–167.
  • Potts, A. D., Charlton, J. E., & Smith, H. M. (2002). Bilateral arm power imbalance in swim bench exercise to exhaustion. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(12), 975–979. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102321011733
  • Ribeiro, J., De Jesus, K., Figueiredo, P., Toussaint, H., Guidetti, L., Alves, F., Fernandes, R. J., & Fernandes, R. J. (2013). Biomechanical determinants of force production in front crawl swimming. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 53(3 suppl 1), 30–37. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laura-Guidetti/publication/255701570_Biomechanical_determinants_of_force_production_in_front_crawl_swimming/links/02e7e5203b4eb7af2b000000/Biomechanical-determinants-of-force-production-in-front-crawl-swimming.pdf
  • Ribeiro, J., Toubekis, A. G., Figueiredo, P., de Jesus, K., Toussaint, H. M., Alves, F., and Fernandes, R. J. (2017). Biophysical determinants of front-crawl swimming at moderate and severe intensities. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(2), 241–246. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0766
  • Richards, R. (2006). The mechanics of modern freestyle. Journal of the Australian Swmming Coaches and Teachers Association, 22(3), 22–24.
  • Rouard, A., & Billat, R. (1990). Influences of sex and level of performance on freestyle stroke: An electromyography and kinematic study. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 11(02), 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1024781
  • de Jesus, K., Sanders, R., de Jesus, K., Ribeiro, J., Figueiredo, P., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Fernandes, R. J. (2016). The effect of intensity on 3-dimensional kinematics and coordination in front-crawl swimming. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 11(6), 768–775.
  • Schnitzler, C., Brazier, T., Button, C., Seifert, L., & Chollet, D. (2011). Effect of velocity and added resistance on selected coordination and force parameters in front crawl. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(10), 2681–2690. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318207ef5e
  • Schnitzler, C., Ernwein, V., Seifert, L., & Chollet, D. (2006). Use of index of coordination to assess optimal adaptation: A case study. Revista Portuguesa de Ciencias Do Desporto, 6, 257–259.
  • Schnitzler, C., Seifert, L., Alberty, M., & Chollet, D. (2010). Hip velocity and arm coordination in front crawl swimming. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(12), 875–881. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1265149
  • Schnitzler, C., Seifert, L., Button, C., Kennedy, G., & Toussaint, H. (2017). Adaptability in swimming pattern: How do swimmers modify propulsive action as a function of speed? In First complex systems digital campus world e-conference 2015 (pp. 141–147). Cham: Springer.
  • Schnitzler, C., Seifert, L., & Chollet, D. (2009). Variability of coordination parameters at 400-m front crawl swimming pace. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 8(2), 203–210. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3761493/
  • Schnitzler, C., Seifert, L., & Chollet, D. (2011). Arm coordination and performance level in the 400-m front crawl. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2011.10599716
  • Schnitzler, C., Seifert, L., Chollet, D., & Toussaint, H. (2014). Effect of aerobic training on inter-arm coordination in highly trained swimmers. Human Movement Science, 33, 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2013.12.004
  • Schnitzler, C., Seifert, L., Ernwein, V., & Chollet, D. (2008). Arm coordination adaptations assessment in swimming. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29(6), 480–486. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-989235
  • Seifert, L. (2010). Inter-limb coordination in swimming. In P. Kjendlie, R. Stallman, & J. Cabri (Eds.), Biomechanics and medicine in swimming XI (pp. 35–38). Nordbergtrykk.
  • Seifert, L., Boulesteix, L., Carter, M., & Chollet, D. (2005). The spatial-temporal and coordinative structures in elite male 100-m front crawl swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(4), 286–293. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-821010
  • Seifert, L., Boulesteix, L., & Chollet, D. (2003). Arm coordination of female and male elite swimmers in front crawl. Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming, IX, 173–178.
  • Seifert, L., Boulesteix, L., & Chollet, D. (2004). Effect of gender on the adaptation of arm coordination in front crawl. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 25(3), 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-45253
  • Seifert, L., Chehensse, A., Tourny-Chollet, C., Lemaitre, F., & Chollet, D. (2008). Effect of breathing pattern on arm coordination symmetry in front crawl. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1670–1676. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318182029d
  • Seifert, L., & Chollet, D. (2009). Modelling spatial–temporal and coordinative parameters in swimming. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12(4), 495–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2008.03.002
  • Seifert, L., & Chollet, D. (2010). Modelling arm coordination in front crawl. In P. Kjendlie, R. Stallman, & J. Cabri (Eds.), Biomchanics and medicine in swimming XI (pp. 117–118). Nordbergtrykk.
  • Seifert, L., Chollet, D., & Allard, P. (2005). Arm coordination symmetry and breathing effect in front crawl. Human Movement Science, 24(2), 234–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2005.05.003
  • Seifert, L., Chollet, D., & Bardy, B. (2004). Effect of swimming velocity on arm coordination in the front crawl: A dynamic analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(7), 651–660. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410310001655787
  • Seifert, L., Chollet, D., & Chatard, J. C. (2007a). Kinematic changes during a 100-m front crawl: Effects of performance level and gender. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(10), 1784–1793. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180f62f38
  • Seifert, L., Chollet, D., & Chatard, J. C. (2007b). Kinematic changes during a 100-m front crawl. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(10), 1784–1793. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180f62f38
  • Seifert, L., Chollet, D., & Rouard, A. (2007). Swimming constraints and arm coordination. Human Movement Science, 26(1), 68–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2006.09.003
  • Seifert, L., Komar, J., Araújo, D., & Davids, K. (2016). Neurobiological degeneracy: A key property for functional adaptations of perception and action to constraints. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 69, 159–165.
  • Seifert, L., Komar, J., Barbosa, T., Toussaint, H., Millet, G., & Davids, K. (2014). Coordination pattern variability provides functional adaptations to constraints in swimming performance. Sports Medicine, 44(10), 1333–1345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0210-x
  • Seifert, L., Komar, J., Leprêtre, P. M., Lemaitre, F., Chavallard, F., Alberty, M., & Hellard, P. (2010). Swim specialty affects energy cost and motor organization. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(09), 624–630. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1255066
  • Seifert, L., Leblanc, H., Herault, R., Komar, J., Button, C., & Chollet, D. (2011). Inter-individual variability in the upper–lower limb breaststroke coordination. Human Movement Science, 30(3), 550–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2010.12.003
  • Seifert, L., Schnitzler, C., Alberty, M., Chollet, D., & Toussaint, H. M. (2010). Arm coordination, active drag and propelling efficiency in front crawl. In Biomechanics and medicine in swimming (pp. 115–117).
  • Seifert, L., Schnitzler, C., Bideault, G., Alberty, M., Chollet, D., & Toussaint, H. M. (2015). Relationships between coordination, active drag and propelling efficiency in crawl. Human Movement Science, 39, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2014.10.009
  • Seifert, L., Toussaint, H. M., Alberty, M., Schnitzler, C., & Chollet, D. (2010). Arm coordination, power, and swim efficiency in national and regional front crawl swimmers. Human Movement Science, 29(3), 426–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2009.11.003
  • Silva, A. F., Figueiredo, P., Morais, S. T., Vilas-Boas, J. P., Fernandes, R. J., & Seifert, L. (2019a). Task constraints and coordination flexibility in young swimmers. Motor Control, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1123/mc.2018-0070
  • Silva, A. F., Figueiredo, P., Ribeiro, J., Alves, F., Vilas-Boas, J. P., Seifert, L., & Fernandes, R. J. (2019b). Integrated analysis of young swimmers’ sprint performance. Motor Control. https://doi.org/10.1123/mc.2018-0014
  • Silva, A. F., Figueiredo, P., Seifert, L., & Fernandes, R. J. (2016). Control parameter determination when manipulating task constraints. Current Research in Motor Control, V, 246.
  • Silva, A., Figueiredo, P., Soares, S., Seifert, L., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Fernandes, R. J. (2012). Front crawl technical characterization of 11- to 13-year-old swimmers. Pediatric Exercise Science, 24(3), 409–419. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.24.3.409
  • Silva, A. F., Seifert, L., Sousa, M., Willig, R., Alves, F., & Figueiredo, P. (2014). A multi-analysis of performance in 13-to 15-year-old swimmers: A pilot study. . Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XII. Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Sport.
  • Simbaña-Escobar, D., Hellard, P., & Seifert, L. (2020). Influence of stroke rate on coordination and sprint performance in elite male and female swimmers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 30(11), 2078–2091. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13786
  • Slim, K., Nini, E., Forestier, D., Kwiatkowski, F., Panis, Y., & Chipponi, J. (2003). Methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS): Development and validation of a new instrument. ANZ Journal of Surgery, 73(9), 712–716. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x
  • Sobrino, J. M., Fernández, S. V., & Navandar, A. (2017). Evaluation of arm-to-leg coordination in freestyle swimming. European Journal of Human Movement, 38, 27–39.
  • Strzała, M., Tyka, A., & Krezałek, P. (2007). Swimming technique and biometric and functional indices of young swimmers in relation to front crawl swimming velocity. Human Movement, 8(2), 112–119. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.464.697&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=38
  • Swinnen, S. P. (2002). Intermanual coordination: From behavioural principles to neural-network interactions. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 348–359. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn807
  • Tella, V., Llop, F., Jordà, J., Madera, J., & Benavent, J. (2006). Intracycle speed and coordination vs fatigue in swimming. Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming, X, 105–107.
  • Telles, T., Barbosa, A. C., Campos, M. H., & Júnior, O. A. (2011). Effect of hand paddles and parachute on the index of coordination of competitive crawl-strokers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(4), 431–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.523086
  • Tourny-Chollet, C., Seifert, L., & Chollet, D. (2009). Effect of force symmetry on coordination in crawl. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(03), 182–187. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1104581
  • Toussaint, H. M. (1992a). Performance determining factors in front crawl swimming. In D. Maclaren, T. Reiley, & A. Lees (Eds.), Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VI (pp. 13–32). London: E & FN Spon.
  • Toussaint, H. M., & Beek, P. J. (1992b). Biomechanics of competitive front crawl swimming. Sports Medicine, 13(1), 8–24. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199213010-00002
  • Toussaint, H. M., Beelen, A., Rodenburg, A., Sargeant, A. J., de Groot, G., Hollander, A. P., & van Ingen Schenau, G. J. (1988). Propelling efficiency of front-crawl swimming. Journal of Applied Physiology, 65(6), 2506–2512. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.6.2506
  • Toussaint, H. M., Carol, A., Kranenborg, H., & Truijens, M. J. (2006). Effect of fatigue on stroking characteristics in an arms-only 100-m front-crawl race. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 38(9), 1635–1642. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000230209.53333.31
  • Truijens, M., & Toussaint, H. (2005). Biomechanical aspects of peak performance in human swimming. Animal Biology, 55(1), 17–40. https://doi.org/10.1163/1570756053276907
  • Videler, J. J., & Weihs, D. (1982). Energetic advantages of burst-and-coast swimming of fish at high speeds. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 97(1), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.97.1.169
  • Vilas-Boas, J. P., Fernandes, R. J., & Barbosa, T. M. (2011). Intra-cycle velocity variations, swimming economy, performance and training in swimming. In L. Seifert, D. Chollet, & Í. Mujika (Eds.), The world book of swimming: From science to performance (pp. 119–134). Nova Science Publishers.
  • Wannier, T., Bastiaanse, C., Colombo, G., & Dietz, V. (2001). Arm to leg coordination in humans during walking, creeping and swimming activities. Experimental Brain Research, 141(3), 375–379.
  • Zacca, R., Toubekis, A., Freitas, L., Silva, A. F., Azevedo, R., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Fernandes, R. J. (2019). Effects of detraining in age-group swimmers performance, energetics and kinematics. Journal of sports sciences, 37(13), 1490–1498.
  • Zamparo, P., Capelli, C., Cautero, M., & DiNino, A. (2000). Energy cost of front crawl swimming at supramaximal speeds and underwater torque in young swimmers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 83, 487–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210000318

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.