References
- Parer JT, King T. Fetal heart rate monitoring: is it salvageable? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:982–7
- Signorini MG, Magenes G, Cerutti S, Arduini D. Linear and nonlinear parameters for the analysis of fetal heart rate signal from cardiotocographic recordings. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2003;50:365–74
- Morrow R, Ritchie JW, Bull SB. Maternal cigarette smoking: the effects on umbilical and uterine blood flow velocity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;159:1069–71
- Windham GC, Von Behren J, Waller K, Fenster L. Exposure to environmental and mainstream tobacco smoke and risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Epidemiol 1999;149:243–7
- Lewis K, Bosque E. Deficient hypoxia awakening response in infants of smoking mothers: possible relationship to sudden infant death syndrome. J Pediatr 1995;127:691–9
- Dempsey D, Jacob P 3rd, Benowitz NL. Accelerated metabolism of nicotine and cotinine in pregnant smokers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;301:594–8
- Focus Information Technology. Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring, http://perinatology.com/Fetal%20Monitoring/Intrapartum%20Monitoring.htm [last accessed 27 July 2016]
- Fried PA, Watkinson B, Dillon RF, Dulberg CS. Neonatal neurological status in a low-risk population after prenatal exposure to cigarettes, marijuana, and alcohol. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1987;8:318–26
- Schuetze P, Zeskind PS. Relation between maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and behavioral and physiological measures of autonomic regulation in neonates. Infancy 2001;2:371–83
- Oncken C, Kranzler H, O’Malley P, et al. The effect of cigarette smoking on fetal heart rate characteristics. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:751–5
- Coppens M, Vindla S, James DK, Sahota DS. Computerized analysis of acute and chronic changes in fetal heart rate variation and fetal activity in association with maternal smoking. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:421–6
- Kapaya H, Pipkin FB, Hayes B, Loughna P. Smoking in pregnancy affects the fetal heart: possible links to future cardiovascular disease. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014;15:1–5
- Graca LM, Cardoso CG, Clode N, Calhaz-Jorqe C. Acute effects of maternal cigarette smoking on fetal heart rate and fetal body movements felt by the mother. J Perinat Med 1991;19:385–90
- Zeskind P, Gingras J. Maternal cigarette-smoking during pregnancy disrupts rhythms in fetal heart rate. J Pediatr Psychol 2005;31:5–14
- Spyridou K, Chouvarda I, Hadjileontiadis L, Maglaveras N. The effect of cigarette smoking on fetal heart rate tracing during pregnancy. J Perinat Med 2016. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2015-0275
- Ko TJ, Tsai LY, Chu LC, et al. Parental smoking during pregnancy and its association with low birth weight, small for gestational age, and preterm birth offspring: a birth cohort study. Pediatr Neonatol 2014;55:20–7
- Harrod CS, Reynolds RM, Chasan-Taber L, et al. Quantity and timing of maternal prenatal smoking on neonatal body composition: the Healthy Start study. J Pediatr 2014;165:707–12
- Ekblad M, Korkeila J, Lehtonen L. Smoking during pregnancy affects foetal brain development. Acta Paediatr 2015;104:12–8
- Banderali G, Martelli A, Landi M, et al. Short and long term health effects of parental tobacco smoking during pregnancy and lactation: a descriptive review. J Transl Med 2015 Oct 15;13:327
- Fukushima A, Nakai K, Kanasugi T, et al. Assessment of fetal autonomic nervous system activity by fetal magnetocardiography: comparison of normal pregnancy and intrauterine growth restriction. J Pregnancy 2011;2011:218162
- Castro LC, Allen R, Ogunyemi D, et al. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy: acute effects on uterine flow velocity waveforms. Obstet Gynecol 1993 Apr;81:551–5
- Metsälä TH, Pirhonen JP, Jalonen JO, et al. Association of abnormal flow velocity waveforms in the uterine artery with frequency-specific fetal heart rate variability. Early Hum Dev 1993 Oct;34:217–25