References
- Aitken, B., and A. Harrison. 1999. “Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Venezuela.” American Economic Review 89 (3): 605–618. doi:https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.3.605.
- Altenburg, T. 2000. “Linkages and Spillovers between Transnational Corporations and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Developing Countries: Opportunities and Policies.” In Proceedings of the UNCTAD X special round table “TNC-SME linkages for development”. Bangkok.
- Auffray, C., and X. Fu. 2015. “Chinese MNEs and Managerial Knowledge Transfer in Africa: The Case of the Construction Sector in Ghana.” Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies 13 (4): 285–310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2015.1092415.
- Baah, A. Y., and H. Jauch. 2009. Chinese Investments in Africa: A Labour Perspective. Accra: African Labour Research Network.
- Blomstrom, M., and F. Sjoholm. 1999. “Technology Transfer and Spillovers: Does Local Participation with Multinationals Matter?” European Economic Review 43 (4–6): 915–923. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(98)00104-4.
- Braconier, H., K. Ekholm, and K. Midelfart-Knarvik. 2001. “In Search of FDI – Transmitted R&D Spillovers: A Study Based on Swedish Data.” Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv / Review of World Economics 137 (4): 644–665. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02707427.
- Brautigam, D. 2014. “Application for DFID-ESRC China and Africa Research Program: Chinese FDI and Structural Transformation in Africa: Technology Transfer, Linkages, and Learning.” Unpublished.
- Brautigam, D., and X. Tang. 2014. “‘Going Global in Groups’: Structural Transformation and China’s Special Economic Zones Overseas.” World Development 63: 78–91. November. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.010.
- Brautigam, D., X. Tang, and X. Ying. 2018. “What Kinds of Chinese “Geese” are Flying to Africa? Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Firms.” Working Paper No. 2018/17. Washington, DC: China Africa Research Initiative, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. http://www.sais-cari.org/publications
- Chen, Y. 2021. “‘Africa’s China’: Chinese Manufacturing Investment in Nigeria and Channels for Technology Transfer.” Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies: 1–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2021.1943184.
- Chen, Y., and D. Landry. 2016. “Where Africa Meets Asia: Chinese Agricultural and Manufacturing Investment in Madagascar.” Working Paper No. 2016/5. Washington, DC: China-Africa Research Initiative, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. http://www.sais-cari.org/publications
- Edwards, L., and R. Jenkins. 2015. “The Impact of Chinese Import Penetration on the South African Manufacturing Sector.” The Journal of Development Studies 51 (4): 447–463. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2014.983912.
- Fei, D., A. Samatar, and C. Liao. 2018. “Chinese-African Encounters in High-Tech Sectors: Comparative Investigation of Chinese Workplace Regimes in Ethiopia.” Development Policy Review 36 (S1): 455–475. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12357.
- Graham, E. M. 1995. “Foreign Direct Investment in the World Economy.” In IMF World Economic and Financial Survey, edited by International Monetary Fund, 120–135. Washington, DC.
- Harrison, A. 1994. “The Role of Multinationals in Economics Development: The Benefit of FDI.” Columbia Journal of World Business 29 (4): 6–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5428(94)90028-0.
- Jenkins, R. 2018. How China is Reshaping the Global Economy: Development Impacts in Africa and Latin America. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Kernen, A., and K. N. Lam. 2014. “Workforce Localization among Chinese State-owned Enterprises (SOEs) in Ghana.” Journal of Contemporary China 23 (90): 1053–1072. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2014.898894.
- King, K. 2013. China’s Aid and Soft Power in Africa: The Case of Education and Training. Boydell & Brewer. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/chinas-aid-and-soft-power-in-africa/A88A176A185AD63D7BEC2E2E1B187B0A
- Lampert, B., and G. Mohan. 2014. “Sino-African Encounters in Ghana and Nigeria: From Conflict to Conviviality and Mutual Benefit.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 43 (1): 9–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/186810261404300102.
- Landry, D., and Y. Chen. 2021. “Can Chinese Investment Lead to Knowledge and Technology Transfers? The Case of Madagascar.” Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies: 1–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2021.1940452.
- Lee, C. K. 2017. The Specter of Global China. Politics, Labor, and Foreign Investment in Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Liu, Z. 2008. “Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Spillovers: Theory and Evidence.” Journal of Development Economics 85 (1–2): 176–193. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.07.001.
- McKinsey & Company. 2017. Dance of the Lions and Dragons. How are Africa and China Engaging, and How Will the Partnership Evolve? San Francisco, CA: McKinsey & Company.
- Meng, Q., and E. Bempong Nyantakyi. 2019. “Local Skill Development from China’s Engagement in Africa: Comparative Evidence from the Construction Sector in Ghana.” Working Paper No. 2019/22. Washington, DC: China Africa Research Initiative, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. http://www.sais-cari.org/publications
- Muchie, M., and S. K. Patra. 2019. “China–Africa Science and Technology Collaboration: Evidence from Collaborative Research Papers and Patents.” Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies 18 (1): 1–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2019.1647004.
- Ostry, S., and M. Gestrin. 1993. “Foreign Direct Investment, Technology Transfer and the Innovation-Network Model.”Transnational Corporations 2(3): 1–22. https://unctad.org/webflyer/transnational-corporations-vol2-no3
- Oya, C. 2019. “Labour Regimes and Workplace Encounters between China and Africa.” In China-Africa and an Economic Transformation, edited by A. Oqubay and J. Y. Lin. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Quinn, J. B. 1969. “Technology Transfer by Multinational Companies.” Harvard Business Review 47(6): 147–161.
- Sutherland, D., and J. Anderson. 2015. “The Pitfalls of Using Foreign Direct Investment Data to Measure Chinese Multinational Enterprise Activity.” The China Quarterly 221: 21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741014001490.
- Tang, X. 2016. “Does Chinese Employment Benefit Africans? Investigating Chinese Enterprises and Their Operations in Africa.” African Studies Quarterly 16 (3–4): 107–128.
- Tang, X. 2021. “Adaptation, Innovation, and Industrialization: The Impact of Chinese Investments on Skill Development in the Zambian and Malawian Cotton Sectors.” Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2021.1943734.
- Thompson, E. R. 2002. “Clustering of Foreign Direct Investment and Enhanced Technology Transfer: Evidence from Hong Kong Garment Firms in China.” World Development 30(5):873–889. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00009-8.
- Tugendhat, H. 2021. “Connection Issues: A Study on the Limitations of Knowledge Transfer in Huawei’s African Training Centres.” Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies: 1–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2021.1943194.
- UNCTAD. 2016. “Investment Flows through Offshore Financial Hubs Declined but Remain at High Levels.” 23. Global Investment Trends Monitor. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/webdiaeia2016d2_en.pdf
- Wojcik, D., and J. Camilleri. 2015. “‘Capitalist Tools in Socialist Hands’? China Mobile in Global Financial Networks.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 40 (4): 464–478. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12089.
- Xia, Y. 2019a. “Wealth from Waste? Chinese Investments and Technology Transfer in the Tanzanian Plastic Recycling Industry”. Working Paper No. 2019/27. Washington, DC: China Africa Research Initiative, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. http://www.sais-cari.org/publications
- Xia, Y. 2019b. “Chinese Agricultural and Manufacturing Investment in Kenya: A Scoping Study.” Working Paper No. 2019/30. Washington, DC: China Africa Research Initiative, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. http://www.sais-cari.org/publications
- Xia, Y. 2019c. “Assessing Chinese Manufacturing Investments in East Africa: Drivers, Challenges, and Opportunities.” CARI Briefing Paper 2019/2. Washington, DC: China Africa Research Initiative, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. http://www.sais-cari.org/publications
- Xia, Y. 2021. “Chinese Investment in East Africa: History, Status, and Impacts.” Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies: 1–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2021.1966733.
- Zeng, D. Z. 2015. “Global Experiences with Special Economic Zones: Focus on China and Africa.” Policy Research Working Papers. World Bank. doi:https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7240.