Baby born too soon: an overview and the impact beyond the infection

References

• McCormick MC. The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity. N Engl J Med 1985;312:82–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blencowe H, Cousens S, Oestergaard MZ, et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications. Lancet 2012;379:2162–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet 2012;379:2151–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet 2008;371:75–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R. The role of infection in preterm labour and birth. Hosp Med 2001;15:41–56
   Google Scholar
• Galask RP, Varner MW, Petzold CR, et al. Bacterial attachment to the chorioamniotic membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;148:915–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen DP, Gerber S, Hohlfeld P, et al. Mycoplasma hominis in mid-trimester amniotic fluid: relation to pregnancy outcome. J Perinat Med 2004;32:323–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenstrom KD, Andrews WW, Bowles NE, et al. Intrauterine viral infection at the time of second trimester genetic amniocentesis. Obstet Gynecol 1998;92:420–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon BH, Romero R, Moon JB, et al. Clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:1130–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber S, Vial Y, Hohlfeld P, et al. Detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum in second-trimester amniotic fluid by polymerase chain reaction correlates with subsequent preterm labor and delivery. J Infect Dis 2003;187:518–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel JH, Malatos S, Kennea N, et al. Bacteria and inflammatory cells in fetal membranes do not always cause preterm labor. Pediatr Res 2005;57:404–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onderdonk AB, Delaney ML, DuBois AM, et al. Detection of bacteria in placental tissues obtained from extremely low gestational age neonates. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:110.e1–e7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppé J-P, Desprez P-Y, Krtolica A, et al. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype: the dark side of tumor suppression. Annu Rev Pathol 2010;5:99–118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feikin DR, Thorsen P, Zywicki S, et al. Association between colonization with group B streptococci during pregnancy and preterm delivery among Danish women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:427–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves LF, Chaiworapongsa T, Romero R. Intrauterine infection and prematurity. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2002;8:3–13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smaill F. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2007;21:439–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gülmezoglu a. M, Azhar M. Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;5:CD000220
   Google Scholar
• Hutzal CE, Boyle EM, Kenyon SL, et al. Use of antibiotics for the treatment of preterm parturition and prevention of neonatal morbidity: a metaanalysis. Am J Obstet. Gynecol 2008;199:620.e1–e8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ovalle A, Martínez MA, Gómez R, et al. Premature labor with intact membranes: microbiology of the amniotic fluid and lower genital tract and its relation with maternal and neonatal outcome. Rev Med Chil 2000;128:985–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastek JA, Gomez LM, Elovitz MA. The role of inflammation and infection in preterm birth. Clin Perinatol 2011;38:385–406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polettini J, Behnia F, Taylor BD, et al. Telomere fragment induced amnion cell senescence: a contributor to parturition? PLoS One 2015;10:e0137188. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone0137188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnia F, Saade G, Peltier M, et al. Polybromated diphenyl ether induces primary amnion cell senescence through p38MAPK activation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;212:S138–9
   Google Scholar
• Menon R, Yu J, Basanta-Henry P, et al. Short fetal leukocyte telomere length and preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes. PLoS One 2012;7:e31136. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone0031136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witkin SS, Linhares IM, Bongiovanni AM, et al. Unique alterations in infection-induced immune activation during pregnancy. 2011;118:145–53
   Google Scholar
• Romero R, Manogue KR, Mitchell MD, et al. Infection and labor. IV. Cachectin-tumor necrosis factor in the amniotic fluid of women with intraamniotic infection and preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:336–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillier SL, Witkin SS, Krohn MA, et al. The relationship of amniotic fluid cytokines and preterm delivery, amniotic fluid infection, histologic chorioamnionitis, and chorioamnion infection. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:941–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Velez Edwards DR, Kusanovic JP, et al. Identification of fetal and maternal single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes that predispose to spontaneous preterm labor with intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;202:431.e1–e34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macones G. A, Parry S, Elkousy M, et al. A polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF and bacterial vaginosis: preliminary evidence of gene-environment interaction in the etiology of spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190:1504–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel SAM, Erichsen HC, Savitz DA, et al. Risk of spontaneous preterm birth is associated with common proinflammatory cytokine polymorphisms. Epidemiology 2005;16:469–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones NM, Holzman C, Friderici KH, et al. Interplay of cytokine polymorphisms and bacterial vaginosis in the etiology of preterm delivery. J Reprod Immunol 2010;87:82–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaouat G. The Th1/Th2 paradigm: still important in pregnancy? Semin Immunopathol 2007;29:95–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang SY, Chiang CH, Chen FP, et al. The alteration of placental-derived soluble MHC class I chain-related protein A and B during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011;90:802–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amroun H, Djoudi H, Busson M, et al. Early-onset ankylosing spondylitis is associated with a functional MICA polymorphism. Hum Immunol 2005;66:1057–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Hernández R, Valdés M, Lucas D, et al. Association analysis of MICA gene polymorphism and MICA-129 dimorphism with inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility in a Spanish population. Hum Immunol 2010;71:512–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida K, Komai K, Shiozawa K, et al. Role of the MICA polymorphism in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:3058–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao J, Jiang Y, Lei Y, et al. Functional MICA-129 polymorphism and serum levels of soluble MICA are correlated with ulcerative colitis in Chinese patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;26:593–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonnerre P, Gérard N, Chatelais M, et al. MICA gene polymorphism in kidney allografts and possible impact of functionally relevant variants. Transplant Proc 2010;42:4318–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mincheva-Nilsson L. Immune cells and molecules in pregnancy: friends or foes to the fetus? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2006;2:457–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raposo G, Stoorvogel W. Extracellular vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and friends. J Cell Biol 2013;200:373–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mincheva-Nilsson L, Baranov V. The role of placental exosomes in reproduction. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010;63:520–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor DD, Akyol S, Gercel-Taylor C. Pregnancy-associated exosomes and their modulation of T cell signaling. J Immunol 2006;176:1534–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedlund M, Stenqvist A-C, Nagaeva O, et al. Human placenta expresses and secretes NKG2D ligands via exosomes that down-modulate the cognate receptor expression: evidence for immunosuppressive function. J Immunol 2009;183:340–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks G, Sargent I, Redman C. An innate view of human pregnancy. Immunol Today 1999;20:114–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holder BS, Tower CL, Jones CJP, et al. Heightened pro-inflammatory effect of preeclamptic placental microvesicles on peripheral blood immune cells in humans. Biol Reprod 2012;86:103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patil R, Ghosh K, Satoskar P, et al. Elevated procoagulant endothelial and tissue factor expressing microparticles in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. PLoS One 2013;8:e81407. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081407
   Google Scholar