Depression and anxiety during pregnancy: A risk factor for obstetric, fetal and neonatal outcome? A critical review of the literature

References

• Andersson L, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Bixo M, Wulff M, Bondestam K, Astrom M. Point prevalence of psychiatric disorders during the second trimester of pregnancy: A population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189: 148–154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett H A, Einarson A, Taddio A, Koren G, Einarson T R. Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: Systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103: 698–709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loveland Cook C A, Flick L H, Homan S M, Campbell C, McSweeney M, Gallagher M E. Posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy: Prevalence, risk factors, and treatment. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103: 710–717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heron J, O'Connor T G, Evans J, Golding J, Glover V. The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample. J Affect Disord 2004; 80: 65–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutter-Dallay A L, Dallay D, Verdoux H. Psychic disorders during pregnancy and post-partum. Rev Prat 2004; 54: 1137–1139
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strohle A, Holsboer F. Stress responsive neurohormones in depression and anxiety. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003; 36: S207–S214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field T, Miguel A D, Dieter J, Hernandez-Reif M, Schanberg S, Kuhn C, Yando R, Bendell D. Depressed withdrawn and intrusive mothers' effects on their fetuses and neonates. Infant Behav Dev 2001; 24: 27–39
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Schanberg S, Kuhn C, Yando R, Bendell D. Pregnancy anxiety and comorbid depression and anger: Effects on the fetus and neonate. Depress Anxiety 2003; 17: 140–151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson L, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Wulff M, Astrom M, Bixo M. Implications of antenatal depression and anxiety for obstetric outcome. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104: 467–476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson C, Sydsjo G, Josefsson A. Health, sociodemographic data, and pregnancy outcome in women with antepartum depressive symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104: 459–466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurki T, Hiilesmaa V, Raitasalo R, Mattila H, Ylikorkala O. Depression and anxiety in early pregnancy and risk for preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 487–490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikkema J M, Robles de Medina P G, Schaad R R, Mulder E J, Bruinse H W, Buitelaar J K, Visser G H, Franx A. Salivary cortisol levels and anxiety are not increased in women destined to develop preeclampsia. J Psychosom Res 2001; 50: 45–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira J M, Fisk N M, Glover V. Association between maternal anxiety in pregnancy and increased uterine artery resistance index: Cohort based study. BMJ 1999; 318: 153–157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent A, Hughes P, Ormerod L, Jones G, Thilaganathan B. Uterine artery resistance and anxiety in the second trimester of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 19: 177–179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith R, Cubis J, Brinsmead M, Lewin T, Singh B, Owens P, Chan E C, Hall C, Adler R, Lovelock M, et al. Mood changes, obstetric experience and alterations in plasma cortisol, beta-endorphin and corticotrophin releasing hormone during pregnancy and the puerperium. J Psychosom Res 1990; 34: 53–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung T K, Lau T K, Yip A S, Chiu H F, Lee D T. Antepartum depressive symptomatology is associated with adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Psychosom Med 2001; 63: 830–834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayan J, Creveuil C, Herlicoviez M, Herbel C, Baranger E, Savoye C, Thouin A. Role of anxiety and depression in the onset of spontaneous preterm labor. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155: 293–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkin M R, Bland J M, Peacock J L, Anderson H R. The effect of anxiety and depression during pregnancy on obstetric complications. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100: 629–634
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu J, Viguera A, Riley L, Cohen L, Ecker J. Mood disturbance in pregnancy and the mode of delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187: 864–867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groome L J, Swiber M J, Bentz L S, Holland S B, Atterbury J L. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy: Effect on fetal behavior at 38 to 40 weeks of gestation. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1995; 16: 391–396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieter J N, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Jones N A, Lecanuet J P, Salman F A, Redzepi M. Maternal depression and increased fetal activity. J Obstet Gynaecol 2001; 21: 468–473
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sjostrom K, Valentin L, Thelin T, Marsal K. Maternal anxiety in late pregnancy: Effect on fetal movements and fetal heart rate. Early Hum Dev 2002; 67: 87–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartha J L, Martinez-del-Fresno P, Romero-Carmona R, Hunter A, Comino-Delgado R. Maternal anxiety and fetal behavior at 15 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003; 22: 57–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijhuis J G, Prechtl H F, Martin C B, Jr, Bots R S. Are there behavioural states in the human fetus?. Early Hum Dev 1982; 6: 177–195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk C, Fifer W P, Myers M M, Sloan R P, Trien L, Hurtado A. Maternal stress responses and anxiety during pregnancy: Effects on fetal heart rate. Dev Psychobiol 2000; 36: 67–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk C, Myers M M, Sloan R P, Ellman L M, Fifer W P. Effects of women's stress-elicited physiological activity and chronic anxiety on fetal heart rate. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2003; 24: 32–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk C, Sloan R P, Myers M M, Ellman L, Werner E, Jeon J, Tager F, Fifer W P. Fetal heart rate reactivity differs by women's psychiatric status: An early marker for developmental risk?. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43: 283–290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allister L, Lester B M, Carr S, Liu J. The effects of maternal depression on fetal heart rate response to vibroacoustic stimulation. Dev Neuropsychol 2001; 20: 639–651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjostrom K, Valentin L, Thelin T, Marsal K. Maternal anxiety in late pregnancy and fetal hemodynamics. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1997; 74: 149–155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobel M, Dunkel-Schetter C, Scrimshaw S C. Prenatal maternal stress and prematurity: A prospective study of socioeconomically disadvantaged women. Health Psychol 1992; 11: 32–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copper R L, Goldenberg R L, Das A, Elder N, Swain M, Norman G, Ramsey R, Cotroneo P, Collins B A, Johnson F, et al. The preterm prediction study: Maternal stress is associated with spontaneous preterm birth at less than thirty-five weeks' gestation. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175: 1286–1292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steer R A, Scholl T O, Hediger M L, Fischer R L. Self-reported depression and negative pregnancy outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45: 1093–1099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman S, Hatch M C. Depressive symptomatology during pregnancy: Evidence for an association with decreased fetal growth in pregnancies of lower social class women. Health Psychol 2000; 19: 535–543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr S T, James S A, Blackmore Prince C. Maternal prenatal depressive symptoms and spontaneous preterm births among African-American women in Baltimore, Maryland. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156: 797–802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson L, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Wulff M, Astrom M, Bixo M. Neonatal outcome following maternal antenatal depression and anxiety: A population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159: 872–881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berle J O, Mykletun A, Daltveit A K, Rasmussen S, Holsten F, Dahl A A. Neonatal outcomes in offspring of women with anxiety and depression during pregnancy. A linkage study from The Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT) and Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Arch Women Ment Health 2005; 8: 181–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponirakis A, Susman E J, Stifter C A. Negative emotionality and cortisol during adolescent pregnancy and its effects on infant health and autonomic nervous system reactivity. Dev Psychobiol 1998; 33: 163–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones N A, Fox N A, Davalos M, Lundy B, Hart S. Newborns of mothers with depressive symptoms are physiologically less developed. Infant Behav Dev 1998; 21: 537–541
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrams B, Selvin S. Maternal weight gain pattern and birth weight. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 86: 163–169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundy B. Newborns of mothers with depressive symptoms are less expressive. Infant Behav Dev 1996; 19: 419–424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundy B, Field T, Nearing G, Davalos M, Pietro P A, Schanberg S, Kuhn C. Prenatal depression effects on neonates. Infant Behav Dev 1999; 22: 119–129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misri S, Oberlander T F, Fairbrother N, Carter D, Ryan D, Kuan A J, Reebye P. Relation between prenatal maternal mood and anxiety and neonatal health. Can J Psychiatry 2004; 49: 684–689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjostrom K, Thelin T, Marsal K, Valentin L. Effects of maternal anxiety on perception of fetal movements in late pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 2003; 72: 111–122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Salman F, Schanberg S, Kuhn C, Yando R, Bendell D. Prenatal anger effects on the fetus and neonate. J Obstet Gynaecol 2002; 22: 260–266
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monk D, Moore G E. Intrauterine growth restriction— genetic causes and consequences. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2004; 9: 371–378
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mezey G, Bacchus L, Bewley S, White S. Domestic violence, lifetime trauma and psychological health of childbearing women. BJOG 2005; 112: 197–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda R, Engel S M, Brand S R, Seckl J, Marcus S M, Berkowitz G S. Transgenerational effects of posttraumatic stress disorder in babies of mothers exposed to the World Trade Center attacks during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 4115–4118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seng J S, Low L K, Ben-Ami D, Liberzon I. Cortisol level and perinatal outcome in pregnant women with posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. J Midwifery Womens Health 2005; 50: 392–398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel S M, Berkowitz G S, Wolff M S, Yehuda R. Psychological trauma associated with the World Trade Center attacks and its effect on pregnancy outcome. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2005; 19: 334–341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederman S A, Rauh V, Weiss L, Stein J L, Hoepner L A, Becker M, Perera F P. The effects of the World Trade Center event on birth outcomes among term deliveries at three lower Manhattan hospitals. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112: 1772–1778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Os J, Selten J P. Prenatal exposure to maternal stress and subsequent schizophrenia. The May 1940 invasion of The Netherlands. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 172: 324–326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabriel K, Hofmann C, Glavas M, Weinberg J. The hormonal effects of alcohol use on the mother and fetus. Alcohol Health Res World 1998; 22: 170–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Graubard B I, Klebanoff M A, Ronckers C, Stanczyk F Z, Longnecker M P, McGlynn K A. Maternal hormone levels among populations at high and low risk of testicular germ cell cancer. Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 1787–1793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath C, Buist A, Norman T R. Treatment of anxiety during pregnancy: Effects of psychotropic drug treatment on the developing fetus. Drug Saf 1999; 20: 171–186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman P J, Dunkel-Schetter C, Sandman C A, Wadhwa P D. Maternal social support predicts birth weight and fetal growth in human pregnancy. Psychosom Med 2000; 62: 715–725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjostrom H, Langius-Eklof A, Hjertberg R. Well-being and sense of coherence during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004; 83: 1112–1118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rini C K, Dunkel-Schetter C, Wadhwa P D, Sandman C A. Psychological adaptation and birth outcomes: The role of personal resources, stress, and sociocultural context in pregnancy. Health Psychol 1999; 18: 333–345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser S, Sachser N. The effects of prenatal social stress on behaviour: Mechanisms and function. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005; 29: 283–294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen D, Matthews S G. Glucocorticoids and sex-dependent development of brain glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 2775–2784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews M H, Kostaki A, Setiawan E, McCabe L, Matthews S G. Developmental regulation of 5-HT1A receptor mRNA in the fetal limbic system: Response to antenatal glucocorticoid. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2004; 149: 39–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodriguez A, Bohlin G. Are maternal smoking and stress during pregnancy related to ADHD symptoms in children?. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2005; 46: 246–254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banki C M, Karmacsi L, Bissette G, Nemeroff C B. CSF corticotropin-releasing hormone and somatostatin in major depression: Response to antidepressant treatment and relapse. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1992; 2: 107–113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carroll B J, Greden J F, Feinberg M, Lohr N, James N M, Steiner M, Haskett R F, Albala A A, DeVigne J P, Tarika J. Neuroendocrine evaluation of depression in borderline patients. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1981; 4: 89–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holsboer F. Adrenocortical steroid secretion and 11-beta-steroid hydroxylase activity after pituitary–adrenocortical probes in depression. Psychiatr Med 1985; 3: 65–78
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abelson J L, Curtis G C. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in panic disorder. 24-hour secretion of corticotropin and cortisol. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53(4)323–331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis G C, Cameron O G, Nesse R M. The dexamethasone suppression test in panic disorder and agoraphobia. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: 1043–1046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein S, Halbreich U, Asnis G, Endicott J, Alvir J. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal system in panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1320–1323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerra G, Zaimovic A, Zambelli U, Timpano M, Reali N, Bernasconi S, Brambilla F. Neuroendocrine responses to psychological stress in adolescents with anxiety disorder. Neuropsychobiology 2000; 42: 82–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condren R M, O'Neill A, Ryan M C, Barrett P, Thakore J H. HPA axis response to a psychological stressor in generalised social phobia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2002; 27: 693–703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goland R S, Conwell I M, Warren W B, Wardlaw S L. Placental corticotropin-releasing hormone and pituitary–adrenal function during pregnancy. Neuroendocrinology 1992; 56: 742–749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean M, Bisits A, Davies J, Woods R, Lowry P, Smith R. A placental clock controlling the length of human pregnancy. Nat Med 1995; 1: 460–463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gitau R, Cameron A, Fisk N M, Glover V. Fetal exposure to maternal cortisol. Lancet 1998; 352: 707–708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challis J R, Sloboda D, Matthews S G, Holloway A, Alfaidy N, Patel F A, Whittle W, Fraser M, Moss T J, Newnham J. The fetal placental hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, parturition and postnatal health. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 185: 135–144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinelli M G, Endicott J. Controlled clinical trial of interpersonal psychotherapy versus parenting education program for depressed pregnant women. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 555–562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urizar G G, Jr, Milazzo M, Le H N, Delucchi K, Sotelo R, Munoz R F. Impact of stress reduction instructions on stress and cortisol levels during pregnancy. Biol Psychol 2004; 67: 275–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field T, Diego M A, Hernandez-Reif M, Schanberg S, Kuhn C. Massage therapy effects on depressed pregnant women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2004; 25: 115–122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar