References
- Bitman J, Wood DL, Hamosh M. Comparison of the lipid composition of breast milk from mothers of term and preterm infants. Am J Clin Nutr l983;38:300–12
- Kovács A, Funke S, Marosvölgyi T. Fatty acids in early human milk after preterm and full-term delivery. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005;41:454–9
- Luukkainen P, Salo MK, Nikkari T. Changes in the fatty acid composition of preterm and term human milk from 1 week to 6 months of lactation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1994;18:355–60
- Makrides M, Neumann MA, Byard RW. Fatty acid composition of brain, retina, and erythrocytes in breast- and formula-fed infants. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:189–94
- Berenhauser AC, Pinheiro Prado AC, Da Silva RC. Fatty acid composition in preterm and term breast milk. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012;63:318–25
- Gross SJ, Geller J, Tomarelli RM. Composition of breast milk from mothers of preterm infants. Pediatrics 1981;68:490–3
- Bauer J, Gerss J. Longitudinal analysis of macronutrients and minerals in human milk produced by mothers of preterm infants. Clin Nutr 2011;30:215–20
- Narang APS, Bains HS, Kansal S, et al. Serial composition of human milk in preterm and term mothers. Indian J Clin Biochem 2006;21:89–94
- Zachariassen G, Fenger-Gron J, Vogn Hviid M, et al. The content of macronutrients in milk from mothers of very preterm infants is highly variable. Dan Med 2013;60:90–8
- Faerk J, Skafte L, Petersen S, et al. Macronutrients in milk from mothers delivering preterm bioactive components of human milk. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001;501:409–13
- Anderson GH, Atkinson SA, Bryan MH. Energy and macronutrient content of human milk during early lactation from mothers giving birth prematurely and at term. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:258–65
- Anderson GH. The effect of prematurity on milk composition and its physiological basis. Fed Proc 1984;43:2438–42
- Vieira A, Soares FVM, Pimenta HP. Analysis of the influence of pasteurization, freezing/thawing, and offer processes on human milk's macronutrient concentrations. Early Hum Develop 2011;87:577–80
- Dempsey E, Miletin J. Banked preterm versus banked term human milk to promote growth and development in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Neonat Group 2010;16:10–9
- Cooper AR, Barnett D, Gentles E. Macronutrient content of donor human breast milk. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2013;30:44–62
- Jackson MB, Lammi-Keefe CJ, Jensen RG. Total lipid and fatty acid composition of milk from women with and without insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:353–61
- Bitman J, Hamosh M, Hamosh P. Milk composition and volume during the onset of lactation in a diabetic mother. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;50:1364–9
- Beusekom CM, Zeegers TA, Martini IA. Milk of patients with tightly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus has normal macronutrient and fatty acid composition. Am J Clin Nutr l993;57:938–43
- García-Lara NR, Escuder-Vieco D, García-Algar O. Effect of freezing time on macronutrients and energy content of breastmilk. Breastfeed Med 2012;7:295–301
- Garg M, Thirupuram S, Saha K. Colostrum composition, maternal diet and nutrition in North India. J Trop Pediatr 1988;34:79–87
- Bachour P, Yafawi R, Jaber F. Effects of smoking, mother's age, body mass index, and parity number on lipid, protein, and secretory immunoglobulin A concentrations of human milk. Breastfeed Med 2012;7:179–88
- Zaidan H, Terehi MA, Al Shuhaib MB. Different factors effects in lactating mother's milk compositions. Adv Life Sci Technol 2013;13:2224–7181
- Hausman KM, Mandel D, Domani KA. The effect of advanced maternal age upon human milk fat content. Breastfeed Med 2013;8:116–9
- Mandel D, Lubetzky R, Dollberg S. Fat and energy contents of expressed human breast milk in prolonged lactation. Pediatrics 2005;116:432–5
- Emmett PM, Rogers IS. Properties of human milk and their relationship with maternal nutrition. Early Hum Develop 1997;49:7–28
- Nasser R, Stephen AM, Goh YK. The effect of a controlled manipulation of maternal dietary fat intake on medium and long chain fatty acids in human breast milk in Saskatoon, Canada. Int Breastfeed J 2010;5:6
- Gross SJ. Growth and biochemical response of preterm infants fed human milk or modified infant formula. N Engl J Med 1983;308:237–41
- Genzel-Boroviczényy O, Wahle J, Koletzko B. Fatty acid composition of human milk during the 1st month after term and preterm delivery. Eur J Pediatr 1997;156:142–7
- Thureen P, Heird C. Protein and energy requirements of the preterm/low birth weight (LBW) infant. Pediatr Res 2005;57: 95
- Ehrenkranz RA. Growth in the NICU influence neurodevelopment and growth outcome of ELBW infant. Pediatrics 2006;117:4–12
- Parker L, Neu I. Scientifically based strategies for enteral feeding in premature infants. Neoreviews 2013;14:350–20
- Neu J. Gastrointestinal development and meeting the nutritional needs of premature infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:629–34
- Goldman AS. Modulation of the gastrointestinal tract of infants by human milk. interfaces and interactions. An evolutionary perspective. J Nutr 2000;130:426–31
- James DS. Breastfeeding. In: M. William Schwartz, eds. The five minute pediatric consult. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003:196–7
- Rode L, Kjærgaard H, Ottesen B, et al. Association between gestational weight gain according to body mass index and postpartum weight in a large cohort of Danish women. Matern Child Health J 2012;16:406–13
- Lönnerdal B. Nutritional and physiologic significance of human milk proteins. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:1537–43
- Schulman JR, Wong WW, Smith EO. Influence of changes in lactase activity and small-intestinal mucosal growth on lactose digestion and absorption in preterm infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:472–9
- Koletzko B, Thiel I, Abiodun PO. The fatty acid composition of human milk in Europe and Africa. J Pediatr 1992;120:60–72
- Jirapaet K, Jirapaet V, Sritipsukho S. Safety of initiating early enteral feeding with slow volume advancement in preterm infants. J Med Assoc Thai 2010;93:1177–87
- Jenness R. The composition of human milk. Semin Perinatol 1979;3:225–39
- Stoltz SE, Öhlund I. Intake and macronutrient content of human milk given to extremely preterm infants. J Human Lactat 2014;30:442–9
- Khan S, Hepworth AR, Prime DK. Variation in fat, lactose, and protein composition in breast milk over 24 hours: associations with infant feeding patterns. J Hum Lact 2013;29:81–9
- Theofilogiannakou M, Skouroliakou M, Gounaris A. Breast-feeding in Athens, Greece: factors associated with its initiation and duration. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006;43:379–84