Kinematic and spatiotemporal differences between footstrike patterns in elite male and female 10,000 m runners in competition

References

• Abshire, D., & Metzler, B. (2010). Natural running: The simple path to stronger, healthier running. Velo Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, O. (2018). Running form: How to run faster and prevent injury. Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, G., & Nevill, A. M. (1998). Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports Medicine, 26(4), 217–238. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199826040-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateman, K., & Jones, H. (2020). Older yet faster: The secret to running fast and injury free. Older Yet Faster Publications Pty Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Billat, V., Lepretre, P. M., Heugas, A. M., Laurence, M. H., Salim, D., & Koralsztein, J. P. (2003). Training and bioenergetic characteristics in elite male and female Kenyan runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(2), 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000053556.59992.A9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnley, M., & Jones, A. M. (2010). ‘Traditional’ perspectives can explain the sprint finish. In: Comments on point: Counterpoint: Afferent feedback from fatigued locomotor muscles is/is not an important determinant of endurance exercise performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 108(2), 458–468. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01388.2009
   Google Scholar
• Cairns, M., Burdette, R., Pisciotta, J., & Simon, S. (1986). A biomechanical analysis of racewalking gait. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 18(4), 446–453. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198608000-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanagh, P. R., & Williams, K. R. (1982). The effect of stride length variation on oxygen uptake during distance running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14(1), 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198201000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Fee, E. W. (2005). The complete guide to running: How to be a champion from 9 to 90. Meyer & Meyer Sport, Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Field, A. P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Folland, J. P., Allen, S. J., Black, M. I., Handsaker, J. C., & Forrester, S. E. (2017). Running technique is an important component of running economy and performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 49(7), 1412–1423. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrester, S. E., & Townend, J. (2015). The effect of running velocity on footstrike angle – A curve-clustering approach. Gait and Posture, 41(1), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goss, D. L., & Gross, M. T. (2013). A comparison of negative joint work and vertical ground reaction force loading rates in chi runners and rearfoot-striking runners. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 43(10), 685–92. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2013.4542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley, B., Bissas, A., Merlino, S., & Gruber, A. H. (2019). Most marathon runners at the 2017 IAAF World Championships were rearfoot strikers, and most did not change footstrike pattern. Journal of Biomechanics, 92, 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.05.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley, B., Smith, L. C., & Bissas, A. (2011). Kinematic variations due to changes in pace during men’s and women’s 5 km road running. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 6(2), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.6.2.243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley, B., Tucker, C. B., Bissas, A., Merlino, S., & Gruber, A. H. (2021). Footstrike patterns and race performance in the 2017 IAAF World Championship men’s 10,000 m final. Sports Biomechanics, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2020.1856916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa, H., Yamauchi, T., & Kraemer, W. J. (2007). Foot strike patterns of runners at the 15-km point during an elite-level half marathon. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(3), 888–893. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200708000-00040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, P., & Caplan, N. (2012). Foot strike patterns and ground contact times during high-calibre middle-distance races. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(12), 1275–1283. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.707326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoaglin, D. C., & Iglewicz, B. (1987). Fine-tuning some resistant rules for outlier labeling. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 82(400), 1147–1149. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1987.10478551
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewell, C., Boyer, K. A., & Hamill, J. (2017). Do footfall patterns in forefoot runners change over an exhaustive run? Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(1), 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1156726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasmer, M. E., Wren, J. J., & Hoffman, M. D. (2014). Foot strike patterns and gait changes during a 161-km ultramarathon. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(5), 1343–1350. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, P., Higgins, E., Kaminski, J., Decker, T., Preble, J., Lyons, D., McIntyre, K., & Normile, A. (2011). Foot strike patterns of recreational and sub-elite runners in a long-distance road race. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(15), 1665–1673. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.610347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman, D. E. (2014). Strike type variation among Tarahumara Indians in minimal sandals versus conventional running shoes. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 3(2), 86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2014.03.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman, D. E., Warrener, A. G., Wang, J., & Castillo, E. R. (2015). Effects of stride frequency and foot position at landing on braking force, hip torque, impact peak force and the metabolic cost of running in humans. Journal of Experimental Biology, 218(21), 3406–3414. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.125500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan, S., Hunter, I., Hopkins, J. T., Feland, J. B., & Parcell, A. C. (2010). Ground reaction force differences between running shoes, racing flats, and distance spikes in runners. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 9(1), 147–153. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3737977/
   Google Scholar
• Möhler, F., Fadillioglu, C., & Stein, T. (2021). Fatigue-related changes in spatiotemporal parameters, joint kinematics and leg stiffness in expert runners during a middle-distance run. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 634258. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.634258
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perl, D. P., Daoud, A. I., & Lieberman, D. E. (2012). Effects of footwear and strike type on running economy. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44(7), 1335–1343. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318247989e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perneger, T. V. (1998). What’s wrong with Bonferroni adjustments. British Medical Journal, 316(7139), 1236–1238. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7139.1236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preece, S. J., Bramah, C., & Mason, D. (2019). The biomechanical characteristics of high-performance endurance running. European Journal of Sport Science, 19(6), 784–792. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1554707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squadrone, R., Rodano, R., Hamill, J., & Preatoni, E. (2015). Acute effect of different minimalist shoes on foot strike pattern and kinematics in rearfoot strikers during running. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(11), 1196–1204. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.989534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugimoto, D., Kelly, B. D., Mandel, D. L., d’Hemecourt, D. A., Carpenito, S. C., d’Hemecourt, C. A., & d’Hemecourt, P. A. (2019). Running propensities of athletes with hamstring injuries. Sports, 7(9), 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7090210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrener, A., Tamai, R., & Lieberman, D. E. (2021). The effect of trunk flexion angle on lower limb mechanics during running. Human Movement Science, 78, 102817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2021.102817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Athletics. (2021) . C2.1A – Athletic shoe regulations.
   Google Scholar